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Khoei EM, Rezaei Z, Mohraz M, Bayat A, Ghanbarpour F, Killeen T, Korte JE. Risky Sexual Behaviors and Condom Use Barriers in Iranian Women with Substance Use Disorders. Iran J Public Health 2023; 52:1673-1681. [PMID: 37744548 PMCID: PMC10512144 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i8.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Scant information exists on Iranian women's protective behaviors mainly constant condom use. Inconsistent condom use seems prevalent among women with substance use problems. We aimed to investigate risky sexual behaviors (RSBs) and condom use barriers in Iranian women with substance use disorders (SUDs). Methods In our cross-sectional study, we recruited 300 women who sought treatments for their SUDs from the active outpatient drug free (ODF) and Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) centers in Tehran, Iran during 2017-2021. We used three batteries including demographic questionnaire, the Risky Sexual Behavior Questionnaire (RSBQ); and the Condom Barriers Scale (CBS). The statistical software R, analysis of variance post hoc and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) logistic regression tests were used in data analysis. Results The majority reported at least one lifetime experience of RSBs. Our results show that only 22% of the participants 'always' use condom in their sexual encounters. The lowest and highest subscale scores of the CBS were related to Sexual Experience (SE) (2.47 ± 0.86) and access/availability structure (3.52 ± 0.7), respectively. RSBs had negative significant association with Partner Barrier (PB) subscale scores (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.73) and effect on SE subscale scores (OR= 0.54; 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.94). Conclusion RSBs was prevalent among our study population. RSBs and condom use barriers are significantly interwoven. The condom use barriers were highly associated with the types of sexual encounters such as group sex or casual sexual relations than specific mean of sexual performance (i.e. anal sex). Gender-specific RSBs, STIs/HIV/AIDS prevention program is recommended for women with SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Mergati Khoei
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Brian and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscince Institution, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahed Rezaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical sciences, Gonabad, Iran
- Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Minoo Mohraz
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bayat
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghanbarpour
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Korte
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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Back SE, Flanagan JC, Killeen T, Saraiya TC, Brown DG, Jarnecke AM, Rothbaum AO, Joseph J, Ana ES, de Arellano A, Shoemaker HL, Dixon RA, Nietert PJ, Brady KT. COPE and oxytocin for the treatment of co-occurring PTSD and alcohol use disorder: Design and methodology of a randomized controlled trial in U.S. military veterans. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 126:107084. [PMID: 36646315 PMCID: PMC9998357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) also meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Military veterans are at increased risk for developing co-occurring AUD/PTSD, with prevalence rates 2-4 times higher than the general population. Research is needed to develop more effective treatments for this common comorbidity. The current investigation addresses this need by examining the synergistic effects of a novel pharmacotherapy combined with psychotherapy for co-occurring AUD/PTSD among veterans. Accumulating evidence suggests that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) is a promising pharmacotherapy to augment psychotherapy for AUD/PTSD. OT targets neurobiological and behavioral dysregulation common to both AUD and PTSD, in particular, corticolimbic connectivity. Human and animal studies show OT reduces alcohol self-administration, tolerance, and withdrawal; enhances fear extinction; and promotes prosocial behaviors. The current study builds on previous work by examining OT among veterans with AUD/PTSD receiving Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders using Prolonged Exposure (COPE), an evidence-based integrated treatment. METHODS This paper describes the rationale, design, and methodology of a Stage II, 12-week, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of intranasal OT (40 IU) versus placebo combined with COPE among veterans (N = 180) with current AUD/PTSD. In addition, the effects of treatment on corticolimbic connectivity will be examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at pre- and post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS The proposed study will provide new knowledge and mechanistic insights to accelerate research in this understudied area and may lead to improved treatment outcomes for co-occurring AUD/PTSD. CLINICALTRIALS gov: NCT04523922.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudie E Back
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Julianne C Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Tanya C Saraiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Delisa G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Amber M Jarnecke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alex O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jane Joseph
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Santa Ana
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Abigail de Arellano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hannah L Shoemaker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Reagan Ashley Dixon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Paul J Nietert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Saraiya TC, Jarnecke AM, Bauer AG, Brown DG, Killeen T, Back SE. Patient- and therapist-rated alliance predict improvements in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and substance use in integrated treatment. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:410-421. [PMID: 36509681 PMCID: PMC10079590 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concurrent Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (i.e., COPE) is an efficacious, integrated, psychotherapy that attends to PTSD and substance use disorders simultaneously. No study has examined how therapeutic alliance functions during the provision of COPE and how this compares to non-integrated treatments, such as relapse prevention (RP) for substance use disorders. Understanding the role of alliance in COPE versus RP could inform treatment refinement and ways to enhance treatment outcomes. METHODS Participants (N = 55 veterans) were randomized to 12, individual, weekly sessions of COPE or RP in a randomized clinical trial. Piecewise linear mixed effect models examined how mid-treatment (1) patient-rated alliance, (2) therapist-rated alliance, and (3) the convergence between patient- and therapist-rated alliance as measured by a difference score predicted reductions in PTSD symptoms and substance use across treatment and follow-up periods. RESULTS Both patient- and therapist-rated alliance predicted reductions in PTSD symptoms in COPE. Higher patient-rated alliance predicted lower percent days using substances in RP. Difference score models showed higher patient-rated alliance relative to therapist-rated alliance scores predicted symptom reductions in COPE whereas higher therapist-rated alliance scores relative to patient-rated alliance scores predicted symptom reductions in RP. DISCUSSION Preliminary findings show a unique relationship between the rater of the alliance and treatment modalities. Patient-rated alliance may be important in trauma-focused, integrated treatments whereas therapist-rated alliance may be more important in skills-focused, substance use interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya C. Saraiya
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amber M. Jarnecke
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandria G. Bauer
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Delisa G. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sudie E. Back
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Merghati Khoei E, Mohraz M, Mohammadi S, Brady KT, Killeen T, Korte JE, Rezaei Z. Gender differences in sexual risk behaviors among population with substance use disorders, Iran. Journal of Substance Use 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2098843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Effat Merghati Khoei
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Mohraz
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi
- Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kathleen T. Brady
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Korte
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zahed Rezaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
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Jarnecke AM, Saraiya TC, Brown DG, Richardson J, Killeen T, Back SE. Examining the role of social support in treatment for co-occurring substance use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 15:100427. [PMID: 35480064 PMCID: PMC9036141 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Social support may be a critical mechanism in the treatment of co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, no studies have examined how social support changes as a function of treatment or predicts treatment outcome in a Veteran population with co-occurring SUD and PTSD. Method The current study is a secondary analysis that examined social support over the course of treatment for co-occurring SUD and PTSD (N = 81). Analyses were conducted to examine if a) social support predicts change in substance use and PTSD symptoms, respectively, over the course of treatment and during follow-up, and b) substance use and PTSD symptoms, respectively, predicts change in social support over treatment and during follow-up. Results The findings revealed that between-person social support moderated decreases in substance use (B = -0.17, SE = 0.07, p = 0.017) and PTSD symptom severity (B = -0.12, SE = 0.05, p = 0.009) during treatment but not during follow-up. Within-person substance use and PTSD symptom severity predicted social support but substance use and PTSD symptoms did not moderate changes in social support during treatment or follow-up. Conclusions The findings highlight the critical role of social support during treatment in enhancing outcomes for individuals with co-occurring SUD and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Jarnecke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Tanya C Saraiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Delisa G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - James Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sudie E Back
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
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Badour CL, Flanagan JC, Allan NP, Gilmore AK, Gros DF, Killeen T, Korte KJ, Brown DG, Kolnogorova K, Back SE. Temporal dynamics of symptom change among veterans receiving an integrated treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:546-558. [PMID: 34773928 PMCID: PMC9035042 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined temporal patterns of symptom change during treatment for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs). We hypothesized that PTSD symptom severity would predict subsequent-session substance use and that this association would be particularly strong among patients who received an integrated treatment versus SUD-only treatment. Participants were 81 United States military veterans with current PTSD and an SUD who were enrolled in a 12-week, randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of an integrated treatment called Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) compared with cognitive behavioral relapse prevention therapy (RP). Lagged multilevel models indicated that PTSD symptom improvement did not significantly predict the likelihood of next-session substance use (likelihood of use: B = 0.03, SE = 0.02, p = .141; percentage of days using B = -0.02, SE = 0.01, p = .172. Neither substance use, B = 1.53, SE = 1.79, p = .391, nor frequency of use, B = 0.26, SE = 0.50, p = .612, predicted next-session PTSD symptom severity in either treatment condition. Stronger associations between PTSD symptoms and next-session substance use were expected given the self-medication hypothesis. Additional research is needed to better understand the temporal dynamics of symptom change as well as the specific mediators and mechanisms underlying symptom change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christal L. Badour
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Julianne C. Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Mental Health Service Line, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Allan
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA,VA Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, VA Finger Lakes Health Care System, Canandaigua, New York, USA
| | - Amanda K. Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel F. Gros
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Mental Health Service Line, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kristina J. Korte
- Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Delisa G. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sudie E. Back
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Mental Health Service Line, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Merghati Khoei E, Rezaei Z, Mohraz M, Brady KT, Killeen T, Korte JE, Bayat A, Yousefi H. Gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Iranian population with substance use disorder. Journal of Substance Use 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2051624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Effat Merghati Khoei
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahed Rezaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Minoo Mohraz
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kathleen T. Brady
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Korte
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alireza Bayat
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Yousefi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hien D, Kropp F, Wells EA, Campbell A, Hatch-Maillette M, Hodgkins C, Killeen T, Lopez-Castro T, Morgan-Lopez A, Ruglass LM, Saavedra L, Nunes EV. The "Women and Trauma" study and its national impact on advancing trauma specific approaches in community substance use treatment and research. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 112S:12-17. [PMID: 32220405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The "Women and Trauma" Study (WTS) conducted in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN-0015) resulted in research publications, presentations, and a train-the-trainer workshop to support dissemination efforts for skills-based trauma treatment in substance use community treatment. Twelve years after its completion, this paper aims to examine whether and how the WTS contributed to knowledge in the field of trauma and addictions and inspired community treatment programs (CTPs) to train staff to identify and provide trauma-related services. METHOD We present findings from two different analyses that explored longer term study impacts on treatment and dissemination: (1) a post-study site survey covering 4 domains from 4/7 programs that participated in delivering the WTS to evaluate their perceptions of study impact on their treatment community; and (2) an analysis of citations of its publications to determine impact on the scientific community. RESULTS Surveys from responding sites indicated that participation in the study significantly increased their agencies'' awareness of the need to take a focused approach to treating trauma issues in this population. Specifically, these sites increased their commitment to using skills-based trauma treatment with the study's target population of female patients with SUD and trauma histories, as well as expanding it to other groups affected by trauma. Citation analysis revealed that according to the Web of Science, as of August 2019, the number of citations of 24 CTN-0015 articles, ranged from 1 to 135 (Mean = 20, SD = 33; Median = 6). Four of the most influential are discussed. CONCLUSIONS This manuscript provides original information about the contributions of the WTS study, demonstrating how the study contributed to serving women with trauma in community substance use treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Hien
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America.
| | - Frankie Kropp
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Wells
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Aimee Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mary Hatch-Maillette
- University of Washington Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Therese Killeen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Teresa Lopez-Castro
- Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Antonio Morgan-Lopez
- Behavioral Health Research Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Lesia M Ruglass
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Lissette Saavedra
- Behavioral Health Research Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Edward V Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
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Back SE, Gray K, Santa Ana E, Jones JL, Jarnecke AM, Joseph JE, Prisciandaro J, Killeen T, Brown DG, Taimina L, Compean E, Malcolm R, Flanagan JC, Kalivas PW. N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of comorbid alcohol use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: Design and methodology of a randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 91:105961. [PMID: 32087337 PMCID: PMC7333883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.105961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are two prevalent psychiatric conditions in the U.S. The co-occurrence of AUD and PTSD is also common, and associated with a more severe clinical presentation and worse treatment outcomes across the biopsychosocial spectrum (e.g., social and vocational functioning, physical health) as compared to either disorder alone. Despite the high co-occurrence and negative outcomes, research on effective medications for AUD/PTSD is sparse and there is little empirical evidence to guide treatment decisions. The study described in this paper addresses this knowledge gap by testing the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in reducing alcohol use and PTSD symptoms. Animal studies and prior clinical research suggest a role for NAC in the treatment of substance use disorders and PTSD via glutamate modulation. NAC is a cysteine pro-drug that stimulates the cystine-glutamate exchanger, normalizes glial glutamate transporters, and restores glutamatergic tone on presynaptic receptors in reward regions of the brain. Moreover, NAC is available over-the-counter, has a long-established safety record, and does not require titration to achieve the target dose. This paper describes the rationale, study design, and methodology of a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of NAC (2400 mg/day) among adults with co-occurring AUD and PTSD. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) are utilized to investigate the neural circuitry and neurochemistry underlying comorbid AUD/PTSD and identify predictors of treatment outcome. This study is designed to determine the efficacy of NAC in the treatment of co-occurring AUD/PTSD and provide new information regarding mechanisms of action implicated in co-occurring AUD/PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudie E Back
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Kevin Gray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Santa Ana
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Amber M Jarnecke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Jane E Joseph
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - James Prisciandaro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Delisa G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Linda Taimina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Ebele Compean
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert Malcolm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Julianne C Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Moreland A, McCauley J, Barth K, Bogdon C, Killeen T, Haynes L, Jennings L, Guille C, Goldsby S, Brady K. Assessing the needs of front-line providers in addressing the opioid crisis in South Carolina. J Subst Abuse Treat 2019; 108:4-8. [PMID: 31303360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) has been declared a national crisis, as prevalence of OUD has increased remarkably over the past decade (Jones, 2017). While Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) is the standard of care for OUDs, several key barriers to implementation have been noted throughout the clinical and research literature (DeFlavio et al., 2015). As a first step toward enhancing implementation and dissemination of MAT across the state of South Carolina, a needs assessment was conducted with key persons from 33 agencies to inform our efforts. Results provided descriptive information regarding medical providers and patients seen within agencies. Of the 33 agencies, 6 agencies (18%) reported having buprenorphine-waivered providers on staff (total of 11 medical providers across the 6 agencies). Agencies reported that they referred a mean of 4.63 patients to other facilities for MAT in the past month. Barriers to providing MAT were identified, with the most significant barrier including the lack of medical staff to prescribe buprenorphine (47%). Overall, the current study reiterates the gap between treatment need and capacity for OUD patients, and highlights factors associated with barriers to MAT adoption in state-funded county drug and alcohol agencies across a southern, predominantly rural state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Moreland
- Medical University of South Carolina, United States of America.
| | - Jenna McCauley
- Medical University of South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kelly Barth
- Medical University of South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Bogdon
- Medical University of South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Therese Killeen
- Medical University of South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Louise Haynes
- Medical University of South Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sara Goldsby
- South Carolina Department of Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Services, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Brady
- Medical University of South Carolina, United States of America
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Back SE, Killeen T, Badour CL, Flanagan JC, Allan NP, Ana ES, Lozano B, Korte KJ, Foa EB, Brady KT. Concurrent treatment of substance use disorders and PTSD using prolonged exposure: A randomized clinical trial in military veterans. Addict Behav 2019; 90:369-377. [PMID: 30529244 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A substantial amount of individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) also meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prolonged Exposure (PE) is an effective, evidence-based treatment for PTSD, but there is limited data on its use among individuals with current alcohol or drug use disorders. This study evaluated the efficacy of an integrated treatment that incorporates PE (Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure or COPE) among veterans. METHOD Military veterans (N = 81, 90.1% male) with current SUD and PTSD were randomized to 12 sessions of COPE or Relapse Prevention (RP). Primary outcomes included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), PTSD Checklist-Military version (PCL-M), and the Timeline Follow-back (TLFB). RESULTS On average, participants attended 8 out of 12 sessions and there were no group differences in retention. Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that COPE, in comparison to RP, resulted in significantly greater reductions in CAPS (d = 1.4, p < .001) and PCL-M scores (d = 1.3, p = .01), as well as higher rates of PTSD diagnostic remission (OR = 5.3, p < .01). Both groups evidenced significant and comparable reductions in SUD severity during treatment. At 6-months follow-up, participants in COPE evidenced significantly fewer drinks per drinking day than participants in RP (p = .05). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report on the use of an integrated, exposure-based treatment for co-occurring SUD and PTSD in a veteran sample. The findings demonstrate that integrated, exposure-based treatments are feasible and effective for military veterans with SUD and PTSD. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudie E Back
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Christal L Badour
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Julianne C Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Santa Ana
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brian Lozano
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristina J Korte
- Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edna B Foa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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Badour CL, Flanagan JC, Gros DF, Killeen T, Pericot-Valverde I, Korte KJ, Allan NP, Back SE. Habituation of distress and craving during treatment as predictors of change in PTSD symptoms and substance use severity. J Consult Clin Psychol 2017; 85:274-281. [PMID: 28221062 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence supports the efficacy of trauma-focused exposure therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-occurring substance use disorders. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms of change in treatment for patients with PTSD and co-occurring substance use disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine whether within- and between-session habituation of distress and substance craving during imaginal exposure relates to treatment outcomes among U.S. military veterans with PTSD and a co-occurring substance use disorder (N = 54). METHOD Veterans received Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure, a manualized integrated treatment combining prolonged exposure with cognitive-behavioral therapy for substance use disorders as part of a larger randomized clinical trial. Self-reported distress and craving ratings were collected during each imaginal exposure session. RESULTS Data were analyzed using a series of random intercept and slope multilevel linear and generalized linear models. Results revealed that between-session habituation of distress and craving was associated with greater improvement in PTSD symptoms during treatment. Between-session habituation of craving was also associated with a marginally greater reduction in frequency of substance use among participants still reporting use during treatment. Within-session habituation of distress was unrelated to treatment outcome. CONCLUSION Together, these findings indicate that habituation in both distress and craving may be important in maximizing treatment outcome for patients with PTSD and comorbid substance use disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julianne C Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Daniel F Gros
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Sudie E Back
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
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Szafranski DD, Snead A, Allan NP, Gros DF, Killeen T, Flanagan J, Pericot-Valverde I, Back SE. Integrated, exposure-based treatment for PTSD and comorbid substance use disorders: Predictors of treatment dropout. Addict Behav 2017; 73:30-35. [PMID: 28460246 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High rates of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) have been noted in veteran populations. Fortunately, there are a number of evidence-based psychotherapies designed to address comorbid PTSD and SUD. However, treatments targeting PTSD and SUD simultaneously often report high dropout rates. To date, only one study has examined predictors of dropout from PTSD/SUD treatment. To address this gap in the literature, this study aimed to 1) examine when in the course of treatment dropout occurred, and 2) identify predictors of dropout from a concurrent treatment for PTSD and SUD. Participants were 51 male and female veterans diagnosed with current PTSD and SUD. All participants completed at least one session of a cognitive-behavioral treatment (COPE) designed to simultaneously address PTSD and SUD symptoms. Of the 51 participants, 22 (43.1%) dropped out of treatment prior to completing the full 12 session COPE protocol. Results indicated that the majority of dropout (55%) occurred after session 6, with the largest amount of dropout occurring between sessions 9 and 10. Results also indicated a marginally significant relationship between greater baseline PTSD symptom severity and premature dropout. These findings highlight inconsistencies related to timing and predictors of dropout, as well as the dearth of information noted about treatment dropout within PTSD and SUD literature. Suggestions for procedural changes, such as implementing continual symptom assessments during treatment and increasing dialog between provider and patient about dropout were made with the hopes of increasing consistency of findings and eventually reducing treatment dropout.
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Spratt ES, Papa CE, Mueller M, Patel S, Killeen T, Maher E, Drayton C, Dixon TC, Fowler SL, Treiber F. Using Technology to Improve Adherence to HIV Medications in Transitional Age Youth: Research Reviewed, Methods Tried, Lessons Learned. J Gen Med (Dover) 2017; 1:1002. [PMID: 30345429 PMCID: PMC6195351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In transitional age youth living with HIV or AIDS, non-adherence (<80%) to anti-retroviral medication is associated with viral resistance, disease progression, and an increased risk of death. This feasibility study investigated the Maya MedMinder electronic pillbox and cell phone texting with personalized motivational interviewing strategies to improve medication adherence in non-adherent youth. Twenty patients out of 30 identified as non-adherent by the Pediatric HIV team at the Medical University of South Carolina were approached, and 15 were recruited (Ages 12 to 20; 13.3% male, 86.7% female; 100% African-American). Following baseline MedMinder monitoring, subjects were randomized to intervention groups with reminder signals on or off. The time medications were taken was collected by the MedMinder, resulting in adherence scores. All were interviewed for readiness to change utilizing the Motivational Interviewing (MI) Stages of Change scores. Viral load and CD4 labs were scheduled every 6 weeks. Despite monetary incentives and personalized support, recruitment and adherence to the protocol was a challenge. Only 6/15 subjects completed the entire study scheduled for 6-months .Stages of change scores revealed that those that transitioned to making changes had higher CD4 percentages midway through the study. Challenges included missed appointments and labs despite efforts by text and phone to schedule convenient appointment times with participants. Device challenges included the large size of the MedMinder and faulty electronic signaling, especially from rural areas. The methodology was feasible with these patients. This small feasibility study highlights that technological tools to promote adherence and motivational enhancement strategies in teens and young adults who are non-adherent to HIV medication regimens can enhance biomarker outcomes associated with medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Spratt
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - C E Papa
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - M Mueller
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - S Patel
- Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - T Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - E Maher
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, USA
| | - C Drayton
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - T C Dixon
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - S L Fowler
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - F Treiber
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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Vrana C, Killeen T, Brant V, Mastrogiovanni J, Baker NL. Rationale, design, and implementation of a clinical trial of a mindfulness-based relapse prevention protocol for the treatment of women with comorbid post traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. Contemp Clin Trials 2017; 61:108-114. [PMID: 28765006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) commonly co-occur and is associated with a more complex clinical presentation with poorer clinical outcomes when compared with either disorder alone, and untreated PTSD can predict relapse to substance abuse. A number of integrated treatment approaches addressing symptoms of both PTSD and SUD concurrently demonstrate that both disorders can safely and effectively be treated concurrently. However, attrition and SUD relapse rates remain high and there is need to further develop new treatment approaches. Innovative approaches such as mindfulness meditation (MM) successfully used in the treatment of SUD may offer additional benefits for individuals with SUD complicated with PTSD. Specifically, Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) integrates coping skills from cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention therapy with MM practices, raising awareness of substance use triggers and reactive behavioral patterns, and teaching skillful coping responses. Here we present the design and methods for the "Mindfulness Meditation for the Treatment of Women with comorbid PTSD and SUD" study, a Stage 1b behavioral development study that modifies MBRP treatment to address both PTSD and SUD in a community setting. This study is divided into three parts: revising the existing evidence-based manual, piloting the intervention, and testing the new manual in a randomized controlled pilot trial in women with comorbid PTSD and SUD enrolled in a community-based SUD treatment program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vrana
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Public Health Sciences, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Therese Killeen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Victoria Brant
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Jana Mastrogiovanni
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Nathaniel L Baker
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Public Health Sciences, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303, Charleston, SC, USA.
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16
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Ruglass LM, Lopez-Castro T, Papini S, Killeen T, Back SE, Hien DA. Concurrent Treatment with Prolonged Exposure for Co-Occurring Full or Subthreshold Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Psychother Psychosom 2017; 86:150-161. [PMID: 28490022 PMCID: PMC5610572 DOI: 10.1159/000462977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To test whether an integrated prolonged exposure (PE) approach could address posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms effectively in individuals with co-occurring substance use disorders (SUD), we compared concurrent treatment of PTSD and SUD using PE (COPE) to relapse prevention therapy (RPT) for SUD and an active monitoring control group (AMCG). METHODS We conducted a randomized 12-week trial with participants (n = 110; 64% males; 59% African Americans) who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision criteria for full or subthreshold PTSD and SUD. Participants were randomly assigned to COPE (n = 39), RPT (n = 43), or AMCG (n = 28). RESULTS At the end-of-treatment, COPE and RPT demonstrated greater reduction in PTSD symptom severity relative to AMCG (COPE-AMCG = -34.06, p < 0.001; RPT-AMCG = -22.58, p = 0.002). Although the difference between COPE and RPT was not significant in the complete sample, the subset of participants with full (vs. subthreshold) PTSD demonstrated significantly greater reduction of PTSD severity in COPE relative to RPT. Both treatments were superior to AMCG in reducing the days of primary substance use (COPE-AMCG = -0.97, p = 0.01; RPT-AMCG = -2.07, p < 0.001). Relative to COPE, RPT showed significantly more improvement in SUD outcome at end-of-treatment (RPT-COPE = -1.10, p = 0.047). At 3-month follow-up, COPE and RPT maintained their treatment gains and were not significantly different in PTSD severity or days of primary substance use. CONCLUSION COPE and RPT reduced PTSD and SUD severity in participants with PTSD + SUD. Findings suggest that among those with full PTSD, COPE improves PTSD symptoms more than a SUD-only treatment. The use of PE for PTSD was associated with significant decreases in PTSD symptoms without worsening of substance use.
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Korte KJ, Bountress KE, Tomko RL, Killeen T, Moran-Santa Maria M, Back SE. Integrated Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders: The Mediating Role of PTSD Improvement in the Reduction of Depression. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6010009. [PMID: 28098747 PMCID: PMC5294962 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents one of the most common mental health disorders, particularly among veterans, and is associated with significant distress and impairment. This highly debilitating disorder is further complicated by common comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as substance use disorders (SUD). Individuals with PTSD and co-occurring SUD also commonly present with secondary symptoms, such as elevated depression. Little is known, however, about how these secondary symptoms are related to treatment outcome. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to examine (1) the effects of treatment of comorbid PTSD/SUD on depressive symptoms; and (2) whether this effect was mediated by changes in PTSD severity or changes in SUD severity. Participants were 81 U.S. military veterans (90.1% male) with PTSD and SUD enrolled in a randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of an integrated, exposure-based treatment (Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure; n = 54) versus relapse prevention (n = 27). Results revealed significantly lower depressive symptoms at post-treatment in the COPE group, as compared to the relapse prevention group. Examination of the mechanisms associated with change in depression revealed that reduction in PTSD severity, but not substance use severity, mediated the association between the treatment group and post-treatment depression. The findings underscore the importance of treating PTSD symptoms in order to help reduce co-occurring symptoms of depression in individuals with PTSD/SUD. Clinical implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Korte
- Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kaitlin E Bountress
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Rachel L Tomko
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Megan Moran-Santa Maria
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Sudie E Back
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
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Merghati-Khoei ES, Rezaei Z, Shojaei-Zadeh D, Azadi NA, Rimaz S, Bayat A, Moayedi-Nia S, Omati S, Salimi F, Korte J, Killeen T, Mohraz M. Sexual Risk Behaviors and Condom Use Barriers in Iranian Men with Substance Use Disorders. Addict Health 2017; 9:40-47. [PMID: 29026502 PMCID: PMC5628767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate risky sexual behaviors (RSBs) and condom use barriers in Iranian men with substance use disorders (SUDs). METHODS Of the total 1800 outpatient drug free (ODF) and methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) active centers in Tehran, Iran, six were selected to participate in the current study. Data were collected (n = 300 men) using three questionnaires including a demographic questionnaire, the Risky Sexual Behavior Questionnaire (RSBQ), and the Condom Barriers Scale (CBS). The statistical software R, analysis of variance post hoc and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) logistic regression tests were used in data analysis. FINDINGS The majority, (n = 194, 64.7%) reported at least one lifetime episode of RSBs. Compared to married participants (23.1%), 88.5% of single and 87.0% of divorced men had a history of RSB. Generally, the lowest and highest subscale scores of the CBS were related to sexual experience (2.60 ± 0.71) and access/availability structure (3.77 ± 0.54), respectively. The results of MANOVA analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the CSB subscales based on the participants' education and marital status (P < 0.001). Only the partner barrier subscale had a significant negative relationship (P = 0.003) with RSB. CONCLUSION Sexual dynamic of Iranian men with SUDs is different. Barriers to condom use seem to be socio-culturally determined. Culturally acceptable strategies need to be utilized in Iranian clinical settings reaching beyond simply condom accessibility for this at risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Sadat Merghati-Khoei
- Associate Professor, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahed Rezaei
- MSc Student, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Shojaei-Zadeh
- Professor, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nammam Ali Azadi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Rimaz
- Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bayat
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Moayedi-Nia
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Omati
- Psychologist, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Salimi
- MSc Student, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jeffrey Korte
- Associate Professor, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Therese Killeen
- Associate Professor, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Mohraz
- Associate Professor, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Minoo Mohraz PhD,
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Chaichanavichkij P, Killeen T, Aryal K. The incidence and implications of intestinal injury in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Int J Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.08.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Hatch-Maillette M, Wells EA, Doyle SR, Brigham GS, Daley D, DiCenzo J, Donovan D, Garrett S, Horigian VE, Jenkins L, Killeen T, Owens M, Perl HI. Predictors of 12-Step Attendance and Participation for Individuals With Stimulant Use Disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 68:74-82. [PMID: 27431050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have examined the effectiveness of 12-step peer recovery support programs with drug use disorders, especially stimulant use, and it is difficult to know how outcomes related to 12-step attendance and participation generalize to individuals with non-alcohol substance use disorders (SUDs). METHOD A clinical trial of 12-step facilitation (N=471) focusing on individuals with cocaine or methamphetamine use disorders allowed examination of four questions: Q1) To what extent do treatment-seeking stimulant users use 12-step programs and, which ones? Q2) Do factors previously found to predict 12-step participation among those with alcohol use disorders also predict participation among stimulant users? Q3) What specific baseline "12-step readiness" factors predict subsequent 12-step participation and attendance? And Q4) Does stimulant drug of choice differentially predict 12-step participation and attendance? RESULTS The four outcomes variables, attendance, speaking, duties at 12-step meetings, and other peer recovery support activities, were not related to baseline demographic or substance problem history or severity. Drug of choice was associated with differential days of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) attendance among those who reported attending, and cocaine users reported more days of attending AA or NA at 1-, 3- and 6-month follow-ups than did methamphetamine users. Pre-randomization measures of perceived benefit of 12-step groups predicted 12-step attendance at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Pre-randomization 12-step attendance significantly predicted number of other self-help activities at end-of-treatment, 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Pre-randomization perceived benefit and problem severity both predicted number of self-help activities at end-of-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Pre-randomization perceived barriers to 12-step groups were negatively associated with self-help activities at end-of-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Whether or not one participated in any duties was predicted at all time points by pre-randomization involvement in self-help activities. CONCLUSIONS The primary finding of this study is one of continuity: prior attendance and active involvement with 12-step programs were the main signs pointing to future involvement. Limitations and recommendations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Hatch-Maillette
- University of Washington Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, 1107 NE 45th St., Suite 120, Seattle, WA 98105; University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98105.
| | - Elizabeth A Wells
- University of Washington Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, 1107 NE 45th St., Suite 120, Seattle, WA 98105; University of Washington School of Social Work, 4101 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Suzanne R Doyle
- University of Washington Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, 1107 NE 45th St., Suite 120, Seattle, WA 98105
| | | | - Dennis Daley
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jessica DiCenzo
- San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 98110
| | - Dennis Donovan
- University of Washington Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, 1107 NE 45th St., Suite 120, Seattle, WA 98105; University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Sharon Garrett
- University of Washington Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, 1107 NE 45th St., Suite 120, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Viviana E Horigian
- University of Miami Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., Miami, FL 33136
| | - Lindsay Jenkins
- Multnomah County Health Department, 426 SW Stark St, Portland, OR 97204
| | - Therese Killeen
- Medical University of South Carolina Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Mandy Owens
- University of New Mexico Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions, 2650 Yale Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | - Harold I Perl
- Independent Consultant, P.O. Box 169, Arroyo Seco, NM 87514
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McRae-Clark AL, Baker NL, Gray KM, Killeen T, Hartwell KJ, Simonian SJ. Vilazodone for cannabis dependence: A randomized, controlled pilot trial. Am J Addict 2015; 25:69-75. [PMID: 26685701 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of vilazodone, a selective serotonin receptor inhibitor and partial 5-HT1A agonist, for treatment of cannabis dependence. METHODS Seventy-six cannabis-dependent adults were randomized to receive either up to 40 mg/day of vilazodone (n = 41) or placebo (n = 35) for 8 weeks combined with a brief motivational enhancement therapy intervention and contingency management to encourage study retention. Cannabis use outcomes were assessed via weekly urine cannabinoid tests; secondary outcomes included cannabis use self-report and cannabis craving. RESULTS Participants in both groups reported reduced self-reported cannabis use over the course of the study; however, vilazodone provided no advantage over placebo in reducing cannabis use. Men had significantly lower creatinine-adjusted cannabinoid levels and a trend for increased negative urine cannabinoid tests than women. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Vilazodone was not more efficacious than placebo in reducing cannabis use. Important gender differences were noted, with women having worse cannabis use outcomes than men. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Further medication development efforts for cannabis use disorders are needed, and gender should be considered as an important variable in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L McRae-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Nathaniel L Baker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kevin M Gray
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Karen J Hartwell
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Susan J Simonian
- Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina
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22
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Jobe-Shields L, Flanagan JC, Killeen T, Back SE. Family composition and symptom severity among Veterans with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Addict Behav 2015; 50:117-23. [PMID: 26132535 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) frequently co-occur and affect a substantial proportion of military Veterans. Although the impact of parental PTSD and SUD on child development is well-documented, little is known about the influence of family composition on PTSD/SUD symptom severity. The present study investigated children in the home as an independent risk factor for symptom severity in a sample of treatment-seeking Veterans (N = 94; 92% male) with comorbid PTSD/SUD. Twenty-seven percent of the sample had minor children (age 18 or younger) living in the home. Veterans with children in the home evidenced significantly higher PTSD symptomatology as measured by the Clinical Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; M = 82.65 vs. M = 72.17; t = -2.18; p < .05), and reported using marijuana more frequently than Veterans without children in the home (34% vs. 13% of past 60 days; t = -2.35, p < .05). In a multivariate model, having children in the home accounted for unique variance (ΔR(2) = .07) in PTSD severity after accounting for a range of covariates; however, having children in the home did not account for unique variance in substance use. Directions for future research as well as potential clinical implications for parents seeking treatment for PTSD/SUD are discussed.
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23
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Killeen T, Brewerton TD, Campbell A, Cohen LR, Hien DA. Exploring the relationship between eating disorder symptoms and substance use severity in women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2015; 41:547-52. [PMID: 26366716 PMCID: PMC4689437 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2015.1080263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (ED) and substance use disorders (SUD) commonly co-occur, especially in conjunction with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet little is known about ED and ED symptoms in women presenting to addiction treatment programs. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between ED symptoms and substance use frequency and severity in a sample of women with a DSM IV diagnosis of current SUD and PTSD enrolled in SUD treatment. METHOD Participants were 122 women from four substance abuse treatment sites who participated in a multi-site clinical trial through the National Institute of Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network (NIDA CTN). The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Clinician's Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) were administered at baseline and correlational analyses were performed. Variables that significantly correlated with EDE-Q total and subscale scores were entered into a linear regression analysis. RESULTS Scores on the EDE-Q Global scale, as well as the Eating Concern, Weight Concern and Shape Concern subscales of the EDE-Q were significantly associated with Caucasian race/ethnicity, past 30 day opiate use, higher ASI Psychiatric Subscale score and lower ASI Employment Subscale score. CONCLUSION Although exploratory, these findings suggest that there may be a relationship between addiction severity, use of certain drugs of abuse and eating disorder symptoms, particularly those involving weight and shape concerns in women with comorbid PTSD and SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Killeen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Institute of Psychiatry, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Aimee Campbell
- Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa R. Cohen
- Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denise A Hien
- Psychology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Lozano BE, Gros DF, Killeen T, Jaconis M, Beylotte FM, Boyd S, Back SE. To reduce or abstain? Substance use goals in the treatment of veterans with substance use disorders and comorbid PTSD. Am J Addict 2015; 24:578-81. [PMID: 26300219 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) frequently co-occur. Previous research demonstrates the utility of goals in attaining improved SUD outcomes, however, no previous studies have examined goal choices in the context of integrated treatment for comorbid PTSD and SUD. OBJECTIVES The present study investigated correlates of treatment entry goals to either reduce or abstain from substance use. METHODS Participants (N = 60) were treatment-seeking veterans with current PTSD and SUD. Participants completed self-report and clinician-rated measures of substance use, PTSD, and affective symptoms as part of a larger randomized controlled trial. RESULTS Half (30/60) of participants endorsed a treatment entry goal to reduce substance use (reducers). Compared to participants who endorsed a treatment entry goal of abstinence (abstainers), reducers were significantly younger, more likely to be employed, more likely to have served in recent military conflicts (Operations Enduring/Iraqi Freedom), and endorsed significantly fewer symptoms of alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The findings demonstrate clinically relevant differences based on treatment entry goals, suggesting that individuals are often able to choose conceivably appropriate treatment goals based, most notably, on the severity of their SUD. Collaboratively engaging patients in establishing treatment goals that are consistent with their beliefs and desires in conjunction with empirical findings is particularly relevant in the context of treatment for SUD and PTSD where many patients are ambivalent about treatment and attrition is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Lozano
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina.,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel F Gros
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina.,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Therese Killeen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Maryanne Jaconis
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Stephen Boyd
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sudie E Back
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina.,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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25
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Merghati-Khoei E, Sheikhan F, Shamsalizadeh N, Haghani H, Yousofnia Pasha YR, Killeen T. Menopause negatively impacts sexual lives of middle-aged Iranian women: a cross-sectional study. J Sex Marital Ther 2013; 40:552-560. [PMID: 24308863 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2013.796577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to explore associations between sexual function, demographic variables, health and menopausal status among middle-aged Iranian women. Participants were 200 Iranian middle-aged women (40-65 years). All women completed the Female Sexual Function Index and the Brief Profile of Female Sexual Function. Data were analyzed using a Pearson correlation statistical test, a one-way analysis of variance, an independent t test, and a linear regression analysis. Advanced age, lower education, and socioeconomic status were significantly correlated with the lower scores on the Female Sexual Function Index. Lower scores on the Female Sexual Function Index were associated with being retired; having a hysterectomy or oophorectomy; and presence of hot flashes, vaginal dryness, health problems, prescription drug use, and cold sweats. There were no significant associations between middle-aged women's sexual function and ethnicity, body mass index, alcohol consumption, severity of hot flashes, and hot flash frequency. Sexual desire was decreased or absent in 94.5% of the postmenopausal respondents. Our findings appear that sexual function is associated with sociodemographic characteristics of Iranian middle-aged women. Gender-sensitive counseling and medical services for aging Iranian women can improve the quality of women's sexual lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Merghati-Khoei
- a Iranian National Center of Addiction Studies, Risk Behavior Institution , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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26
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Killeen T, Kamat A, Walsh D, Parker A, Aliashkevich A. Severe adhesive arachnoiditis resulting in progressive paraplegia following obstetric spinal anaesthesia: a case report and review. Anaesthesia 2012; 67:1386-94. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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McCauley JL, Killeen T, Gros DF, Brady KT, Back SE. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders: Advances in Assessment and Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19. [PMID: 24179316 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) are prevalent and frequently co-occur. Comorbid PTSD/SUD is associated with a more complex and costly clinical course when compared with either disorder alone, including increased chronic physical health problems, poorer social functioning, higher rates of suicide attempts, more legal problems, increased risk of violence, worse treatment adherence, and less improvement during treatment. In response, psychosocial treatment options have increased substantially over the past decade and integrated approaches - treatments that address symptoms of both PTSD and SUD concurrently -are fast becoming the preferred model for treatment. This paper reviews the prevalence, etiology and assessment practices as well as advances in the behavioral and pharmacologic treatment of comorbid PTSD and SUDs.
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28
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Back SE, Killeen T, Foa EB, Santa Ana EJ, Gros DF, Brady KT. Use of an integrated therapy with prolonged exposure to treat PTSD and comorbid alcohol dependence in an Iraq veteran. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:688-91. [PMID: 22760188 PMCID: PMC3654811 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11091433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudie E. Back
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Edna B. Foa
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth J. Santa Ana
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Daniel F. Gros
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
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29
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Ruglass LM, Miele GM, Hien DA, Campbell ANC, Hu MC, Caldeira N, Jiang H, Litt L, Killeen T, Hatch-Maillette M, Najavits L, Brown C, Robinson JA, Brigham GS, Nunes EV. Helping alliance, retention, and treatment outcomes: a secondary analysis from the NIDA Clinical Trials Network Women and Trauma Study. Subst Use Misuse 2012; 47:695-707. [PMID: 22475068 PMCID: PMC3639137 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2012.659789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between the therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes among 223 women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders who participated in a multisite clinical trial of group treatments for trauma and addictions in the United States throughout 2004 and 2005. General linear models indicated that women who received Seeking Safety, a cognitive-behavioral treatment, had significantly higher alliance ratings than those in Women's Health Education, a control group. Alliance was related to significant decreases in PTSD symptoms and higher attendance in both interventions. Alliance was not related to substance use outcomes. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia M Ruglass
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA.
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30
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Svikis DS, Keyser-Marcus L, Stitzer M, Rieckmann T, Safford L, Loeb P, Allen T, Luna-Anderson C, Back SE, Cohen J, DeBernardi MA, Dillard B, Forcehimes A, Jaffee W, Killeen T, Kolodner K, Levy M, Pallas D, Perl HI, Potter JS, Provost S, Reese K, Sampson RR, Sepulveda A, Snead N, Wong CJ, Zweben J. Randomized multi-site trial of the Job Seekers' Workshop in patients with substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 120:55-64. [PMID: 21802222 PMCID: PMC3579551 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unemployment is associated with negative outcomes both during and after drug abuse treatment. Interventions designed to increase rates of employment may also improve drug abuse treatment outcomes. The purpose of this multi-site clinical trial was to evaluate the Job Seekers' Workshop (JSW), a three session, manualized program designed to train patients in the skills needed to find and secure a job. METHOD Study participants were recruited through the NIDA Clinical Trials Network (CTN) from six psychosocial counseling (n=327) and five methadone maintenance (n=301) drug treatment programs. Participants were randomly assigned to either standard care (program-specific services plus brochure with local employment resources) (SC) or standard care plus JSW. Three 4-h small group JSW sessions were offered weekly by trained JSW facilitators with ongoing fidelity monitoring. RESULTS JSW and SC participants had similar 12- and 24-week results for the primary outcome measure (i.e., obtaining a new taxed job or enrollment in a training program). Specifically, one-fifth of participants at 12weeks (20.1-24.3%) and nearly one-third at 24 weeks (31.4-31.9%) had positive outcomes, with "obtaining a new taxed job" accounting for the majority of cases. CONCLUSION JSW group participants did not have higher rates of employment/training than SC controls. Rates of job acquisition were modest for both groups, suggesting more intensive interventions may be needed. Alternate targets (e.g., enhancing patient motivation, training in job-specific skills) warrant further study as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace S Svikis
- Department of Psychology, AWHARE (Addiction & Women's Health: Advancing Research and Evaluation), Virginia Commonwealth University, Old City Hall, Room 350A, 1001 East Broad Street, PO Box 980343, Richmond, VA 23298-0343, USA.
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31
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Greenfield SF, Rosa C, Putnins SI, Green CA, Brooks AJ, Calsyn DA, Cohen LR, Erickson S, Gordon SM, Haynes L, Killeen T, Miele G, Tross S, Winhusen T. Gender research in the National Institute on Drug Abuse National Treatment Clinical Trials Network: a summary of findings. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2011; 37:301-12. [PMID: 21854272 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2011.596875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Institute of Drug Abuse's National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN) was established to foster translation of research into practice in substance abuse treatment settings. The CTN provides a unique opportunity to examine in multi-site, translational clinical trials, the outcomes of treatment interventions targeting vulnerable subgroups of women; the comparative effectiveness of gender-specific protocols to reduce risk behaviors; and gender differences in clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVES To review gender-related findings from published CTN clinical trials and related studies from January 2000 to March 2010. METHODS CTN studies were selected for review if they focused on treatment outcomes or services for special populations of women with substance use disorders (SUDs) including those with trauma histories, pregnancy, co-occurring eating and other psychiatric disorders, and HIV risk behaviors; or implemented gender-specific protocols. The CTN has randomized 11,500 participants (41% women) across 200 clinics in 24 randomized controlled trials in community settings, of which 4 have been gender-specific. RESULTS This article summarizes gender-related findings from CTN clinical trials and related studies, focusing on trauma histories, pregnancy, co-occurring eating and other psychiatric disorders, and HIV risk behaviors. CONCLUSIONS These published studies have expanded the evidence base regarding interventions for vulnerable groups of women with SUDs as well as gender-specific interventions to reduce HIV risk behaviors in substance-using men and women. The results also underscore the complexity of accounting for gender in the design of clinical trials and analysis of results. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE To fully understand the relevance of gender-specific moderators and mediators of outcome, it is essential that future translational studies adopt more sophisticated approaches to understanding and measuring gender-relevant factors and plan sample sizes that are adequate to support more nuanced analytic methods.
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32
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Korte JE, Magruder KM, Chiuzan CC, Logan SL, Killeen T, Bandyopadhyay D, Brady KT. Assessing drug use during follow-up: direct comparison of candidate outcome definitions in pooled analyses of addiction treatment studies. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2011; 37:358-66. [PMID: 21854278 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2011.602997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selection of appropriate outcome measures is important for clinical studies of drug addiction treatment. Researchers use various methods for collecting drug use outcomes and must consider substances to be included in a urine drug screen (UDS); accuracy of self-report; use of various instruments and procedures for collecting self-reported drug use; and timing of outcome assessments. OBJECTIVES We sought to define a set of candidate measures to (1) assess their intercorrelation and (2) identify any differences in results. METHODS Data were combined from completed protocols in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network (CTN), with a total of 1897 participants. We defined nine outcome measures based on UDS, self-report, or a combination. Multivariable, multilevel generalized estimating equation models were used to assess subgroup differences in intervention success, controlling for baseline differences and accounting for clustering by CTN protocols. RESULTS There were high correlations among all candidate outcomes. All outcomes showed consistent overall results with no significant intervention impact on drug use during follow-up. However, with most UDS variables, but not with self-report or "corrected self-report," we observed a significant gender-ethnicity interaction with benefit shown in African American women, White women, and Hispanic men. CONCLUSION Despite strong associations between candidate measures, we found some important differences in results. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we demonstrated the potential utility and impact of combining UDS and self-report data for drug use assessment. Our results suggest possible differences in intervention efficacy by gender and ethnicity, but highlight the need to cautiously interpret observed interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Korte
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA.
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33
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Cohen LR, Greenfield SF, Gordon S, Killeen T, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Hien D. Survey of eating disorder symptoms among women in treatment for substance abuse. Am J Addict 2010; 19:245-51. [PMID: 20525031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong association between substance use disorders (SUDs) and eating disorders (EDs) in women has been established. Yet, little is known about the rates and impact of ED symptoms in women presenting to addiction treatment. The current investigation assessed the prevalence of ED symptoms and their effect on treatment outcomes in a sample of substance abusing women with co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) enrolled in outpatient substance use programs. Participants were 122 women who participated in a multisite clinical trial comparing two behavioral treatments for co-occurring SUD and PTSD. The Eating Disorder Examination-self report, and measures of PTSD and SUD symptoms were administered at baseline, during treatment and at four follow-up points. Two subgroups emerged; those reporting binge eating in the 28 days prior to baseline (Binge group; n = 35) and those who reported no binge eating episodes (No Binge group; n = 87). Women in the Binge group endorsed significantly higher ED, PTSD, and depression symptoms at baseline than those in the No Binge group. Although all participants showed significant reductions in PTSD symptoms and improvements in abstinence rates during the study period, the improvements for the Binge group were significantly lower. These findings suggest that a subgroup of women with co-occurring PTSD and SUDs, who endorsed binge ED symptoms, responded differently to SUD/PTSD group treatment. Identification of ED symptoms among treatment-seeking women with SUDs may be an important element in tailoring interventions and enhancing treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Cohen
- Substance Abuse Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA.
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34
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Hien DA, Campbell ANC, Ruglass LM, Hu MC, Killeen T. The role of alcohol misuse in PTSD outcomes for women in community treatment: a secondary analysis of NIDA's Women and Trauma Study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 111:114-9. [PMID: 20537811 PMCID: PMC2981092 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with comorbid substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder may differentially benefit from integrated trauma-focused interventions based on specific presenting characteristics such as substance use type and PTSD severity. The current study is a secondary analysis of a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study exploring the effectiveness of two interventions for women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. METHOD Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association of baseline alcohol misuse with PTSD outcome measures over time for all randomized participants. RESULTS Women entering treatment with baseline alcohol misuse had higher Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale (PSS-SR) total scores (t=2.43, p<.05), cluster C (avoidance/numbing) scores (t=2.63, p<.01), and cluster D (hyper-arousal) scores (t=2.31, p<.05). For women with alcohol misuse, after treatment week 1, PSS-SR scores were significantly lower in the Seeking Safety intervention during treatment (chi(2)(1)=4.00, p<.05) and follow-up (chi(2)(1)=4.87, p<.05) compared to those in the health education intervention. Alcohol misusers in the Seeking Safety group who had higher baseline hyper-arousal severity improved more quickly than those with lower baseline hyper-arousal severity during treatment (chi(2)(1)=4.06, p<.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the type of substance abuse at treatment entry may inform treatment selection, predict treatment response among those with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders, and indicate a more severe clinical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A. Hien
- Department of Psychology, City University of New York and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032,Corresponding Author. Denise A. Hien, 160 Convent Avenue, North Academic Center 8-131, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031. PH: 212-650-5666, FAX: 212-650-8910,
| | - Aimee N. C. Campbell
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Box 120, Room 3732, New York, NY 10032
| | - Lesia M. Ruglass
- Center for Trauma and Addictions, Department of Psychology, City University of New York, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, NAC Building, 8-132A, New York, NY 10031
| | - Mei-Chen Hu
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 20, New York, NY 10032
| | - Therese Killeen
- Clinical Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29454
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35
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Hien DA, Campbell ANC, Killeen T, Hu MC, Hansen C, Jiang H, Hatch-Maillette M, Miele GM, Cohen LR, Gan W, Resko SM, DiBono M, Wells EA, Nunes EV. The impact of trauma-focused group therapy upon HIV sexual risk behaviors in the NIDA Clinical Trials Network "Women and trauma" multi-site study. AIDS Behav 2010; 14:421-30. [PMID: 19452271 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-009-9573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Women in drug treatment struggle with co-occurring problems, including trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can heighten HIV risk. This study examines the impact of two group therapy interventions on reduction of unprotected sexual occasions (USO) among women with substance use disorders (SUD) and PTSD. Participants were 346 women recruited from and receiving treatment at six community-based drug treatment programs participating in NIDA's Clinical Trials Network. Participants were randomized to receive 12-sessions of either seeking safety (SS), a cognitive behavioral intervention for women with PTSD and SUD, or women's health education (WHE), an attention control psychoeducational group. Participants receiving SS who were at higher sexual risk (i.e., at least 12 USO per month) significantly reduced the number of USO over 12-month follow up compared to WHE. High risk women with co-occurring PTSD and addiction may benefit from treatment addressing coping skills and trauma to reduce HIV risk.
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Hien DA, Wells EA, Jiang H, Suarez-Morales L, Campbell ANC, Cohen LR, Miele GM, Killeen T, Brigham GS, Zhang Y, Hansen C, Hodgkins C, Hatch-Maillette M, Brown C, Kulaga A, Kristman-Valente A, Chu M, Sage R, Robinson JA, Liu D, Nunes EV. Multisite randomized trial of behavioral interventions for women with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009; 77:607-19. [PMID: 19634955 PMCID: PMC2795638 DOI: 10.1037/a0016227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors compared the effectiveness of the Seeking Safety group, cognitive-behavioral treatment for substance use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), to an active comparison health education group (Women's Health Education [WHE]) within the National Institute on Drug Abuse's Clinical Trials Network. The authors randomized 353 women to receive 12 sessions of Seeking Safety (M = 6.2 sessions) or WHE (M = 6.0 sessions) with follow-up assessment 1 week and 3, 6, and 12 months posttreatment. Primary outcomes were the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self Report (PSS-SR), and a substance use inventory (self-reported abstinence and percentage of days of use over 7 days). Intention-to-treat analysis showed large, clinically significant reductions in CAPS and PSS-SR symptoms (d = 1.94 and 1.12, respectively) but no reliable difference between conditions. Substance use outcomes were not significantly different over time between the two treatments and at follow-up showed no significant change from baseline. Study results do not favor Seeking Safety over WHE as an adjunct to substance use disorder treatment for women with PTSD and reflect considerable opportunity to improve clinical outcomes in community-based treatments for these co-occurring conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Hien
- Department of Psychology, City University of New York, City College of New York, New York, NY 10030, USA.
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Gordon SM, Johnson JA, Greenfield SF, Cohen L, Killeen T, Roman PM. Assessment and treatment of co-occurring eating disorders in publicly funded addiction treatment programs. Psychiatr Serv 2008. [PMID: 18757602 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.59.9.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Publicly funded addiction treatment programs were surveyed to increase understanding of treatment options for persons with co-occurring eating and substance use disorders. METHODS Data were collected between 2002 and 2004 from face-to-face interviews with program directors of a nationally representative sample of 351 addiction treatment programs. RESULTS Half of the programs screen patients for eating disorders; 29% admit all persons with eating disorders, and 48% admit persons with eating disorders of low severity. Few programs attempt to treat eating disorders. Programs that admit and treat patients with eating disorders are more likely to emphasize a medical-psychiatric model of addiction, use psychiatric medications, admit patients with other psychiatric disorders, and have a lower caseload of African-American patients. CONCLUSIONS Generally, patients with co-occurring eating and substance use disorders do not appear to receive structured assessment or treatment for eating disorders in addiction treatment programs. These results highlight the need for education of addiction treatment professionals in assessment of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Merle Gordon
- Research Department, Seabrook House, 133 PolkLn., P.O. Box 5055, Seabrook, NJ 08302-5055, USA.
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Gordon SM, Johnson JA, Greenfield SF, Cohen L, Killeen T, Roman PM. Assessment and treatment of co-occurring eating disorders in publicly funded addiction treatment programs. Psychiatr Serv 2008; 59:1056-9. [PMID: 18757602 PMCID: PMC3417144 DOI: 10.1176/ps.2008.59.9.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Publicly funded addiction treatment programs were surveyed to increase understanding of treatment options for persons with co-occurring eating and substance use disorders. METHODS Data were collected between 2002 and 2004 from face-to-face interviews with program directors of a nationally representative sample of 351 addiction treatment programs. RESULTS Half of the programs screen patients for eating disorders; 29% admit all persons with eating disorders, and 48% admit persons with eating disorders of low severity. Few programs attempt to treat eating disorders. Programs that admit and treat patients with eating disorders are more likely to emphasize a medical-psychiatric model of addiction, use psychiatric medications, admit patients with other psychiatric disorders, and have a lower caseload of African-American patients. CONCLUSIONS Generally, patients with co-occurring eating and substance use disorders do not appear to receive structured assessment or treatment for eating disorders in addiction treatment programs. These results highlight the need for education of addiction treatment professionals in assessment of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Merle Gordon
- Research Department, Seabrook House, 133 PolkLn., P.O. Box 5055, Seabrook, NJ 08302-5055, USA.
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Killeen T, Hien D, Campbell A, Brown C, Hansen C, Jiang H, Kristman-Valente A, Neuenfeldt C, Rocz-de la Luz N, Sampson R, Suarez-Morales L, Wells E, Brigham G, Nunes E. Adverse events in an integrated trauma-focused intervention for women in community substance abuse treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008; 35:304-11. [PMID: 18294804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A substantial number of women who enter substance abuse treatment have a history of trauma and meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fear regarding the extent to which PTSD treatment can evoke negative consequences remains a research question. This study explored adverse events related to the implementation of an integrated treatment for women with trauma and substance use disorder (Seeking Safety) compared with a nontrauma-focused intervention (Women's Health Education). Three hundred fifty-three women enrolled in community substance abuse treatment were randomized to 1 of the 2 study groups and monitored weekly for adverse events. There were no differences between the two intervention groups in the number of women reporting study-related adverse events (28 [9.6%] for the Seeking Safety group and 21[7.2%] for the Women's Health Education group). Implementing PTSD treatment in substance abuse treatment programs appears to be safe, with minimal impact on intervention-related adverse psychiatric and substance abuse symptoms. More research is needed on the efficacy of such interventions to improve outcomes of PTSD and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Killeen
- Clinical Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29451, USA.
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Meier U, Ahmadi S, Killeen T, Al-Zain FT, Lemcke J. Long term outcomes following decompressive craniectomy for severe head injury. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplements 2008; 102:29-31. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-85578-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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41
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Hunt JCR, Maslin M, Killeen T, Backlund P, Schellnhuber HJ. Introduction. Climate change and urban areas: research dialogue in a policy framework. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2007; 365:2615-29. [PMID: 17666383 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2007.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C R Hunt
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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42
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Stitzer ML, Petry N, Peirce J, Kirby K, Killeen T, Roll J, Hamilton J, Stabile PQ, Sterling R, Brown C, Kolodner K, Li R. Effectiveness of abstinence-based incentives: Interaction with intake stimulant test results. J Consult Clin Psychol 2007; 75:805-11. [PMID: 17907862 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.75.5.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intake urinalysis test result (drug positive vs. negative) has been previously identified as a strong predictor of drug abuse treatment outcome, but there is little information about how this prognostic factor may interact with the type of treatment delivered. The authors used data from a multisite study of abstinence incentives for stimulant abusers enrolled in outpatient counseling treatment (N. M. Petry, J. M. Peirce, et al., 2005) to examine this question. The first study urine was used to stratify participants into stimulant negative (n = 306) versus positive (n = 108) subgroups. Abstinence incentives significantly improved retention in those testing negative but not in those testing positive. Findings suggest that stimulant abusers presenting to treatment with a stimulant-negative urine benefit from abstinence incentives, but alternative treatment approaches are needed for those who test stimulant positive at intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine L Stitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Killeen T, Carter R, Copersino M, Petry N, Stitzer M. Effectiveness of motivational incentives in stimulant abusing outpatients with different treatment histories. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2007; 33:129-37. [PMID: 17366253 DOI: 10.1080/00952990601091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if prize-based abstinence incentives will differentially affect substance abuse outcomes in patients with different treatment histories. DESIGN Treatment seeking outpatients with more or less prior treatment episodes were randomized to receive either prize-based incentives plus treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU alone. Outcome variables included longest sustained period of abstinence, number of negative urine drug screens (UDS), and retention in treatment. RESULTS Treatment experienced participants were older, more likely to be female, African American, unemployed, and with more severe cocaine and psychiatric problems. The effectiveness of incentives did not differ significantly between the two treatment history groups with regard to the outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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Petry NM, Peirce JM, Stitzer ML, Blaine J, Roll JM, Cohen A, Obert J, Killeen T, Saladin ME, Cowell M, Kirby KC, Sterling R, Royer-Malvestuto C, Hamilton J, Booth RE, Macdonald M, Liebert M, Rader L, Burns R, DiMaria J, Copersino M, Stabile PQ, Kolodner K, Li R. Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs: a national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 62:1148-56. [PMID: 16203960 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Contingency management interventions that provide tangible incentives based on objective indicators of drug abstinence are efficacious in improving outcomes in substance abusers, but these treatments have rarely been implemented in community-based settings. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of an abstinence-based contingency management intervention as an addition to usual care in community treatment settings. DESIGN Random assignment to usual care or usual care plus abstinence-based incentives for 12 weeks. SETTING Eight community-based outpatient psychosocial drug abuse treatment programs. PARTICIPANTS A total of 415 cocaine or methamphetamine users beginning outpatient substance abuse treatment. INTERVENTION All participants received standard care, and those assigned to the abstinence-based incentive condition also earned chances to win prizes for submitting substance-free urine samples; the chances of winning prizes increased with continuous time abstinent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Retention, counseling attendance, total number of substance-free samples provided, percentage of stimulant- and alcohol-free samples submitted, and longest duration of confirmed stimulant abstinence. RESULTS Participants assigned to the abstinence-based incentive condition remained in treatment for a mean +/- SD of 8.0 +/- 4.2 weeks and attended a mean +/- SD of 19.2 +/- 16.8 counseling sessions compared with 6.9 +/- 4.4 weeks and 15.7 +/- 14.4 sessions for those assigned to the usual care condition (P<.02 for all). Participants in the abstinence-based incentive condition also submitted significantly more stimulant- and alcohol-free samples (P<.001). The abstinence-based incentive group was significantly more likely to achieve 4, 8, and 12 weeks of continuous abstinence than the control group, with odds ratios of 2.5, 2.7, and 4.5, respectively. However, the percentage of positive samples submitted was low overall and did not differ between conditions. CONCLUSION The abstinence-based incentive procedure, which provided a mean of 203 dollars in prizes per participant, was efficacious in improving retention and associated abstinence outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Petry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA.
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Back SE, Sonne SC, Killeen T, Dansky BS, Brady KT. Comparative profiles of women with PTSD and comorbid cocaine or alcohol dependence. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2003; 29:169-89. [PMID: 12731687 DOI: 10.1081/ada-120018845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined differences in substance abuse severity, trauma history, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and psychiatric comorbidity among treatment-seeking women (N= 74) with PTSD and either comorbid cocaine or alcohol dependence. Women in the cocaine/PTSD group, compared with the alcohol/PTSD group, demonstrated greater occupational impairment (e.g., greater severity on the employment subscale of the Addiction Severity Index, less monthly income, fewer days worked in past month), more legal problems (e.g., greater number of months incarcerated and arrests for prostitution), and greater social impairment (e.g., fewer number of close friends, less likely to be married). Women in the alcohol/PTSD group evidenced higher rates of exposure to serious accidents, other situations involving serious injury, and other extraordinarily stressful life events. Rates of major depression and social phobia were higher among the alcohol/PTSD group than the cocaine/PTSD group. Women in the alcohol/PTSD group scored higher on the CAPS avoidance, hyperarousal, and total subscale scores. The current findings enhance our understanding of the substance-specific profiles of women with PTSD and comorbid substance use disorders and may have important implications for the design of dual-diagnosis interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudie E Back
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Abstract
Residential treatment programs specifically designed for alcohol/drug-addicted women and their children have become a popular treatment modality across the United States. Outcome evaluation of these programs are beginning to show promising results. In this article, outcome data from a study of a residential substance abuse treatment program for women and young children in rural South Carolina will be presented. Data from 35 women and 23 children in the area of addiction severity, parenting and child emotional and behavioral development at 6 and 12 months following discharge from a substance abuse residential treatment program is examined. Results showed that women who completed treatment had better scores on addiction severity and parental stress, and their children had improved behavioral and emotional functioning at 6 and 12 months after discharge from the program. These results suggest that residential treatment has benefits for mothers and their children. This data adds to the growing body of evidence supporting intensive and inclusive care for certain groups of individuals with substance use disorders during critical periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Killeen
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
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Dansky BS, Brady KT, Saladin ME, Killeen T, Becker S, Roitzsch J. Victimization and PTSD in individuals with substance use disorders: gender and racial differences. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1996; 22:75-93. [PMID: 8651146 DOI: 10.3109/00952999609001646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of studies concerning the prevalence of crime-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CR-PTSD) in individuals with substance use disorders, despite documentation of particularly high prevalence rates of sexual and physical assault in this population. A central objective of the present investigation was to assess victimization experiences and CR-PTSD among individuals receiving inpatient treatment for substance use disorders and evaluate gender and racial differences in assault characteristics CR-PTSD prevalence rates. A total of 95 inpatients (34 men and 61 women; 41 African-Americans, 52 Caucasians, and 2 other minorities) were administered a structured interview to assess substance abuse/dependence, trauma, and PTSD. Approximately 90% of the participants had a lifetime history of sexual and/or physical assault, and approximately 50% had CR-PTSD. With the exception of rape, no gender differences in assault or CR-PTSD prevalence rates were observed. Women were more likely than men to perceive their life as endangered during a rape. Men were younger than women when they experienced their first (or only) aggravated assault and were more likely to have been assaulted by a family member. No racial differences were detected for assault or PTSD, although African-American patients were significantly more likely to identify cocaine as their primary drug than Caucasian patients. Given the strikingly high rate of comorbid CR-PTSD among substance use disordered patients, exploration of the type and timing of interventions would be of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Dansky
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston 29425-0742, USA
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Brady KT, Killeen T, Saladln ME, Dansky B, Becker S. Comorbid Substance Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:Characteristics of Women in Treatment. Am J Addict 1994. [DOI: 10.3109/10550499409117249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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