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Wiedemann A, Jones PB, Burn AM. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young adults' mental health and beyond: a qualitative investigation nested within an ongoing general population cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02659-5. [PMID: 38578523 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Initial discussions about the COVID-19 pandemic often overlooked its impact on young adults. By employing a qualitative approach nested within an ongoing general population cohort study, we seek to fill a gap in the literature by providing insights into the longer-term impact on this demographic. METHODS Data collection involved the use of in-depth semi-structured interviews. Using a pre-determined sampling frame, we purposively recruited 30 participants based on age, gender, ethnicity, and deprivation from the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN). The NSPN cohort, established in 2012, consists of 2403 young people aged 14-24 at baseline, recruited from Greater London and Cambridgeshire. Interviews were conducted in Autumn 2022; data were analysed using the framework method. RESULTS Participants were on average 28 years old (SD = 3 years, range 24-34 years; 53.3% female). The sample comprised individuals from diverse ethnic backgrounds, with 40% from non-White ethnic groups. Many young adults reported profound personal growth and a stronger sense of resilience, a perception observed across varying levels of anxiety or depression. Nevertheless, we observed substantial disruptions to their personal and professional lives such as returning to their parents' homes, often deferring other life plans, lacking mental health support, and encountering significant career challenges. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the complexity of pandemic impacts, demonstrating the need for supportive policies and further research to understand the circumstances under which genuine personal growth occurs, whether it is enduring or transient, and which factors influence it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Applied Research Collaboration, National Institute for Health Research, East of England, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Applied Research Collaboration, National Institute for Health Research, East of England, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Burn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Applied Research Collaboration, National Institute for Health Research, East of England, Cambridge, UK
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Wang Q, Yan G, Hu Y, Ding G, Lai Y. Stress and emotion in a locked campus: the moderating effects of resilience and loneliness. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1168020. [PMID: 38259567 PMCID: PMC10800410 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1168020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic relationship between Chinese students' emotions and stress during a strict lockdown period in a university setting and the context of a global pandemic. Dynamic structural equation modeling was used to investigate the moderating role of resilience and loneliness in this relationship. The participants consisted of 112 students. Based on loneliness and resilience measures and the intensive tracking of emotional stress over a 21-day period, the results of data analysis indicated that the students' overall levels of positive emotions were low and relatively independent of negative emotions. Negative emotions were significantly autoregressive and their baseline was closely related to the individual's overall feelings of stress and loneliness levels, fluctuating with feelings of stress. The results confirm the hypothesis that resilience helps to stabilize emotions. Individuals with low resilience may be more emotionally sensitive in confined environments, while receiving social support may help to alleviate low moods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gonggu Yan
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Tabrizi N, Lak A, Moussavi.A SMR. Green space and the health of the older adult during pandemics: a narrative review on the experience of COVID-19. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1218091. [PMID: 37601191 PMCID: PMC10433209 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1218091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aging is an inevitable process that leads to changes in various dimensions of older adult life, including physical, psychological, and social aspects. Unfortunately, older adults are more susceptible to health problems caused by adverse experiences such as the Corona outbreak. Aim The current study examines the lived experience of older adults in facing the conditions of the Corona epidemic to see how green spaces at various scales can influence the physical and mental health of this group. Method Relevant articles published, from 2019 to February 17, 2023, were searched using in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Eligible studies published in English and all studies passed a quality evaluation. Result In the final search, 40 articles were selected and analyzed. The majority of studies conducted during the pandemic categorized the impact of green spaces on the health of older adults into three main categories: Place-based attribute, Process, and Function. Conclusion The findings of this study demonstrated that people were using private green spaces (gardens, balconies, etc.), small local green public spaces, sitting and gathering spaces in the neighborhood, nearby open spaces, and urban green-blue spaces throughout the epidemic era. They visited green spaces outside the city and urban areas, including urban gardens, agricultural areas, forestlands, and pastures. In this research, we investigated the characteristics of these spaces and classified them into four physical categories: urban landscape, land use, activity, movement, and accessibility. The results showed that exposure to nature or green space improved physical and mental health and increased attention and decision-making quality in older people. We have proposed design implications recommendations for crises to improve safety, security, and social capital by increasing the safe access of older adults to diverse and high-quality green spaces on different scales, which will ultimately enhance the physical and mental health of people in different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azadeh Lak
- Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Karmann J, Handlovsky I, Lu S, Moullec G, Frohlich KL, Ferlatte O. Resilience among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A photovoice study. SSM. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN HEALTH 2023; 3:100256. [PMID: 37073369 PMCID: PMC10037917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Older adults faced significant challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic but also demonstrated great resilience. Investigating these strengths may enhance and inform strategies to mitigate the impacts of the pandemic. To gain insight into the resilience processes of older adults during the first year of the pandemic, we conducted a photovoice study with 26 older adults (aged over 60) in the province of Quebec, Canada. Participants met online weekly for three weeks in small groups to discuss their photographs and share their resilience strategies. The thematic analysis revealed three interrelated themes. First, participants distanced themselves from the pandemic by engaging in activities that took their focus away from COVID-19 and that afforded much-needed respite. Second, participants regained their bearings by reorganizing their schedules and establishing new routines that bolstered occupation rather than rumination. Third, participants used the pandemic to self-reflect and revise their priorities, leveraging the pandemic as an opportunity for growth. Together, these themes demonstrate the strengths, coping strategies and resilience of older adults and contrast the stereotypes of older adults as vulnerable and resourceless. These findings have the potential to inform the implementation of strength-based health promotion initiatives to mitigate the harms of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Karmann
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Sonia Lu
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- CIUSSS du Centre-Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Gregory Moullec
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Katherine L Frohlich
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Olivier Ferlatte
- École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Goetz K, Wenz HJ, Hertrampf K. Certainty in Uncertain Times: Dental Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3090. [PMID: 36833785 PMCID: PMC9962035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The restrictions concerning social contact due to the COVID-19 pandemic implied a rethinking of teaching methods at universities in general, and for practice-oriented teaching such as dental education in particular. This qualitative study aimed to assess aspects of feelings of certainty and uncertainty during this specific education process, incorporating the perspectives of teaching staff and dental students. METHODS Qualitative methods based on interviews were used for data collection. Dental students from different academic years (second, third, fourth, and fifth) and teaching staff responsible for the content and implementation of courses within the dental curriculum were recruited. The data analysis was performed by qualitative content analysis. RESULTS A total of 39 dental students and 19 teaching staff participated. When students and staff dealt positively with this specific situation, certainty was achieved. The availability of presentations and clear communication enhanced feelings of certainty. The participants often felt unsure about how to handle such a challenging situation and felt insecure when planning for the semester. The students missed contact with other students and argued that the information policy on their dental studies was not transparent enough. In addition, dental students and teaching staff were nervous about the risk of infection from COVID-19, especially in practical courses with patient contact. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic situation leads to a rethinking of dental education. Feelings of certainty can be strengthened by clear and transparent communication as well as training in online teaching methods. To reduce uncertainty, it is crucial to establish channels for information exchange and feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Goetz
- Institute of Family Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wenz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel Germany, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Katrin Hertrampf
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel Germany, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Magalhães P, Pereira B, Garcia F, Vilas C, Moreira T, Rosário P. Changes in Student's Breakfast and Snack Consumption during the Second COVID-19 Lockdown in Portugal: A Five-Wave Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3034. [PMID: 36833732 PMCID: PMC9960398 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The circumstances of the COVID-19 lockdown affected many students' life spheres, including their feeding patterns and snack intake. The main goals of the present study were to: (a) analyze the changes in students' breakfast and snacking consumption during lockdown, and (b) analyze changes in the content of the students' snacks using the Healthy Eating Index. This study analyzed data from a sample of 726 students from 36 classes from the late elementary (i.e., fifth grade) through high school (i.e., twelfth grade) from two public schools in the north of Portugal. Data were collected in five moments during the 2020/2021 school year, pre-, during, and post-second lockdown moments. Throughout the five moments, almost 90% of the students ate breakfast, and the majority brought snacks from home to eat in school. Surprisingly, there was an increase in the quality of the snacks consumed during lockdown compared to the pre-lockdown moments (e.g., consumption of more whole and total fruits and less consumption of food with added sugar, saturated fats, refined grains, and fatty acids). Suggestions for healthy behavior promotion will be discussed, such as improving the school food environment and teaching children to prepare healthy lunch boxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Magalhães
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal
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Procentese F, Gatti F. Environmental mastery and purpose of life during COVID-19-related lockdown: A study deepening the role of personal and community resilience. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 33:CASP2671. [PMID: 36718476 PMCID: PMC9877807 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 outbreak and the measures needed to contain its first wave of contagion produced broad changes in citizens' daily lives, routines, and social opportunities, putting their environmental mastery and purpose of life at risk. However, these measures produced different impacts across citizens and communities. Building on this, the present study addresses citizens' understanding of the rationale for COVID-19-related protective measures and their perception of their own and their community's resilience as protective dimensions to unravel the selective effect of nationwide lockdown orders. An online questionnaire was administered to Italian citizens during Italian nationwide lockdown. Two moderation models were performed using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) path analysis. The results show that the understanding of the rationale for lockdown only associated with citizens' purpose of life and that it represented a risk factor rather than a protective one. Furthermore, the interaction effects were significant only when community resilience was involved. That is, personal resilience did not show the expected moderation effect, while community resilience did. However, the latter varied between being either full or partial depending on the dependent variable. In light of the above, the theoretical and practical implications of these results will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flora Gatti
- Department of HumanitiesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
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Vallone F, Cattaneo Della Volta MF, Mayor Silva LI, Monroy AM, Galletta M, Curcio F, Zurlo MC. The COVID-19 Student Stress Questionnaire: Validation in Spanish
university students from health sciences. Health Psychol Open 2022; 9:20551029221135293. [PMCID: PMC9647230 DOI: 10.1177/20551029221135293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the Spanish version of the COVID-19 Student Stress
Questionnaire (CSSQ), a 7-item tool assessing COVID-19-related stressors among
university students, namely, Relationships and Academic Life, Isolation, and
Fear of Contagion. Participants were 331 Spanish university students. Factor
analyses sustained the three factor solution of the original tool. Data also
revealed satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity, suitable internal
consistency, and significant associations with psychological symptoms, as
measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. The Spanish version of the CSSQ
represents a valid tool to be used in clinical settings to timely identify
students at high psychological risk and to develop evidence-based interventions
during/after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vallone
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico
II, Italy,Dynamic Psychology Laboratory,
Department of Political Sciences, University of Naples Federico
II, Italy,Federica Vallone, Department of Humanities,
University of Naples Federico II, Via Porta di Massa 1, Naples 80133, Italy.
| | - Maria Francesca Cattaneo Della Volta
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico
II, Italy,Dynamic Psychology Laboratory,
Department of Political Sciences, University of Naples Federico
II, Italy
| | | | | | - Maura Galletta
- Department of Medical Sciences and
Public Health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Felice Curcio
- Department of Medical, Surgical and
Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Clelia Zurlo
- Dynamic Psychology Laboratory,
Department of Political Sciences, University of Naples Federico
II, Italy
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Procentese F, Gatti F, Rochira A, Tzankova I, Di Napoli I, Albanesi C, Aresi G, Compare C, Fedi A, Gattino S, Guarino A, Marta E, Marzana D. The selective effect of lockdown experience on citizens' perspectives: A multilevel, multiple informant approach to personal and community resilience during COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 33:CASP2651. [PMID: 36249596 PMCID: PMC9538720 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the face of the first wave of COVID-19 contagion, citizens all over the world experienced concerns for their safety and health, as well as prolonged lockdowns - which brought about limitations but also unforeseen opportunities for personal growth. Broad variability in these psychological responses to such unprecedented experiences emerged. This study addresses this variability by investigating the role of personal and community resilience. Personal resilience, collective resilience, community disaster management ability, provided information by local authorities, and citizens' focus on COVID-19-related personal concerns and lockdown-related opportunities for personal growth were detected through an online questionnaire. Multilevel modelling was run with data from 3,745 Italian citizens. The potential of personal resilience as a driver for individuals to overcome adverse situations with positive outcomes was confirmed. Differently, the components of community resilience showed more complex paths, highlighting the need to pay more attention to its role in the face of far-reaching adverse events which hardly test individuals' as well as communities' adaptability and agency skills. The complexities linked to the multi-component and system-specific nature of resilience, as well as potential paths towards making the most out of citizens' and communities' ones, emerge. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flora Gatti
- Department of HumanitiesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Alessia Rochira
- Department of History, Society and Human StudiesUniversity of SalentoLecceItaly
| | - Iana Tzankova
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BolognaCesenaItaly
| | | | | | - Giovanni Aresi
- Psychology DepartmentUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilanItaly
- CERISVICO Research Centre on Community Development and Organisational Quality of LifeBresciaItaly
| | | | - Angela Fedi
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | | | | | - Elena Marta
- Psychology DepartmentUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilanItaly
- CERISVICO Research Centre on Community Development and Organisational Quality of LifeBresciaItaly
| | - Daniela Marzana
- Psychology DepartmentUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilanItaly
- CERISVICO Research Centre on Community Development and Organisational Quality of LifeBresciaItaly
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Procentese F, Gatti F, Ceglie E. Sensemaking Processes during the First Months of COVID-19 Pandemic: Using Diaries to Deepen How Italian Youths Experienced Lockdown Measures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12569. [PMID: 34886294 PMCID: PMC8656538 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about disruptive changes in individuals' lives, breaking the established systems of meaning worldwide. Indeed, in the first months of the pandemic, with individuals being forced to stay at home for a prolonged time to contain the spread of the virus, the need to build new meanings to understand and face this crisis emerged. Building on this, the present study contributes to the understanding of how sensemaking processes were shaped in the face of COVID-19 collective trauma during the very first months of the pandemic. Hence, 36 Italian young adults aged between 21 and 25 submitted daily diary entries for two weeks (T1 was the third week of Italian National lockdown; T2 was the penultimate week before the ease of such stay-at-home orders), resulting in 504 texts. The stimulus was always "Could you describe your daily experience and feelings?". The Grounded Theory was used. Thus, 15 categories emerged, grouped into three macro-categories. The core category was sensemaking as adaptation. Indeed, the sensemaking process seemed to be a strategy to adapt to the new circumstances related to the lockdown, facing the emotional, cognitive, and activation reactions such conditions by relying on coping strategies and the redefinition of primary as well as broader social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortuna Procentese
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy; (F.G.); (E.C.)
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Esposito C, Di Napoli I, Agueli B, Marino L, Procentese F, Arcidiacono C. Well-Being and the COVID-19 Pandemic. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic’s effects through the lens of community psychology. Our study applied PRISMA methodology, and it was carried out using the PsycInfo, PubMed, Embase, and EBSCO databases utilizing the keywords “connectedness,” “resilience,” “shared action,” “social action,” “trust,” “individual well-being,” and “social well-being.” We selected 12 of 216 eligible publications based on the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that the role of trust in institutions and others is a protective factor for communities that experience crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, developing social actions promoted connections and social support and that, in the absence of in-person communication, online communication promoted connections and reduced psychological distress and isolation. Finally, the study revealed that some psychosocial factors stem from declines in people’s well-being due to the pandemic and subsequent lockdowns. Furthermore, our findings highlighted the role of technology as a positive communication tool for promoting connectedness and social support, as well as the social function of trust in institutions. Our results suggested that community interactions at the local and virtual levels should be viewed as positive actions to support institutions in detecting the most effective social intervention measures to stimulate individual and community well-being during the pandemic. These findings may serve as a guide for health policymakers in their efforts to face the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic supporting beneficial strategies for social planning and effective public policies. Finally, both the strengths and limitations of the research will be discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Esposito
- Department of Humanities, Community Psychology Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Immacolata Di Napoli
- Department of Humanities, Community Psychology Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Barbara Agueli
- Department of Humanities, Community Psychology Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Leda Marino
- Department of Humanities, Community Psychology Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Fortuna Procentese
- Department of Humanities, Community Psychology Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Caterina Arcidiacono
- Department of Humanities, Community Psychology Lab, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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