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Colodete DA, Grace AA, Guimarães FS, Gomes FV. Degradation of Perineuronal Nets in the Ventral Hippocampus of Adult Rats Recreates an Adolescent-Like Phenotype of Stress Susceptibility. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:100338. [PMID: 39099729 PMCID: PMC11295568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Psychiatric disorders often emerge during late adolescence/early adulthood, a period with increased susceptibility to socioenvironmental factors that coincides with incomplete parvalbumin interneuron (PVI) development. Stress during this period causes functional loss of PVIs in the ventral hippocampus (vHip), which has been associated with dopamine system overdrive. This vulnerability persists until the appearance of perineuronal nets (PNNs) around PVIs. We assessed the long-lasting effects of adolescent or adult stress on behavior, ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron activity, and the number of PVIs and their associated PNNs in the vHip. Additionally, we tested whether PNN removal in the vHip of adult rats, proposed to reset PVIs to a juvenile-like state, would recreate an adolescent-like phenotype of stress susceptibility. Methods Male rats underwent a 10-day stress protocol during adolescence or adulthood. Three to 4 weeks poststress, we evaluated behaviors related to anxiety, sociability, and cognition, ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron activity, and the number of PV+ and PNN+ cells in the vHip. Furthermore, adult animals received intra-vHip infusion of ChABC (chondroitinase ABC) to degrade PNNs before undergoing stress. Results Unlike adult stress, adolescent stress induced anxiety responses, reduced sociability, cognitive deficits, ventral tegmental area dopamine system overdrive, and decreased PV+ and PNN+ cells in the vHip. However, intra-vHip ChABC infusion caused the adult stress to produce changes similar to the ones observed after adolescent stress. Conclusions Our findings underscore adolescence as a period of heightened vulnerability to the long-lasting impact of stress and highlight the protective role of PNNs against stress-induced damage in PVIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora A.E. Colodete
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe V. Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mitra S, Werner CT, Shwani T, Lopez AG, Federico D, Higdon K, Li X, Gobira PH, Thomas SA, Martin JA, An C, Chandra R, Maze I, Neve R, Lobo MK, Gancarz AM, Dietz DM. A Novel Role for the Histone Demethylase JMJD3 in Mediating Heroin-induced Relapse-Like Behaviors. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01452-5. [PMID: 39019389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic changes, leading to long-term neuroadaptations following opioid exposure are not well understood. We examined how histone demethylase JMJD3 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) influences heroin seeking after abstinence from self-administration. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer heroin. Western blotting and qPCR were performed to quantify JMJD3 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway expression in the NAc (n = 7-11/group). Pharmacological inhibitors or viral expression vectors were microinfused into the NAc to manipulate JMJD3 or the BMP pathway member SMAD1 (n = 9-11/group). The RiboTag capture method (n = 3-5/group) and viral vectors (n = 7-8/group) were used in male transgenic rats to identify the contributions of D1- and D2-type medium spiny neurons (MSN) in the NAc. Drug-seeking was tested by cue-induced response previously paired with drug infusion. RESULTS Levels of JMJD3 and phosphorylated SMAD1/5 in the NAc were increased after 14 days of abstinence from heroin self-administration. Pharmacological and virus-mediated inhibition of JMJD3 or the BMP pathway attenuated cue-induced seeking. Pharmacological inhibition of BMP signaling reduced JMJD3 expression and histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) levels. JMJD3 bidirectionally affected seeking: expression of the wild type increased whereas expression of a catalytic dead mutant decreased cue-induced seeking. JMJD3 expression was increased in D2+ but not D1+ MSNs. Expression of the mutant JMJD3 in D2+ neurons was sufficient to decrease cue-induced heroin seeking. CONCLUSIONS JMJD3 mediates persistent cellular and behavioral adaptations underlying heroin relapse and this activity is regulated by the BMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Craig T Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Treefa Shwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ana Garcia Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Dale Federico
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kate Higdon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Pedro H Gobira
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Shruthi A Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Chunna An
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ian Maze
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Neve
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy M Gancarz
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, Bakersfield, California
| | - David M Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York.
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Liu S, Zhang B, Guo H, Ding Z, Hou W, Hu X, Wang Y, Tan W, Zhou S. The antidepressant effects of protein arginine methyltransferase 2 involve neuroinflammation. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105728. [PMID: 38561150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) 2 catalyzes the methylation of arginine residues in histones. Depression is associated with histone methylation; however, more comprehensive research is needed on how PRMT2 regulates depression. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and possible mechanism(s) of PRMT2 overexpression on depression-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in rats, and whether lentivirus-mediated PRMT2 overexpression in the hippocampus suppresses depression-like behavior. Furthermore, the PRMT2 inhibitor MS023 was administered to the animals to investigate whether the antidepressant effect of PRMT2 overexpression could be reversed. Behavioral experiments were performed to detect depression-like behavior in rats. Western blotting was used to determine protein expression levels of PRMT2, histone H3R8 asymmetric dimethylation (H3R8me2a), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and arginase 1 (Arg1) in rat hippocampal tissues. Hippocampal microglia and PRMT2 were stained using immunofluorescence techniques. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of various inflammatory factors in rat hippocampal tissue. Results of analysis revealed that PRMT2 overexpression in the hippocampus exerted an antidepressant effect. PRMT2 overexpression in the hippocampus reduced the proportion of activated microglia in the hippocampus, upregulated Arg1 and H3R8me2a expression, and downregulated iNOS expression. PRMT2 overexpression in the hippocampus inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory factors and promoted the release of anti-inflammatory factors. In summary, PRMT2 overexpression in the hippocampus promoted the conversion of microglia from the M1 to M2 type, resulting in an antidepressant effect. These results suggest that PRMT2 may be a potential therapeutic target to prevent and treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunfeng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China.
| | - Bei Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China; Basic Medical College, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China.
| | - Haowei Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China; Basic Medical College, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China.
| | - Zhanghua Ding
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China; Basic Medical College, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China.
| | - Wenhui Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China; Basic Medical College, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China.
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China; Basic Medical College, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China.
| | - Yuchu Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China; Basic Medical College, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China.
| | - Wupeng Tan
- Department of Gynaecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hengyang, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Shouhong Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China; Basic Medical College, Guilin Medical College, Guilin, 541199, China.
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Sun L, Ma S, Yu Y, Li X, Wei Q, Min L, Rong P. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation ameliorates adolescent depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors via hippocampus glycolysis and inflammation response. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14614. [PMID: 38358062 PMCID: PMC10867795 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a crucial neuromodulation therapy for depression, yet its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we aim to unveil the underlying mechanisms of antidepression by systematically evaluating the change of gene expression in different brain regions (i.e., hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex). METHODS The adolescent depression rat model was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), followed by the taVNS treatment for 3 weeks. The open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST), elevated plus maze test (EPM), and new object recognition (NOR) test were used to evaluate depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. Gene expression analysis of three brain regions was conducted by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and further bioinformatics methods. RESULTS The depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in CUMS-exposed rats were manifested by decreased spontaneous locomotor activity of OFT, increased immobility time of FST, increased entries and time in the closed arms of EPM, and decreased new object index of NOR. Furthermore, CUMS exposure also led to alterations in gene expression within the hippocampus (HIP), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), suggesting a potential link between adolescent stress and pathological changes within these brain regions. TaVNS could significantly ameliorate depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. Its effects on these three brain regions were found related to regulation of the metabolism, and there were some brain region-specific findings. Compared with ACC and mPFC, taVNS has a more concrete effect on HIP by regulating the inflammation response and glycolysis. CONCLUSION taVNS is capable of ameliorating adolescent depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors by regulating plenty of genes in the three brain regions. Suppressed level of inflammatory response and enhanced glycolysis manifests the dominant role of taVNS in HIP, which provides a theoretical foundation and data support for the molecular mechanism of antidepression by taVNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Sun
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shixiang Ma
- Department of Retroperitoneal Tumor SurgeryPeking University International HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yun Yu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xiangji Li
- State Key Laboratory for Digestive Health, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of GastroenterologyBeijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qianwen Wei
- School of Acupuncture‐Moxibustion and TuinaBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Li Min
- State Key Laboratory for Digestive Health, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of GastroenterologyBeijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical MedicineChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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5
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Yuan M, Yang B, Rothschild G, Mann JJ, Sanford LD, Tang X, Huang C, Wang C, Zhang W. Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:309. [PMID: 37644009 PMCID: PMC10465587 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic, generally episodic and debilitating disease that affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide, but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. The heritability estimate of MDD is 30-40%, suggesting that genetics alone do not account for most of the risk of major depression. Another factor known to associate with MDD involves environmental stressors such as childhood adversity and recent life stress. Recent studies have emerged to show that the biological impact of environmental factors in MDD and other stress-related disorders is mediated by a variety of epigenetic modifications. These epigenetic modification alterations contribute to abnormal neuroendocrine responses, neuroplasticity impairment, neurotransmission and neuroglia dysfunction, which are involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. Furthermore, epigenetic marks have been associated with the diagnosis and treatment of MDD. The evaluation of epigenetic modifications holds promise for further understanding of the heterogeneous etiology and complex phenotypes of MDD, and may identify new therapeutic targets. Here, we review preclinical and clinical epigenetic findings, including DNA methylation, histone modification, noncoding RNA, RNA modification, and chromatin remodeling factor in MDD. In addition, we elaborate on the contribution of these epigenetic mechanisms to the pathological trait variability in depression and discuss how such mechanisms can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlan Yuan
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Gerson Rothschild
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Larry D Sanford
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Xiangdong Tang
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Mental Health Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology in School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Medical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Dissecting early life stress-induced adolescent depression through epigenomic approach. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:141-153. [PMID: 36517640 PMCID: PMC9812796 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS), such as abuse and neglect during childhood, can lead to psychiatric disorders in later life. Previous studies have suggested that ELS can cause profound changes in gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, which can lead to psychiatric disorders in adulthood; however, studies on epigenetic modifications associated with ELS and psychiatric disorders in adolescents are limited. Moreover, how these epigenetic modifications can lead to psychiatric disorders in adolescents is not fully understood. Commonly, DNA methylation, histone modification, and the regulation of noncoding RNAs have been attributed to the reprogramming of epigenetic profiling associated with ELS. Although only a few studies have attempted to examine epigenetic modifications in adolescents with ELS, existing evidence suggests that there are commonalities and differences in epigenetic profiling between adolescents and adults. In addition, epigenetic modifications are sex-dependent and are influenced by the type of ELS. In this review, we have critically evaluated the current evidence on epigenetic modifications in adolescents with ELS, particularly DNA methylation and the expression of microRNAs in both preclinical models and humans. We have also clarified the impact of ELS on psychiatric disorders in adolescents to predict the development of neuropsychiatric disorders and to prevent and recover these disorders through personalized medicine.
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7
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Wu MS, Li XJ, Liu CY, Xu Q, Huang JQ, Gu S, Chen JX. Effects of Histone Modification in Major Depressive Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1261-1277. [PMID: 34551699 PMCID: PMC9881074 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210922150043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disease associated with many factors; specifically, environmental, genetic, psychological, and biological factors play critical roles. Recent studies have demonstrated that histone modification may occur in the human brain in response to severely stressful events, resulting in transcriptional changes and the development of MDD. In this review, we discuss five different histone modifications, histone methylation, histone acetylation, histone phosphorylation, histone crotonylation and histone β-hydroxybutyrylation, and their relationships with MDD. The utility of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACis) for MDD treatment is also discussed. As a large number of MDD patients in China have been treated with traditional Chineses medicine (TCM), we also discuss some TCM therapies, such as Xiaoyaosan (XYS), and their effects on histone modification. In summary, targeting histone modification may be a new strategy for elucidating the mechanism of MDD and a new direction for MDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Si Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China;
| | - Xiao-Juan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China;
| | - Chen-Yue Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China;
| | - Qiuyue Xu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China;
| | - Jun-Qing Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China;
| | - Simeng Gu
- Department of Psychology, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; ,Address correspondence to this author at the Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; E-mail:
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8
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Waters RC, Gould E. Early Life Adversity and Neuropsychiatric Disease: Differential Outcomes and Translational Relevance of Rodent Models. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:860847. [PMID: 35813268 PMCID: PMC9259886 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.860847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well-established that early life adversity (ELA) predisposes individuals to develop several neuropsychiatric conditions, including anxiety disorders, and major depressive disorder. However, ELA is a very broad term, encompassing multiple types of negative childhood experiences, including physical, sexual and emotional abuse, physical and emotional neglect, as well as trauma associated with chronic illness, family separation, natural disasters, accidents, and witnessing a violent crime. Emerging literature suggests that in humans, different types of adverse experiences are more or less likely to produce susceptibilities to certain conditions that involve affective dysfunction. To investigate the driving mechanisms underlying the connection between experience and subsequent disease, neuroscientists have developed several rodent models of ELA, including pain exposure, maternal deprivation, and limited resources. These studies have also shown that different types of ELA paradigms produce different but somewhat overlapping behavioral phenotypes. In this review, we first investigate the types of ELA that may be driving different neuropsychiatric outcomes and brain changes in humans. We next evaluate whether rodent models of ELA can provide translationally relevant information regarding links between specific types of experience and changes in neural circuits underlying dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
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9
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Alavi M, Ryabinin AE, Helms ML, Nipper MA, Devaud LL, Finn DA. Sensitivity and Resilience to Predator Stress-Enhanced Ethanol Drinking Is Associated With Sex-Dependent Differences in Stress-Regulating Systems. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:834880. [PMID: 35645747 PMCID: PMC9132579 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.834880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress can increase ethanol drinking, and evidence confirms an association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Exposure to predator odor is considered a traumatic stressor, and predator stress (PS) has been used extensively as an animal model of PTSD. Our prior work determined that repeated exposure to intermittent PS significantly increased anxiety-related behavior, corticosterone levels, and neuronal activation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in naïve male and female C57BL/6J mice. Intermittent PS exposure also increased subsequent ethanol drinking in a subgroup of animals, with heterogeneity of responses as seen with comorbid PTSD and AUD. The present studies built upon this prior work and began to characterize “sensitivity” and “resilience” to PS-enhanced drinking. Ethanol drinking was measured during baseline, intermittent PS exposure, and post-stress; mice were euthanized after 24-h abstinence. Calculation of median and interquartile ranges identified “sensitive” (>20% increase in drinking over baseline) and “resilient” (no change or decrease in drinking from baseline) subgroups. Intermittent PS significantly increased subsequent ethanol intake in 24% of male (↑60%) and in 20% of female (↑71%) C57BL/6J mice in the “sensitive” subgroup. Plasma corticosterone levels were increased significantly after PS in both sexes, but levels were lower in the “sensitive” vs. “resilient” subgroups. In representative mice from “sensitive” and “resilient” subgroups, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were analyzed by Western Blotting for levels of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor 1, CRF receptor 2, CRF binding protein, and glucocorticoid receptor, vs. separate naïve age-matched mice. In prefrontal cortex, CRF receptor 1, CRF receptor 2, CRF binding protein, and glucocorticoid receptor levels were significantly higher in “sensitive” vs. naïve and “resilient” mice only in females. In hippocampus, CRF receptor 1, CRF receptor 2 and glucocorticoid receptor levels were significantly lower in “resilient” vs. naïve and “sensitive” mice across both sexes. These results indicate that sex strongly influences the effects of ethanol drinking and stress on proteins regulating stress and anxiety responses. They further suggest that targeting the CRF system and glucocorticoid receptors in AUD needs to consider the comorbidity of PTSD with AUD and sex of treated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Alavi
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, United States
| | - Andrey E. Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Melinda L. Helms
- Department of Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michelle A. Nipper
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Leslie L. Devaud
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, United States
| | - Deborah A. Finn
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Deborah A. Finn,
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Jiang Z, Zhu Z, Zhao M, Wang W, Li H, Liu D, Pan F. H3K9me2 regulation of BDNF expression in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex is involved in the depressive-like phenotype induced by maternal separation in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2801-2813. [PMID: 34328517 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life stress (ELS) induces a depressive-like phenotype and increases the risk of depression. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been confirmed to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the mechanism by which ELS alters the epigenetic regulation of BDNF and changes susceptibility to depression has not been fully clarified. METHODS The present study used maternal separation (MS) and chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) to establish an MS animal model and a depressive animal model. We assessed depressive-like behaviours, including anhedonia, locomotor activity, anxiety-like behaviour, and spatial memory, using the sucrose preference test, the open field test, the elevated plus maze test, and the Morris water maze test. We also investigated BDNF and H3K9me2 expression in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and qPCR analysis. Additionally, we used Unc0642, a small molecule inhibitor of histone methyltransferase (G9a), as an intervention. RESULTS The results showed that CUMS induced depressive-like behaviours in rats and resulted in increased H3K9me2 expression and decreased BDNF expression in the hippocampus and mPFC. More importantly, adult MS rats experiencing CUMS had more severe depressive behaviours, had higher expression of H3K9me2 in the hippocampus and mPFC, and had lower expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and mPFC. In addition, administration of the G9a inhibitor reversed most of the changes. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that ELS changed BDNF and H3K9me2 expression in the rat brain, resulting in a depressive-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Jiang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemeng Zhu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate depression by regulating Jmjd3 and microglia polarization in myocardial infarction mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2973-2984. [PMID: 34374805 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Microglia regulate the inflammation of the central nervous system and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of depression. Moreover, Jmjd3 is involved in microglia polarization. Mounting studies reported the beneficial effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) on myocardial infarction (MI), Unfortunately, its effects on MI-induced depression and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the antidepressant effects of HUC-MSCs and their impacts on microglia polarization. METHODS In the current study, the MI model was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. Mice were injected with HUC-MSCs or PBS through the tail vein 1week after the surgery. The sucrose preference test (SPT), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swim test (FST) were performed to evaluate depression-like behavior. Cardiac function and myocardial fibrosis were evaluated at the end of the experiments. Immunofluorescence, Western blot, ELISA, and qRT-PCR were used to detect the levels of Jmjd3 and microglia-related markers and inflammatory factors. RESULTS HUC-MSC treatment significantly improved cardiac function, reduced the area of myocardial fibrosis, and alleviated depression-like behaviors induced by MI. HUC-MSCs inhibited the expression of Jmjd3 and promoted the switch of microglia in the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus from M1 to M2, thereby decreased the level of pro-inflammatory factors. CONCLUSION HUC-MSCs have cardioprotective and potential anti-depressive effects induced by MI related to the inflammation improved by regulating Jmjd3 and microglial polarization.
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12
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Paradoxical changes in mood-related behaviors on continuous social isolation after weaning. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2537-2550. [PMID: 34143240 PMCID: PMC8354913 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Continuous social isolation (SI) from an early developmental stage may have different effects in youth and adulthood. Moreover, SI is reported to impair neuronal plasticity. In this study, we used post-weaning rats to compare the impact of continuous SI on depressive-like, anxiety-related, and fear-related behaviors and neuronal plasticity in puberty and adulthood. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of lithium on behavioral changes and neuronal plasticity. Continuous SI after weaning induced depressive-like behaviors in puberty; however, in adulthood, depressive-like and anxiety-related behaviors did not increase, but—paradoxically—decreased in comparison with the controls. The decreased expression of neuronal plasticity-related proteins in the hippocampus in puberty was more prominent in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in adulthood. In contrast, SI after weaning tended to decrease fear-related behaviors in puberty, a decrease which was more prominent in adulthood with increased neuronal plasticity-related protein expression in the amygdala. Lithium administration over the last 14 days of the SI-induced period removed the behavioral and expression changes of neuronal plasticity-related proteins observed in puberty and adulthood. Our findings suggest that the extension of the duration of SI from an early developmental stage does not simply worsen depressive-like behaviors; rather, it induces a behavior linked to neuronal plasticity damage. Lithium may improve behavioral changes in puberty and adulthood by reversing damage to neuronal plasticity. The mechanisms underlying the depressive-like and anxiety-related behaviors may differ from those underlying fear-related behaviors.
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Effects of chronic stress on depressive-like behaviors and JMJD3 expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of C57BL/6 and ob/ob mice. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 133:142-155. [PMID: 33340793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a psychiatric disorder which is accompanied by neuroinflammatory responses. Obesity is considered as a low-grade inflammatory state. Studies have found that obese individuals are more likely to suffer from depression, but its possible mechanism has not been specifically illuminated. The Jumonji domain protein 3 (JMJD3) is a specific histone demethylase of trimethylation at lysine 27 of histone-H3 (H3K27me3). Over-expressions of JMJD3 induces the demethylation of H3K27me3 and results in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, while its upregulation may be limited by adiponectin (APN). However, the role of JMJD3 in susceptibility to neuroinflammation and depression in obesity has not been clarified. METHODS Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was selected to build depression model in C57BL/6 and ob/ob mice. Sucrose preference test, tail suspension test, open field test and Morris water maze test were used to detect depressive-like behaviors and memory impairment. Microglial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, APN, NF-ĸB, JMJD3 and H3K27me3 expressions in the serum, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) were examined in C57BL/6 and ob/ob mice. Meanwhile, GSK-J4 was used to inhibit JMJD3 expression. RESULTS CUMS led to depressive-like behaviors and memory impairment, microglial activation, increased expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB and JMJD3, decreased expression of H3K27me3 in the PFC and HIP in C57BL/6 and ob/ob mice. Meanwhile, ob/ob mice showed worse behavioral injury and memory impairment, microglial excessively activation, over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-ĸB and decreased H3K27me3 levels than C57BL/6 mice. CUMS also decreased the APN levels in the serum and brain tissues in ob/ob mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. But GSK-J4 could relieve these alterations. CONCLUSIONS JMJD3 might be involved in the susceptibility to depressive-like behaviors and neuroinflammation of obese mice by the demethylation of H3K27me3, and decreased levels of APN could reduce Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) binding with H3K27me3. The role of JMJD3 in severer inflammatory state in the comorbidity of obesity and depression was considered.
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14
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Determining effects of adolescent stress exposure on risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in adulthood. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Reddaway J, Brydges NM. Enduring neuroimmunological consequences of developmental experiences: From vulnerability to resilience. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 109:103567. [PMID: 33068720 PMCID: PMC7556274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is crucial for normal neuronal development and function (neuroimmune system). Both immune and neuronal systems undergo significant postnatal development and are sensitive to developmental programming by environmental experiences. Negative experiences from infection to psychological stress at a range of different time points (in utero to adolescence) can permanently alter the function of the neuroimmune system: given its prominent role in normal brain development and function this dysregulation may increase vulnerability to psychiatric illness. In contrast, positive experiences such as exercise and environmental enrichment are protective and can promote resilience, even restoring the detrimental effects of negative experiences on the neuroimmune system. This suggests the neuroimmune system is a viable therapeutic target for treatment and prevention of psychiatric illnesses, especially those related to stress. In this review we will summarise the main cells, molecules and functions of the immune system in general and with specific reference to central nervous system development and function. We will then discuss the effects of negative and positive environmental experiences, especially during development, in programming the long-term functioning of the neuroimmune system. Finally, we will review the sparse but growing literature on sex differences in neuroimmune development and response to environmental experiences. The immune system is essential for development and function of the central nervous system (neuroimmune system) Environmental experiences can permanently alter neuroimmune function and associated brain development Altered neuroimmune function following negative developmental experiences may play a role in psychiatric illnesses Positive experiences can promote resilience and rescue the effects of negative experiences on the neuroimmune system The neuroimmune system is therefore a viable therapeutic target for preventing and treating psychiatric illnesses
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Reddaway
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nichola M Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Li M, Fu X, Xie W, Guo W, Li B, Cui R, Yang W. Effect of Early Life Stress on the Epigenetic Profiles in Depression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:867. [PMID: 33117794 PMCID: PMC7575685 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental disorders and has caused an overwhelming burden on world health. Abundant studies have suggested that early life stress may grant depressive-like phenotypes in adults. Childhood adversities that occurred in the developmental period amplified stress events in adulthood. Epigenetic-environment interaction helps to explain the role of early life stress on adulthood depression. Early life stress shaped the epigenetic profiles of the HPA axis, monoamine, and neuropeptides. In the context of early adversities increasing the risk of depression, early life stress decreased the activity of the glucocorticoid receptors, halted the circulation and production of serotonin, and reduced the molecules involved in modulating the neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Generally, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the regulation of non-coding RNAs programmed the epigenetic profiles to react to early life stress. However, genetic precondition, subtypes of early life stress, the timing of epigenetic status evaluated, demographic characteristics in humans, and strain traits in animals favored epigenetic outcomes. More research is needed to investigate the direct evidence for how early life stress-induced epigenetic changes contribute to the vulnerability of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiying Fu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanxu Guo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Epigenetic mechanisms underlying stress-induced depression. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 156:87-126. [PMID: 33461666 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stressful life events are a major contributor to the development of major depressive disorder. Environmental perturbations like stress change gene expression in the brain, leading to altered behavior. Gene expression is ultimately regulated by chromatin structure and the epigenetic modifications of DNA and the histone proteins that make up chromatin. Studies over the past two decades have demonstrated that stress alters the epigenetic landscape in several brain regions relevant for depressive-like behavior in rodents. This chapter will discuss epigenetic mechanisms of brain histone acetylation, histone methylation, and DNA methylation that contribute to adult stress-induced depressive-like behavior in rodents. Several biological themes have emerged from the examination of the brain transcriptome after stress such as alterations in the neuroimmune response, neurotrophic factors, and synaptic structure. The epigenetic mechanisms regulating these processes will be highlighted. Finally, pharmacological and genetic manipulations of epigenetic enzymes in rodent models of depression will be discussed as these approaches have demonstrated the ability to reverse stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and provide proof-of-concept as novel avenues for the treatment of clinical depression.
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Zhao M, Wang W, Jiang Z, Zhu Z, Liu D, Pan F. Long-Term Effect of Post-traumatic Stress in Adolescence on Dendrite Development and H3K9me2/BDNF Expression in Male Rat Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:682. [PMID: 32850808 PMCID: PMC7412801 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a harsh environment in early life increases in the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of an individual. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neurodevelopment in developmental stages. Both chronic and traumatic stresses induce a decrease in the level of BDNF and reduce neural plasticity, which is linked to the pathogenesis of PTSD. Also, studies have shown that stress alters the epigenetic marker H3K9me2, which can bind to the promoter region of the Bdnf gene and reduce BDNF protein level. However, the long-term effects of traumatic stress during adolescence on H3K9me2, BDNF expression and dendrite development are not well-known. The present study established a model of PTSD in adolescent rats using an inescapable foot shock (IFS) procedure. Anxiety-like behaviors, social interaction behavior and memory function were assessed by the open field test, elevated plus maze test, three-chamber sociability test and Morris water maze test. In addition, neuronal development and H3K9me2/BDNF expression in hippocampus (HIP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were evaluated by Golgi staining, western blotting, qRT-PCR analysis and CHIP-qPCR analysis. Additionally, the Unc0642, a small molecule inhibitor of histone methyltransferase (EHMT2) was used for intervention. The results showed that the IFS procedure induced the PTSD-like behaviors in rats, resulted in fewer dendrite branches and shorter dendrite length in CA1 of HIP and PFC, increased H3K9me2 level and decreased BDNF expression in HIP and PFC. Also, although all the changes can persist to adulthood, Unc0642 administration relieved most of alterations. Our study suggests that traumatic stress in adolescence leads to immediate and long-term mental disorders, neuronal morphological changes, lower BDNF level and increased H3K9me2 level in the HIP and PFC, indicating that H3K9me2/BDNF dysfunction plays a key role in pathogenesis of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhao
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhijun Jiang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zemeng Zhu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Wang W, Qin X, Wang R, Xu J, Wu H, Khalid A, Jiang H, Liu D, Pan F. EZH2 is involved in vulnerability to neuroinflammation and depression-like behaviors induced by chronic stress in different aged mice. J Affect Disord 2020; 272:452-464. [PMID: 32553389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression is closely related to pathogenesis of depression. Aging is a known risk factor for neuroinflammation in the central nervous system and subsequent behavioral impairment. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a methyltransferase of histone H3 lysine 27 which regulates microglial activation, plays a crucial role in proinflammatory cytokines expression. However, whether the EZH2 is involved in susceptibility to depression in different ages remains elusive. METHODS Young and aged C57BL/6 mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress for three weeks. Depression- and anxiety-like behaviors, spatial memory impairment, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, P-p65, EZH2, H3K27me3 and SOCS3 in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were measured using an established behavioral battery, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and western blotting techniques. Moreover, EPZ-6438, an inhibitor of EZH2, was utilized to detect the role of EZH2 in neuroinflammation and behavioral abnormalities. RESULTS CUMS induced depression-like behaviors and spatial memory impairment, elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and P-p65, enhanced M1 microglia activation, and increased levels of EZH2, H3K27me3 and SOCS3 in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in young and aged mice. Both unstressed and stressed aged mice displayed attention-deficit behavioral outcomes, alteration of protein levels compared with young mice. However, inhibition of EZH2 could relieve most of behavioral and molecular alterations. LIMITATIONS A relative small sample size is a limitation. CONCLUSIONS EZH2 might be involved in susceptibility to neuroinflammation and depression-like behaviors in different aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaqing Qin
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Huiran Wu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Arslan Khalid
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Ferizovic H, Spasojevic N, Stefanovic B, Jankovic M, Dronjak S. The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 modulates splenic catecholamines in chronically stressed female and male rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106615. [PMID: 32447219 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The changes in sympathetic innervations in lymphoid organs could be a key factor in immune dysregulation. The endocannabinoid system has been shown to exhibit potent immunomodulatory effects that may differ between males and females, representing a potential therapeutic target for peripheral and central inflammatory disorders. Thus, in the present study, an examination was made of the effect of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 treatment on splenic catecholamine content, synthesis, uptake and degradation in chronically unpredictably stressed (CUS) female and male rats. The results show that CUS increases anxiety-like behaviors and that URB597 had an anxiolytic effect on chronically stressed animals of both sexes. CUS induced the expression of plasma interleukin - 6 (IL-6), interleukin - 10 (IL-10) and IL-6 in the spleen, whereas the expression of IL-10 was reduced in the spleen of both sexes. URB597 treatment did not cause changes in IL-6 in plasma or the spleen, whereas it increased IL-10 in the spleen in CUS animals of both sexes. CUS caused a significant depletion of noradrenaline content in the spleen of female rats and a reduction in noradrenaline uptake in the spleen of female rats, while stressed males had a small but insignificant decrease of splenic noradrenaline levels and an enhanced uptake. The FAAH inhibitor URB597 enhances reduced noradrenaline content, affecting its uptake directly at the level of the spleen. It gives rise to the possibility that endocannabinoids exert a neurorestorative effect on the sympathetic nerve system and cell-mediated immune responses in the spleen of chronically stressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harisa Ferizovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Spasojevic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Jankovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sladjana Dronjak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Xu X, Ye Y, Wang X, Lu B, Guo Z, Wu S. JMJD3-regulated expression of IL-6 is involved in the proliferation and chemosensitivity of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Biol Chem 2020; 402:815-824. [PMID: 33742970 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that histone modification and its related regulators are involved in the progression and chemoresistance of multiple tumors including acute myeloid leukemia cells (AML). Our present study found that the expression of histone lysine demethylase Jumonji domain containing-3 (JMJD3) was increased in AML cells as compared with that in human primary bone marrow (HPBM) cells. Knockdown of JMJD3 can decrease the proliferation of AML cells and increase the chemosensitivity of daunorubicin (DNR) and cytarabine (Ara-C). By screening the expression of cytokines involved in AML progression, we found that knockdown of JMJD3 can inhibit the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Recombinant IL-6 (rIL-6) can attenuate si-JMJD3-suppressed proliferation of AML cells. Mechanistically, JMJD3 can positively regulate the promoter activity and transcription of IL-6 mRNA, while had no effect on its mRNA stability. Further, JMJD3 can regulate the expression of p65, which can directly bind with promoter of IL-6 to increase its transcription. Over expression of p65 significantly attenuated si-JMJD3-suppressed expression of IL-6. Collectively, we revealed that JMJD3 can regulate the proliferation and chemosensitivity of AML cells via upregulation of IL-6. It suggested that JMJD3 might be a potential therapy target for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen518107, China
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan528403, China
| | - Yongbin Ye
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan528403, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen518107, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen518107, China
| | - Ziwen Guo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhongshan528403, China
| | - Shunjie Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen518107, China
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Devaud LL, Alavi M, Jensen JP, Helms ML, Nipper MA, Finn DA. Sexually divergent changes in select brain proteins and neurosteroid levels after a history of ethanol drinking and intermittent PTSD-like stress exposure in adult C57BL/6J mice. Alcohol 2020; 83:115-125. [PMID: 30529168 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human studies reported that the number of past-year stressors was positively related to current drinking patterns, including binge drinking. In animal models, exposure to predator odor stress (PS), considered a model of traumatic stress, consistently increased ethanol intake. Recently, we reported that repeated PS significantly increased ethanol intake and had a synergistic interaction with prior binge drinking (binge group) in male but not in female C57BL/6J mice, when compared to mice without prior binge exposure (control group). The current studies utilized plasma and dissected prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal tissue from these animals and from age-matched naïve mice (naïve group). Western blots assessed relative protein levels of P450scc (an enzyme involved in the first step of steroidogenesis), of GABAA receptor α2 and α4 subunits, and of two proteins involved in synaptic plasticity - ARC (activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein) and synaptophysin. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry simultaneously quantified 10 neurosteroid levels in plasma. A history of ethanol drinking and PS exposure produced brain regional and sex differences in the changes in proteins examined as well as in the pattern of neurosteroid levels versus (vs.) values in naïve mice. For instance, P450scc levels were significantly increased only in binge and control female PFC and hippocampus vs. naïve mice. Some neurosteroid levels were significantly altered by binge treatment in both males and females, whereas others were only significantly altered in males. These sexually divergent changes in neurosteroid and protein levels add to evidence for sex differences in the neurochemical systems influenced by traumatic stress and a history of ethanol drinking.
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He L, Zeng L, Tian N, Li Y, He T, Tan D, Zhang Q, Tan Y. Optimization of food deprivation and sucrose preference test in SD rat model undergoing chronic unpredictable mild stress. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:69-78. [PMID: 32318662 PMCID: PMC7167236 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model has long been considered the best model for exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression. However, there are no widely recognised standards for strategies for modeling and for behavioral testing. The present study aimed to optimize the protocols for food deprivation and the sucrose preference test (SPT) for the CUMS model. METHODS We first evaluated the effects of different long periods of food deprivation on the body weight of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by testing food deprivation for 24 hours (8:00-8:00+), food deprivation for 12 hours during the daytime (8:00-20:00) and food deprivation for 12 hours at night (20:00-8:00+). Next, we established a SD rat CUMS model with 15 different stimulations, and used body weight measurement, SPT, forced swim test (FST), open field test (OFT) and Morris water maze (MWM) test to verify the success of the modeling. In the SPT, consumption of sucrose and pure water within 1 and 12 hours was measured. RESULTS Twelve hours of food deprivation during the daytime (8:00-20:00) had no effect on body weight, while 12 hours of food deprivation at night (20:00-8:00+) and 24 hours of food deprivation (8:00-8:00+) significantly reduced the mean body weight of the SD rats. When SPT was used to verify the successful establishment of the CUMS rat model, sucrose consumption measured within 12 hours was less variable than that measured within 1 hour. CONCLUSIONS Twelve hours of food deprivation in the daytime (8:00-20:00) may be considered a mild stimulus for the establishment of a CUMS rat model. Measuring sucrose consumption over 12 hours is recommended for SPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Wen He
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Li Zeng
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Na Tian
- Pediatric Research InstituteChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yi Li
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Tong He
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Dong‐Mei Tan
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yi Tan
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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Jmjd3 is involved in the susceptibility to depression induced by maternal separation via enhancing the neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of male rats. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113254. [PMID: 32084453 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experience is a major risk factor for the onset of depression in adulthood. Neuroinflammation characterized by microglial activation and cytokine secretion is involved in susceptibility to depression induced by early life stress. Jumonji domain-containing protein 3 (Jmjd3), a trimethylated lysine 27 in histone 3 (H3K27me3) demethylase, can be activated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), further regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and resulting in neuroinflammation. However, its involvement in susceptibility to early life stress-related depression is unknown. In the current study, maternal separation (MS) was utilized as a model of early life stress and systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in adulthood was used as a later-life challenge. Depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors and memory impairment were detected by behavioral tests. Microglial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and NF-κB, Jmjd3, and H3K27me3 expression were detected in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in both infant and adult rats. Meanwhile, the Jmjd3 inhibitor GSK-J4 was used as an intervention in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that MS induced depression-like behaviors and synchronously caused microglial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine over-expression, NF-κB and Jmjd3 over-expression, and decreased H3K27me3 expression in infant rats. All these alterations could also be detected in adulthood. Seven-day LPS administration in adult rats induced similar changes of behaviors and biomarkers. Interestingly, compared with rats not exposed to MS, MS-exposed rats receiving LPS administration developed more severe depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory status, higher levels of NF-κB and Jmjd3 expression, and lower levels of H3K27me3 expression. In addition, LPS induced microglial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and increased Jmjd3 expression in vitro. Furthermore, GSK-J4 treatment alleviated these alterations in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our data indicate that Jmjd3 is involved in the susceptibility to depression induced by MS via enhancement of neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats.
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Brydges NM, Reddaway J. Neuroimmunological effects of early life experiences. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820953706. [PMID: 33015371 PMCID: PMC7513403 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820953706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to adverse experiences during development increases the risk of psychiatric illness later in life. Growing evidence suggests a role for the neuroimmune system in this relationship. There is now substantial evidence that the immune system is critical for normal brain development and behaviour, and responds to environmental perturbations experienced early in life. Severe or chronic stress results in dysregulated neuroimmune function, concomitant with abnormal brain morphology and function. Positive experiences including environmental enrichment and exercise exert the opposite effect, promoting normal brain and immune function even in the face of early life stress. The neuroimmune system may therefore provide a viable target for prevention and treatment of psychiatric illness. This review will briefly summarise the neuroimmune system in brain development and function, and review the effects of stress and positive environmental experiences during development on neuroimmune function. There are also significant sex differences in how the neuroimmune system responds to environmental experiences early in life, which we will briefly review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola M. Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research
Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jack Reddaway
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research
Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Han QQ, Huang HJ, Wang YL, Yang L, Pilot A, Zhu XC, Yu R, Wang J, Chen XR, Liu Q, Li B, Wu GC, Yu J. Ghrelin exhibited antidepressant and anxiolytic effect via the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:11-20. [PMID: 30853341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide derived from stomach, is an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). So far, the exact role of ghrelin in depression and anxiety is still being debated. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) is known to be activated in response to various stress stimuli. Thus, we hypothesize that ghrelin has an antidepressant effect, to which the p38-MAPK signaling pathway significantly contributes. To test this hypothesis, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) was used as a model of depression. We employed the adeno-associated virus-mediated siRNA approach to down-regulate GHSR expression in the hippocampus of mice in vivo. Both ghrelin and the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, were administered to identify the effect of ghrelin on depressive-like behavior of stressed mice and to better assess the role of the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in this process. We found that CSDS activated the endogenous ghrelin-GHSR in hippocampal neurons, which possibly resulted in opposing the formation of depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Furthermore, the p38-MAPK signaling pathway had an important role in the antidepressant effect of ghrelin. Therefore, we conclude that ghrelin may reduce CSDS-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors via inhibiting the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Qin Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China; Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Jie Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya-Lin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Adam Pilot
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Cang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Li
- Center Laboratories, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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