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Wang JL, Yin XQ, Wang HZ, King DL, Rost DH. The longitudinal associations between internet addiction and ADHD symptoms among adolescents. J Behav Addict 2024; 13:191-204. [PMID: 38206342 PMCID: PMC10988408 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Internet addiction has been linked to ADHD-related symptoms. However, the direction of the relationship and its potential for reciprocal relations is not well understood. This study examined the potential reciprocal relations between the three components of ADHD and Internet addiction, as well as the moderating effects of gender on these relations. Methods Using a longitudinal design, we collected data of 865 Chinese adolescents across three waves (Mage = 13.78, SD = 1.56 in wave 1), with a time interval of 6 months. Results Cross-lagged analyses revealed bidirectional associations between hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, and Internet addiction over time. Multi-group analyses did not yield any significant gender differences in these relationships. Discussion and conclusions These findings enhance our understanding of the complex link between ADHD components and Internet addiction and have implications for interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of Internet addiction and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Liang Wang
- Center for Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xue-Qin Yin
- School of Literature and Journalism, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Zhen Wang
- School of Preschool Education, Chongqing Youth Vocational & Technical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Daniel L. King
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Detlef H. Rost
- Department of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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2
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Park H, Jung T. The Effects of Equine-Assisted Learning on Adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:311. [PMID: 38338198 PMCID: PMC10855208 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, internet gaming became more popular as a way to cope with stress, but excessive gaming can lead to mental health issues like internet gaming disorder (IGD). IGD has serious consequences, especially among children and young adults, and the gaming industry's profits continue to grow. This study aims to understand the mental and behavioral health of adolescents with IGD participating in an equine-assisted learning (EAL) program and assess the changes in their addiction tendencies and emotional and behavioral problems. The results showed that the participants' tendency towards internet gaming addiction and emotional and behavioral problems decreased immediately after the EAL program, but they rose again a month later. This suggests the importance of ongoing program involvement. As COVID-19 restrictions ease worldwide, this study highlights the increasing risk of IGD. It suggests that EAL could be a valuable approach to treating behavioral addictions, including gaming addiction. While prior research has shown the effectiveness of EAL in treating substance addiction, more research is needed to explore its potential in treating various types of addictions, such as gambling or gaming addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungjin Park
- School of Sports and Health, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea;
| | - Taewoon Jung
- Department of Special Physical Education, Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea
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3
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Koncz P, Demetrovics Z, Takacs ZK, Griffiths MD, Nagy T, Király O. The emerging evidence on the association between symptoms of ADHD and gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 106:102343. [PMID: 37883910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The co-existence of gaming disorder (GD) with other mental health problems has been widely reported. Despite the growing research interest in the comorbidity of GD with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), to date, no quantitative synthesis has been performed. The present study comprised a systematic literature search using Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. Three types of studies were included in the analyses: studies reporting (i) correlation coefficients between the symptoms of GD and ADHD, (ii) means, and standard deviations for comparison of GD severity between ADHD/non-ADHD individuals, and (iii) comparison of ADHD severity between GD/non-GD individuals. The results indicated a moderate relationship between GD and ADHD symptom severity when both subdomains of ADHD were combined (r = 0.296), and also when only inattention (r = 0.306) or hyperactivity (r = 0.266) symptoms were analyzed, which was also confirmed in a structural equation model meta-analysis. Studies showed a large average difference comparing the GD symptom severity of ADHD and non-ADHD individuals (g = 0.693), or ADHD symptom severity of GD and non-GD individuals (g = 0.854). In some cases, higher estimates of association were reported among studies that (i) had a higher proportion of males, (ii) assessed problematic internet use among predominantly videogame player samples rather than assessing only GD, and (iii) had been more recently published. The present review shows that this is an emerging field demonstrating significant results in cross-sectional correlational studies. However, future research should apply more rigorous methodologies to investigate the relationship further (e.g., longitudinal studies and studies using professional/clinical ratings and diagnosis). These results suggest that screening and treatment for ADHD among individuals with gaming disorder is necessary, and individuals with ADHD should be made aware of their higher susceptibility to gaming disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Koncz
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar.
| | - Zsofia K Takacs
- School of Health in Social Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tamás Nagy
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Starcevic V, Eslick GD, Viswasam K, Billieux J, Gainsbury SM, King DL, Berle D. Problematic online behaviors and psychopathology in Australia. Psychiatry Res 2023; 327:115405. [PMID: 37557057 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to ascertain frequency rates and predictors of six problematic online behaviors (POBs) in an Australian sample. Participants (N = 1626) completed instruments measuring problematic online gaming, cyberchondria, problematic cybersex, problematic online shopping, problematic use of social networking sites, problematic online gambling, anxiety, depression and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Each POB was presumed to be present based on the cut-off score on the corresponding instrument and at least one indicator of interference with functioning. Generalized linear model analyses were used to determine socio-demographic and psychopathological predictors of each POB. The most common POB was problematic online shopping (12.2%), followed by problematic online gambling (11.4%), problematic use of social networking sites (6.0%), problematic cybersex (5.3%), problematic online gaming (5.2%) and cyberchondria (4.6%). Age group 27-36 had the highest rates of POBs. The intensity of ADHD symptoms predicted all POBs, whereas younger age predicted all POBs except for problematic cybersex and online gambling. Female gender predicted lower scores on the measures of problematic online gaming and cybersex. These findings have implications for age- and gender-adapted education, prevention and treatment efforts and suggest that specific POBs should be investigated separately instead of lumping them together under the umbrella terms such as "Internet addiction".
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Starcevic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, Specialty of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Nepean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 63, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Guy D Eslick
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Digestive Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirupamani Viswasam
- Nepean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 63, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sally M Gainsbury
- Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel L King
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David Berle
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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5
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Hong JS, Bae S, Starcervic V, Han DH. Correlation Between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Internet Gaming Disorder or Gaming Disorder. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1252-1262. [PMID: 37254501 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231176861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) or gaming disorder (GD) had a higher prevalence of ADHD than individuals without IGD or GD. The overpathologizing of excessive gaming behaviors may be associated with the functional impairment due to ADHD in individuals with GD. METHODS The present study was designed to compare the gaming patterns, accompanying psychopathology, and co-occurring psychiatric disorders, especially ADHD, between clinical and general gamer samples (17-29 years old). RESULTS Out of the nine IGD criteria, the item "functional impairment" had low diagnostic accuracy in participants with IGD or GD. The IGD (GD) group had a higher prevalence of ADHD compared to the general gamer group. Conversely, there was a higher prevalence of IGD (GD) in the ADHD group compared to the non-ADHD group. DISCUSSION The possibility of ADHD should be considered when IGD or GD is diagnosed in patients with problematic Internet gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Hong
- Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Bae
- Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Doug Hyun Han
- Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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El Archi S, Barrault S, Garcia M, Branger S, Maugé D, Ballon N, Brunault P. Adult ADHD Diagnosis, Symptoms of Impulsivity, and Emotional Dysregulation in a Clinical Sample of Outpatients Consulting for a Behavioral Addiction. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:731-742. [PMID: 36945199 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231161336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate ADHD in adult outpatients seeking treatment for a behavioral addiction and to identify the specificity of psychopathological features if the behavioral addiction cooccurs with adult ADHD. METHOD Sixty-five outpatients consulting for a behavioral addiction were assessed for ADHD (DIVA-5), addictive disorder (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, gambling, gaming, food, and sex), impulsivity (UPPS-P), and emotion dysregulation (DERS-36). RESULTS In our sample of outpatients seeking treatment for a behavioral addiction, adult ADHD was independently associated with higher compulsive sexual behavior disorder severity, "sensation seeking," "positive urgency," difficulties in "goal-directed behavior," "impulse control," and use of "emotion regulation strategies" in the context of intense emotions. A 19% of the sample was diagnosed for adult ADHD. CONCLUSION The association of adult ADHD with specific dimensions of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation, pave the way for future clinical and research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Servane Barrault
- Qualipsy, EE1901, Université de Tours, Tours, France
- Centre de Soins d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie (CSAPA-37), Tours, France
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Université Paris Cité, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Manuel Garcia
- Centre de Soins d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie (CSAPA-37), Tours, France
- Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France
| | - Stéphanie Branger
- Centre de Soins d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie (CSAPA-37), Tours, France
| | - Damien Maugé
- Centre de Soins d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie (CSAPA-37), Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Ballon
- Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France
- UMR 1253, iBrain, INSERM, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Paul Brunault
- Qualipsy, EE1901, Université de Tours, Tours, France
- Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France
- UMR 1253, iBrain, INSERM, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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7
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Blasco-Fontecilla H, Menéndez-García Á, Sanchez-Sanchez F, Bella-Fernández M. Lack of educational impact of video game addiction in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD: A cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1136671. [PMID: 37151982 PMCID: PMC10157203 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1136671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The use of video games has become widespread worldwide. Excessive use of video games is increasingly becoming a matter of concern, particularly in patients diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Currently, internet gaming disorder (IGD) is not included within the DSM-5-chapter Disorders related to substances and addictive disorders. Methods This is a post-hoc descriptive naturalistic study comparing children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD with and without IGD. We used the 85% cut-off point of the test ADITEC-V for video game addiction to split our sample of ADHD patients into those with IGD (>=85%) and those without IGD (<85%). Results 13 (25%) out of the 51 children and adolescents with ADHD included in our study had an IGD. Patients with IGD had a first contact with internet, smartphones, and videogames at a very early age (5.67 ± 3.31, 6.33 ± 4.60, and 7.50 ± 2.61, respectively). However, only age at first contact with the internet was statistically significantly different when comparing ADHD patients with and without IGD (8.68 ± 2.71 vs. 5.67 ± 3.31, t = 3.166, df = 47, p = 0.01). Different neurodevelopmental, clinical, and neuropsychological measures converging in impulsivity is a risk factor for IGD. Unexpectedly, we found no association between IGD and poor academic achievement. Discussion Future studies may include randomized controlled trials for treating IGD, the study of social adjustment as a protective factor against developing an IGD, and the role of serious and non-serious video games in the development of an IGD, among others. Additional research is clearly needed on IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, IDIPHISA-Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Majadahonda, Spain
- Spain Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Korian, ITA Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla,
| | - Ángela Menéndez-García
- Department of Psychiatry, IDIPHISA-Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | - Marcos Bella-Fernández
- Department of Psychiatry, IDIPHISA-Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Majadahonda, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical University of Comillas, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Salerno L, Becheri L, Pallanti S. ADHD-Gaming Disorder Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101528. [PMID: 36291464 PMCID: PMC9600100 DOI: 10.3390/children9101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological condition characterized by developmentally inadequate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, and a neurobiological disruption in brain neurotransmitters and circuitry causing abnormal responses to rewards. Playing electronic games generates a biological response that activates the neuronal circuits linked to pleasure and reward, and there is a growing attention to this type of activity, which can also turn into a mental health condition. The existence and the boundaries between the functional and the dysfunctional are still a source of debate, with the recognition of 'Internet Gaming Disorder' (IGD) as a condition belonging to the broader area of addiction requiring more in-depth study with respect to the DSM-5, while 'Gaming Disorder' (GD) was officially recognized as a new diagnosis by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the updated revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Notwithstanding, the suggested criteria for the diagnosis of Gaming Disorder are still debated. Since ADHD has been reported as a risk factor for developing addictions, this narrative review aims to provide the current state-of-the art of the knowledge about the comorbidity between ADHD and Gaming Disorder. For this aim, a literature search was conducted using a combination of specific keywords and the results are discussed within the R-Do-C framework and dimensions, and implications for treatment are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Salerno
- INS, Istituto di Neuroscienze, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Pallanti
- INS, Istituto di Neuroscienze, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence:
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Rahmawati NA, Setiawati Y, Ardani GAI, Zain E, Pereira-Sanchez V. Internet gaming disorder in an adolescent during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case report. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 41:224. [PMID: 35721634 PMCID: PMC9167486 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.41.224.33941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The internet has become an indispensable tool in people´s daily lives during the COVID-19 pandemic. Internet and video game use are experiencing rapid growth in the youth and adult populations as a major source of entertainment. However, excessive gaming may cause addiction and negatively impact mental health, entailing low psychosocial well-being, poor social skills, and decreased academic achievement. We report the case of a 16-year-old student with a "typical" pattern of internet gaming disorder (IGD) developed during the pandemic, which improved after weeks of treatment with pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions. This case highlights that it is essential for the mental health professionals to know the psychopathology of IGD and multimodal approaches to treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novi Agung Rahmawati
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Public Health Office, Kota Kediri, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Yunias Setiawati
- Division of Child and Adolescence, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Gusti Ayu Indah Ardani
- Division of Child and Adolescence, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ekachaeryanti Zain
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Victor Pereira-Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, United States
- Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Amoud University, Borama, Somaliland, Somalia
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Horváth Z, Király O, Demetrovics Z, Németh Á, Várnai D, Urbán R. Polysubstance Use Is Positively Associated with Gaming Disorder Symptom Severity: A Latent Class Analytical Study. Eur Addict Res 2022; 28:12-22. [PMID: 34284387 DOI: 10.1159/000517042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The link between gaming disorder (GD) and substance use amongst adolescents is not clear. Some studies reported positive associations, whereas others suggested that alcohol and illicit drug use are not related to GD severity. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to identify empirically based latent classes of alcohol and illicit drug use amongst adolescents and explore their associations with GD symptom severity and whether endorsement of specific criteria of GD is linked to the membership of latent classes of alcohol and illicit drug use. METHODS Data of the national sample of Hungarian adolescents from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey (N = 2,768; females: 52.08%; mean age: 16.73 years) were analysed. Measures for frequency of alcohol and illicit drug use, gaming, GD symptom severity, and life satisfaction were included in the analyses. RESULTS Latent class analysis discriminated 4 subgroups of alcohol and illicit drug use: polysubstance users, high-risk alcohol users, moderate alcohol users, and infrequent substance users. Polysubstance users presented significantly higher levels of GD symptom severity and higher odds for endorsement of criteria of "giving up other activities" and "negative consequences." CONCLUSIONS Positive associations were shown between higher GD severity and the polysubstance using class. The roles of criteria of "giving up other activities" and "negative consequences" were highlighted in more severe substance use patterns. However, GD severity and criteria did not differ as a function of the level of alcohol use. These findings may imply common roots of GD and illicit drug use in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Horváth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Ágnes Németh
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Várnai
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Andersson C, Håkansson A. Associations between Risk Factors in Late Adolescence and Problem Behaviors in Young Adulthood: A Six-Year Follow-Up of Substance Related and Behavioral Addictions in Swedish High School Seniors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312766. [PMID: 34886490 PMCID: PMC8657494 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Risk factors of traditional substance use related problems in young adults are more well-known than for behavioral addictions such as gambling and gaming problems. The present study aims to provide knowledge about the longitudinal patters of substance use related and behavioral addictions in early adulthood. METHODS Using self-report surveys, substance-related, psychiatric, and demographic predictors were assessed in Swedish high school seniors and re-assessed six years later along with gambling and gaming problems, n = 800. Associations (Risk Ratios) between risk factors in late adolescence and problem behaviors in young adulthood were analyzed. RESULTS Tobacco use, illicit drug use, and hazardous drinking in young adulthood were associated with tobacco use, illicit drug use, alcohol use, conduct problems, and impaired impulse control in late adolescence. Gambling problems in young adulthood were only associated with heredity of alcohol problems, while gaming was not associated to any problem behavior in late adolescence. CONCLUSION It is concluded that predictors for traditional substance-related addictions differ from predictors for behavioral addictions, and that this difference is more pronounced for gaming problems than for gambling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Andersson
- Department of Criminology, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden;
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12
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Lee J, Bae S, Kim BN, Han DH. Impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity on longitudinal course in Internet gaming disorder: a 3-year clinical cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:1110-1119. [PMID: 33751554 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms were identified as a key risk factor for Internet gaming disorder (IGD), the effect of ADHD comorbidity on longitudinal course of IGD in the clinical population remains to be further examined. This study aimed to investigate whether ADHD comorbidity in IGD patients affects the recovery, recurrence rates, and trajectories of IGD symptoms, and examine the relationship between the changes in IGD and ADHD symptoms. METHODS The study included 128 IGD patients without any psychiatric comorbidities (pure-IGD group) and 127 IGD patients with comorbid ADHD (ADHD-IGD group) aged 11 to 42 years. IGD and ADHD were diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria at enrollment. Participants were offered 8-week treatment with additional care provided as needed and followed up over a 3-year period. IGD diagnosis was reassessed annually and used as a dichotomous outcome. The severity of IGD and ADHD symptoms was measured using the Young Internet Addiction Scale and the Korean ADHD rating scale, respectively, at baseline and each annual follow-up. RESULTS The recovery rates of IGD by Year 3 were 60% and 93% in ADHD-IGD and in pure-IGD groups, respectively. The ADHD-IGD group showed lower rates of recovery, higher odds of recurrence within 1 year, and higher severity of IGD symptoms over time than the pure-IGD group. Family environment was also associated with the trajectories of IGD symptoms. The changes in ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with the changes in IGD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study found that ADHD comorbidity in IGD patients was associated with poor clinical course of IGD and that the changes in ADHD symptoms were associated with the changes in IGD symptoms over time. Our findings suggest that evaluation and treatment of ADHD symptoms and family environment in IGD patients may be important in improving the prognosis of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Lee
- Integrative Care Hub, Children's Hospital, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujin Bae
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bung Nyun Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Onandia-Hinchado I, Pardo-Palenzuela N, Diaz-Orueta U. Cognitive characterization of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by domains: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:893-937. [PMID: 33620582 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reportedly the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed during childhood, and it is recognized as a common condition in adulthood. We review the evidence to help identify cognitive domains associated to deficits in adult ADHD. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was performed, assessing studies on adult ADHD, neuropsychology and research on involved cognitive domains in adults 18+ years old with an established diagnosis of ADHD, in seven electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, WebOfScience, Embase, Scopus, OvidSPMedline, and Teseo), and Worldcat and OpenGrey grey literature databases. 93 studies were included for this review, encompassing findings from a total 5574 adults diagnosed only with ADHD, medication-naïve or non-medicated at the moment of the assessment and 4880 healthy controls. Adults diagnosed with ADHD may show, when compared to healthy controls, a cognitive profile characterized by deficits across all attention modalities, processing speed, executive function (mainly working memory and inhibition with emphasis on reward delay and interference control), verbal memory, reading skills, social cognition and arithmetic abilities. A cognitive characterization of adult ADHD by domains is established beyond the sole consideration of attention and executive function problems. Along with these, verbal memory, language (mainly reading), social cognition and arithmetic abilities may also contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of the cognitive profile in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Unai Diaz-Orueta
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Room 3.11, John Hume Building, North Campus, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Grazioli VS, Studer J, Larimer ME, Lewis MA, Bertholet N, Marmet S, Daeppen JB, Gmel G. Protective behavioral strategies and alcohol outcomes: Impact of mood and personality disorders. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106615. [PMID: 32889443 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although young men or young adults with mental health disorders are at higher risk to engage in problematic drinking, they typically evince stronger associations between protective behavioral strategies (PBS) and fewer alcohol outcomes. This study aimed to contribute to this line of research by examining the moderating effect of depression, bipolar spectrum disorder, borderline personality disorder and social anxiety disorder on the association between PBS and alcohol outcomes. Participants (N = 4,960; mean age = 25.43) were young men participating in the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. Measures of PBS use, typical drinks per week, alcohol-related consequences, depression, bipolar spectrum disorder, borderline personality disorder and social anxiety disorder were used from the second follow-up assessment. Main results indicated that the negative association between PBS and alcohol use was stronger in participants with borderline personality disorder than among those without this disorder. Unexpectedly, in participants with depression, PBS were not significantly associated with alcohol use, whereas they were related to fewer drinks among those without the disorder. Similarly, in participants with bipolar spectrum disorder, the association between PBS and alcohol-related consequences was not significant, whereas PBS were associated with fewer consequences in those without the disorder. Finally, findings indicated that social anxiety disorder did not significantly moderate the associations between PBS and alcohol outcomes. If replicated by future research, these findings imply that PBS-intervention may not equally impact young adults with diverse mental health disorders.
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Dullur P, Krishnan V, Diaz AM. A systematic review on the intersection of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and gaming disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 133:212-222. [PMID: 33360866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies of Gaming Disorder (GD) consistently identify co-morbidity with various psychiatric disorders including major depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders. One of the strongest associations has been with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We present a systematic review of this association by pooling and integrating available evidence. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, PsychInfo and CINHAHL were searched for articles that reported a quantitative association between GD and ADHD and its dimensions, using equivalent search terms. Quality appraisal was done using criteria adapted from the Critical Appraisal Skills Package (CASP) checklists. RESULTS 1028 articles were identified, of which 29 studies were included for systematic review (n = 56650 participants). Most of these studies were observational in nature, and were of moderate quality, with deficits particularly in the domains of generalisability and confounding. Community surveys (n = 18) of purposive samples constituted the majority, with fewer clinic-based samples (n = 11). While ADHD symptoms were consistently associated with GD, More frequent associations were displayed with inattention associations with GD than other ADHD subscales. There were no conclusive findings regarding the type of game on severity of either condition, or on completion of treatment. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest an association between ADHD and GD, although the direction of the relationship is unclear. This has implications for clinical practice, policy and research. We recommend that ADHD is screened for when evaluating IGD as part of routine practice."
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Dullur
- Rupertswood Building, Mount Druitt Hospital, Consultant Child Psychiatrist, Blacktown Early Access Team (BEAT), Mount Druitt, Western Sydney Local Health District, Western Sydney University, 75, Railway Street, Mount Druitt, NSW, 2770, Australia.
| | - Vijay Krishnan
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Antonio Mendoza Diaz
- University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, School of Psychiatry, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia
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Starcevic V, Choi TY, Kim TH, Yoo SK, Bae S, Choi BS, Han DH. Internet gaming disorder and gaming disorder in the context of seeking and not seeking treatment for video-gaming. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 129:31-39. [PMID: 32559506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the relationship between Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and gaming disorder (GD) and the degree of concordance between treatment seeking for gaming and IGD/GD. One hundred gamers who sought treatment for their gaming were compared with one hundred gamers who never sought treatment and gamers who met IGD and/or GD criteria were compared with those who did not meet these criteria, regardless of their treatment-seeking status. These comparisons were made using semi-structured diagnostic interviews and self-report psychopathology and symptom measures. There was only a partial concordance between treatment seeking and IGD/GD because 61% of treatment-seeking gamers met the diagnostic criteria for IGD and 36% met the diagnostic criteria for GD. GD criteria were found to reflect a more intense, pathological pattern of gaming, associated with high rates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and coping as the main reason for gaming. IGD criteria were found to refer to a broad, heterogeneous entity that encompasses a "spectrum" of gaming from risky/hazardous to pathological. These findings suggest that gamers may seek treatment for IGD/GD, a diagnostically subthreshold, risky gaming pattern (i.e., hazardous gaming) or for a gaming pattern that seems normal. A partial overlap between IGD and GD indicates that the two disorders as conceptualized by their respective criteria, should not be considered interchangeably. The relationship and extent of the conceptual overlap between ADHD and a gaming-related disorder, especially GD, merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Starcevic
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Tae Young Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chunugju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo-Koo Yoo
- School of Social Welfare, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sujin Bae
- Office of Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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