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Tavakoli F, Parhizgari N, Shokoohi M, Khezri M, Haghdoost AA, Ghasemzadeh I, Bozicevic I, Shahesmaeili A, Nasiri N, Danesh A, Karamouzian M, Sharifi H. HIV testing among incarcerated people with a history of HIV-related high-risk behaviours in Iran: Findings from three consecutive national bio-behavioural surveys. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:907. [PMID: 36471282 PMCID: PMC9721074 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarcerated people are at a disproportionate risk of contracting HIV. We estimated the prevalence and correlates of HIV testing among incarcerated people with a history of HIV-related high-risk behaviours in Iran. METHODS Data for this analysis were obtained from three consecutive nationwide bio-behavioural surveillance surveys of a random sample of incarcerated people in 2009 (n = 5953), 2013 (n = 5490), and 2017 (n = 5785). History of testing for HIV in the last 12 months was the primary outcome variable. HIV testing was examined among those with a history of HIV-related high-risk behaviours (i.e., having multiple sex partnerships, injection drug use practices, or a history of having a tattoo). The outcome variable was divided into three categories: Never tested for HIV, ever tested for HIV inside the prison in the last 12 months, and ever tested for HIV outside the prison in the last 12 months. We used multivariable multinomial logistic regression models to examine factors associated with HIV testing. RESULTS Overall, 8,553 participants with a history of HIV-related high-risk behaviors with valid responses to the HIV testing question were included in the analysis. Although HIV testing inside prison has increased (23% [2009], 21.5% [2013], and 50.3% [2017]: P-value < 0.001), the prevalence of HIV testing outside prison has decreased (7.7% [2009], 7.5% [2013], 4.1% [2017]: P-value < 0.001) over time. Our multivariable multinomial regression model showed older age (Relative-risk ratio [RRR]: 1.24, 95% Confidence Intervals [CI]: 1.05, 1.47), history of the previous incarceration (RRR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.71), currently receiving methadone maintenance therapy inside prison (RRR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.81, 2.43), having access to condoms inside prison (RRR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.68) and sufficient HIV knowledge (RRR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.47, 2.05) were significantly associated with an increased probability of having an HIV test in the last 12 months inside prison. CONCLUSION HIV testing among high-risk Iranian prisoners has increased from 2009 to 2017. However, HIV testing remains considerably low, and half of the incarcerated people with a history of HIV-related high-risk behaviours had never tested for HIV inside prison. Evidence-based programs are needed to optimize HIV testing inside and outside prisons and identify those at greater risk of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tavakoli
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Najmeh Parhizgari
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Medical Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Shokoohi
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Mehrdad Khezri
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Haghdoost
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iman Ghasemzadeh
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ivana Bozicevic
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Strategic Information, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Armita Shahesmaeili
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Naser Nasiri
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Danesh
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Golestan Research Center of Psychiatry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karamouzian
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran ,grid.415502.7Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.40263.330000 0004 1936 9094Brown School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Prevalence of High-Risk Behaviors among Iranian Adolescents: a Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/jech.8.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Liu C, Ma YL, Liu XH, Duan YR, Liu PL, Wang X, Yin P. Sociodemographic Factors Associated With HIV/HCV High-Risk Behaviors Among People Who Use Drugs on Methadone Maintenance Treatment: A 10-Year Observational Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:707257. [PMID: 34594250 PMCID: PMC8477022 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sociodemographic factors have an impact worldwide on the behavior of people who use drugs (PWUD). This study attempts to clarify the sociodemographic factors related to HIV/HCV high-risk behaviors (injection drug use, syringe sharing, and multiple sex partners) among PWUD on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in the long term. Methods: The 13,300 PWUD recruited into the MMT program were followed during 2006-2015. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and HIV/HCV high-risk behaviors. Results: We found that male (vs. female), living alone (vs. living with family or relatives), temporary income, financial support from family/friends, and financial support from social welfare (vs. regular salary) were positively associated with injection drug use. Age of initial drug use was negatively associated with injection drug use and syringe sharing. For both genders, being unmarried (vs. married or in cohabitation), living with friends, living alone (vs. living with family or relatives), temporary income, financial supports from family/friends (vs. regular salary), being employed (vs. unemployed/between jobs) was positively associated. In contrast, age at baseline was negatively associated with having multiple sexual partners for both genders. Ethnic of non-Han (vs. Han) was positively associated with having multiple sexual partners simply for males. Being divorced or widowed (vs. married or cohabitated) was positively associated with having multiple sexual partners merely for females. Conclusion: HIV/HCV high-risk behaviors correlated with certain sociodemographic factors of PWUD receiving MMT. There is a need for improving the well-being, employment, and housing status of PWUD on MMT to reduce their HIV/HCV risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Lei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Han Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ran Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu-Lin Liu
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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The prevalence of non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs: A multi-stage systematic review and meta-analysis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 73:172-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Shava E, Lipira LE, Beauchamp GG, Donnell DJ, Lockman S, Ruan Y, Shao Y. Risky Sexual Behavior Among Individuals Receiving Buprenorphine/Naloxone Opiate Dependency Treatment: HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 058. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 78:300-307. [PMID: 29557855 PMCID: PMC5997518 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the role of opiate dependency treatment in risky sexual behavior could help optimize interventions for people who inject drugs (PWID). OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether long-term medication-assisted treatment (LT-MAT) of opiate dependency with buprenorphine/naloxone influenced risky sexual behavior among HIV-uninfected PWID and identified predictors of risky sexual behavior. METHODS We used data from HPTN 058, a randomized controlled trial of LT-MAT vs. short-term medication-assisted treatment among PWID in China and Thailand. We evaluated associations between randomized opiate dependency treatment group and self-reported risky sexual behaviors within the past month: condomless sex with primary partner, condomless sex with nonprimary partner, multiple partners, and more than 3 sexual acts. We used generalized estimating equations to conduct intention-to-treat, as-treated, and exploratory analyses of these associations. RESULTS Of 1250 participants included in the analysis, 92% were male, with median age of 34 years (interquartile range 28-39). At baseline, referring to the past month, 36% of participants reported condomless sex with primary partner, 4% reported condomless sex with nonprimary partner, 6% reported multiple sex partners, and 30% reported more than 3 sexual acts. Risky sexual behaviors did not differ significantly between treatment groups at any point. Significant predictors (P < 0.05) of condomless sex with nonprimary partner were history of incarceration and noninjection drug use. Number of needle-sharing partners, noninjection drug use, and higher income were predictors for multiple sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS LT-MAT did not significantly modify risky sexual behavior among HIV-uninfected PWID. Interventions that reduce sexual risk should target PWID with history of incarceration, alcohol use, and needle sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Shava
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Lauren E Lipira
- HIV Prevention Trials Network, Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Geetha G Beauchamp
- HIV Prevention Trials Network, Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention (SCHARP), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (VIDD), Seattle, WA
| | - Deborah J Donnell
- HIV Prevention Trials Network, Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Initiative Partnership, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Yuhua Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
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North CS, Pollio DE. Financing Cocaine Use in a Homeless Population. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017; 7:bs7040074. [PMID: 29068379 PMCID: PMC5746683 DOI: 10.3390/bs7040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cocaine use is highly prevalent among homeless populations, yet little is known about how it is financed. This study examined associations of income sources with cocaine use and financing of drugs in a longitudinal evaluation of a homeless sample. Methods: A homeless sample was recruited systematically in St. Louis in 1999–2001 and longitudinally assessed annually over two years using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the Homeless Supplement, with urine drug testing. Results: More than half (55%) of participants with complete follow-up data (N = 255/400) had current year cocaine use. Current users spent nearly $400 (half their income) in the last month on drugs at baseline. Benefits, welfare, and disability were negatively associated and employment and income from family/friends, panhandling, and other illegal activities were positively associated with cocaine use and monetary expenditures for cocaine. Conclusions: Findings suggest that illegal and informal income-generating activities are primary sources for immediate gratification with cocaine use and public entitlements do not appear to be primary funding sources used by homeless populations. Policy linking drug testing to benefits is likely to have little utility, and public expenditures on measures to unlink drug use and income might be more effectively used to fund employment and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol S North
- The Altshuler Center for Education & Research at Metrocare Services and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6363 Forest Park Rd., Suite BL6.226, Dallas, TX 75390-8828, USA.
| | - David E Pollio
- Department of Social Work, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama Birmingham, Heritage Hall Building 322, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1152, USA.
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Ahmadi K, Javadinia SA, Saadat SH, Ramezani MA, Sedghijalal H. Triangular relationship among risky sexual behavior, addiction, and aggression: A systematic review. Electron Physician 2017; 9:5129-5137. [PMID: 28979752 PMCID: PMC5614302 DOI: 10.19082/5129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Risky sexual behavior (RSB), addiction, and aggression are three important personal and social factors which influence each other. Objective To overview the potential relationship among RSB, addiction, and aggression to conduct an interactive model for the pathology and management of human behavior. Methods This review article was carried out by searching studies in PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Ebsco, IEEE, Scopus, Springer, MagIran, and IranMedex databases from the year 1993 to 2013. The search terms were violence, aggression, drug abuse, substance abuse, illicit drug, psychoactive drug, intravenous drug users, addiction and high-risk sexual relationships, unprotected sex, high risk sexual behavior, and sexual risk-taking. In this study, forty-nine studies were accepted for further screening, and met all our inclusion criteria (in English or Persian, full text, and included the search terms). Results Forty-nine articles were included; 17 out of 26 studies showed a significant correlation between addiction and risky sexual behavior, 15 out of 19 articles indicated a statistically significant correlation between aggression and addiction, and 9 out of 10 articles reported significant correlation between aggression and risky sexual behavior. Conclusion According to the results, the triangle hypothesis of sex, addiction, and aggression led to the definition of the relationship among the variables of the hypothetical triangle based on the reviewed studies; and the proposed dual and triple relationship based on the conducted literature review was confirmed. This is not a meta-analysis, and there is no analysis of publication bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khodabakhsh Ahmadi
- Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology, Associate Professor, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Javadinia
- Resident of Radiation Oncology, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Saadat
- M.D., Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arash Ramezani
- Ph.D., Associate Professor, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Sedghijalal
- Ph.D., Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Merghati-Khoei ES, Rezaei Z, Shojaei-Zadeh D, Azadi NA, Rimaz S, Bayat A, Moayedi-Nia S, Omati S, Salimi F, Korte J, Killeen T, Mohraz M. Sexual Risk Behaviors and Condom Use Barriers in Iranian Men with Substance Use Disorders. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2017; 9:40-47. [PMID: 29026502 PMCID: PMC5628767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate risky sexual behaviors (RSBs) and condom use barriers in Iranian men with substance use disorders (SUDs). METHODS Of the total 1800 outpatient drug free (ODF) and methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) active centers in Tehran, Iran, six were selected to participate in the current study. Data were collected (n = 300 men) using three questionnaires including a demographic questionnaire, the Risky Sexual Behavior Questionnaire (RSBQ), and the Condom Barriers Scale (CBS). The statistical software R, analysis of variance post hoc and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) logistic regression tests were used in data analysis. FINDINGS The majority, (n = 194, 64.7%) reported at least one lifetime episode of RSBs. Compared to married participants (23.1%), 88.5% of single and 87.0% of divorced men had a history of RSB. Generally, the lowest and highest subscale scores of the CBS were related to sexual experience (2.60 ± 0.71) and access/availability structure (3.77 ± 0.54), respectively. The results of MANOVA analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the CSB subscales based on the participants' education and marital status (P < 0.001). Only the partner barrier subscale had a significant negative relationship (P = 0.003) with RSB. CONCLUSION Sexual dynamic of Iranian men with SUDs is different. Barriers to condom use seem to be socio-culturally determined. Culturally acceptable strategies need to be utilized in Iranian clinical settings reaching beyond simply condom accessibility for this at risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Sadat Merghati-Khoei
- Associate Professor, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahed Rezaei
- MSc Student, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Shojaei-Zadeh
- Professor, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nammam Ali Azadi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Rimaz
- Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bayat
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Moayedi-Nia
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Omati
- Psychologist, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Salimi
- MSc Student, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jeffrey Korte
- Associate Professor, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Therese Killeen
- Associate Professor, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Mohraz
- Associate Professor, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Minoo Mohraz PhD,
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Safi MH, Younesi SJ, Dadkhah A, Farhoudian A, Fallahi-Khoshknab M, Azkhosh M. The Role of Sexual Behaviors in the Relapse Process in Iranian Methamphetamine Users: A Qualitative Study. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2016; 8:242-251. [PMID: 28819555 PMCID: PMC5554804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The awareness of sexual experiences could be an effective factor in preventing high-risk sexual behavior pertaining to relapse during the recovery period of substances. This research explored the role of sexual behaviors among Iranian methamphetamine (MA) users in relapse process. METHODS The study was conducted with a qualitative approach using content analysis method. 28 participants were selected through purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data were collected based on face-to-face, in-depth, semi-structured interviews based on open-ended questions. Interviews continued until the data saturation had occurred. All interviews were examined in four stages of codes, sub-categories, categories and themes according to the content analysis of explanations and descriptions of sexual behaviors. FINDINGS Two main themes were emerged from the analysis of interviews, including extreme pleasure seeking (including the main categories of sexual tunnel vision and sexual totalitarianism) and comprehended threat (including the main categories of internal conflict and external disorganization) as well as 10 subcategories. CONCLUSION The results indicated that sexual behaviors played an important role in relapse process among Iranian MA users and needed to be considered and managed properly in the planning of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Safi
- PhD Student, Department of Counseling AND Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Jalal Younesi
- Associate Professor, Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Seyyed Jalal Younesi PhD,
| | - Asghar Dadkhah
- Professor, Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Farhoudian
- Assistant Professor, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Fallahi-Khoshknab
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Azkhosh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The Effect of Drug Abstinence Program on Memory Functioning of Heroin Addicts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.20286/ijtmgh-0303117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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