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Lenz A, Provance A, Johnson LA, Teramoto M. Diving Into Sports Specialization: The Association of Early Specialization on Injury Rates in Youth to Young Adult Divers. Clin J Sport Med 2024:00042752-990000000-00201. [PMID: 38917297 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored the link between early sports specialization and injury rates in youth divers, a relationship that remains largely unexplored within diving. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Members of the USA Diving Organization and collegiate male and female divers participated in an online survey, reporting their sports involvement and injury history. PARTICIPANTS One hundred eighty-two male and female divers aged 8 to 25 years were recruited through USA Diving or US collegiate team databases. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Early/late specialization (based on age <12 or 12 years or older), gender (M/F), springboard and/or platform divers, experience (junior/senior, regional/zone/national/international), hours of dryland/water training, and prior sport exposure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury history obtained on questionnaire. RESULTS One hundred eighty-two divers were surveyed; 70% female. Age to start diving and age to concentrate solely on diving were significantly associated with certain injuries (P < 0.05). Beginning diving before age 13 years of age was significantly associated with lower odds of injuries in the shoulder and wrist (P = 0.013 and 0.018, respectively), after adjusting for select covariates. Age of specialization was not significantly associated with injuries in any body part (P > 0.05), after adjusting for covariates. Greater years of diving experience was significantly associated with diving injuries in all 11 body parts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that early sports specialization is associated with decreased injury rates in elite youth divers who specialized before age 13 years, particularly for head/neck, shoulder, and wrist injuries. Moreover, we observed a positive correlation between experience and injury rate. Further investigation should focus on distinguishing between acute and overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lenz
- Pediatric Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Orthopedic Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Aaron Provance
- Orthopedic Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Masaru Teramoto
- Orthopedic Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Lear A, Zeller AM, McNulty S, Bentley B, Post E. Results of a National Survey on Sport Specialization Behavior and Throwing Arm Injury in Youth Softball Players. Sports Health 2024; 16:327-332. [PMID: 37132625 PMCID: PMC11025500 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231171356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few data on throwing arm and shoulder injury in youth softball athletes, and no data on the influence of sport specialization on injury in softball. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that highly specialized athletes, and pitchers in particular, demonstrating various sport specialization behaviors would be more likely to report an upper extremity overuse injury in the previous 12 months. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS An online, anonymous, cross-sectional survey was distributed to a national sample of female youth softball players between the ages of 12 and 18 years in fall 2021. Topics included were indicators of sport specialization and self-reported injuries to the throwing arm. RESULTS A total of 1309 participants (mean age, 15.1 ± 1.7 years) completed the survey; 19.4% (N = 254) scored as highly specialized, 69.7% (N = 912) as moderately specialized, and 10.9% (N = 143) with low specialization. Of all participants, 27.3% (N = 357) pitched in the previous year. A minority of all players (43.7%; N = 572) reported arm injury in the previous 12 months, with 45.9% of pitchers (N = 164) reporting the same. Multivariate regression showed increased adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of injury history for athletes playing >30 games per year (aOR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.26-2.40), participating on a club team (aOR, 3.36; 95% CI,1.85-6.07), and in pitchers participating on club teams (aOR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.18-7.45). Decreased aOR of injury was noted in those participating in >8 months of softball per year (aOR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12-0.51) and in pitchers who were moderately specialized (aOR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.17-0.92) and playing >8 months per year (aOR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.96). CONCLUSION This sample provides a large proportion of athletes classified as high or moderately specialized in youth softball (89%). A large proportion (43.7%) of subjects reported arm injury in the past year, and insight into injury risk is provided. The results present conflicting data on the risk versus protective effect of specialization in youth softball athletes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This project is a first step toward understanding sport specialization behavior and its influence on injury in youth softball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lear
- Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio
| | - Anne Marie Zeller
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Eric Post
- Indiana State University, Terra Haute, Indiana
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Garland WJ, Smith KL, Dixon JC, Horton S. Developmental activities of elite junior hockey players: an analysis of early sport specialization. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1253007. [PMID: 38022788 PMCID: PMC10644152 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1253007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early sport specialization is a popular and contentious topic in the scientific literature and popular media. The lure of extrinsic rewards has led to increasing rates of specialization among young athletes, while expert recommendations promote multisport participation. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze developmental activities of a group of elite junior hockey players in Canada. Within this context, elements of specialization were investigated in accordance with existing theoretical frameworks and long-term athlete development models to enhance the literature. Fifteen participants from the Ontario Hockey League completed quantitative retrospective interviews, detailing past sport and recreational activities. Thirty-one developmental milestones were assessed. Accumulated hours of activity were categorized in accordance with Côté's (1999) Developmental Model of Sports Participation, along with the number and types of sports in which they participated during childhood. Jayanthi et al.'s (2015) continuum was utilized to determine the age at which the athletes became moderately and highly specialized. Accrued hours of deliberate practice reported by participants increased from ages 6 to 16 years, as did competition in organized hockey games. Reported hours of deliberate play peaked at 9 years of age and decreased thereafter. Participants played a combined 16 sports other than hockey, ranging from an average of 2.0 at age 6, to a maximum average of 5.6 at 12 years old, and decreasing each year to 2.3 by age 15. The greatest number of hours in other sports was accumulated at 12 years of age. Using a three-point scale, participants considered themselves "highly specialized" at 14 years old; however, other quantitative indicators suggested this may have occurred at 12 years of age. Relative to previous research on early sport specialization, participants in this study spent more time practicing hockey, while ceasing hockey-specific play and other sports at younger ages. Despite a diverse sport history, hockey competition was initiated earlier than recommended, showing high levels of sport commitment as young as 9 years old. The early specialization path remains a popular trajectory among coaches, parents, and athletes in Canadian ice hockey.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K. L. Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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Ramsay G, Mosher A, Baker J. Is There Just One Type of Multisport Pathway? A Scoping Review of Multisport Engagement in Early Athlete Development. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:96. [PMID: 37851177 PMCID: PMC10584762 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Multisport engagement is positioned as the antithesis to specialization within youth development pathways. However, different terms are used to describe the multisport pathway, which may create confusion regarding what the pathway should look like. This review investigated all published research examining the multisport pathway, with a focus on terminology, and how different terms have led to varying interpretations of this research. Four databases were searched for all peer reviewed studies published up until December 2021. All included papers were full text, in English, and focusing on multisport athlete engagement. In total, 1974 abstracts were screened for inclusion eligibility, resulting in 82 articles included within this review. General results showed most studies are empirical (71%, n = 58) and looked at athlete development pathways using retrospective questionnaires aimed at investigating the specific pathway to sporting excellence. However, despite the consensus that multisport athletes play many sports in their lifetime, there is little investigation into when and the level of intensity (play versus practice) at which these sports are being played. Further, inconsistencies in the terminology used to describe this pathway have made it difficult to understand potential mechanisms that lead to any positive or negative effects. It is recommended that differences between the key terms of diversification and sampling are clarified and should not be regarded as synonymous as they may represent different paths within multisport development based on varying levels of intensity of play and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Ramsay
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Alexandra Mosher
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joseph Baker
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kearney PE, Sherwin I, O’Brien W, Nevill AM, Ng K. Higher Family Affluence is Associated With Multi-Sport Participation Among Irish Youth. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:1869-1888. [PMID: 37366222 PMCID: PMC10552351 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231185653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The impact of early single sport participation among young people has received much attention, with both sport leaders and pediatricians advocating multi-sport participation at least until early adolescence. In this study we explored the association between family socioeconomic status and level of Irish youth specialization in sport. We relied on data from the Children's Sport Participation and Physical Activity (CSPPA) study, involving a representative sample of 3499 Irish children and adolescents aged 10-15 years. We analyzed data from questions related to the number of sports played, the number of days per week the youth were engaged in sport, and family affluence (as a proxy measure for socioeconomic status). Youth sport specialization before 12 years of age (males 5.7%; females 4.2%) and even between 13-15 years of age (males, 7.8%; females, 5.8%) was uncommon. However, lower levels of specialization were associated with higher socioeconomic status in that more children with high family affluence participated in multiple sports. Careful consideration should be given to whether low socioeconomic status may act as a barrier to participation in multiple sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E. Kearney
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Movement & Skill Acquisition Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ian Sherwin
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Wesley O’Brien
- School of Education, Sports Studies and Physical Education, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan M. Nevill
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Faculty of Education, Health & Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Kwok Ng
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Faculty of Education, University of Turku, Rauma, Finland
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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Aaron AO, Jose Maria GR, Juan Jose S. Early Success is not a Prerequisite for Success at the Adult Age in Spanish Sprinters. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:139-148. [PMID: 38053948 PMCID: PMC10694715 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/168284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to describe the relationship between success in junior and senior categories in sprint events. An observational and longitudinal analysis was carried out using rankings of the Royal Spanish Athletics Federation database. We analysed 547 sprinters (238 women and 309 men) from their U14 to senior stage who ranked in top-20 on at least one occasion during the period 2004 to 2021. The first entry in top-20 occurred mostly in U14 (44.4%, 243), and the frequency was progressively lower: 26.7% (146) in U16; 20.8% (114) in U18; 5.1% (28) in U20; 2% (11) in U23; and 0.9% (5) in the senior category. A similar tendency was observed in male and female athletes. Only 3.8% (9) of top-20 U14 athletes reached the senior elite stage, increasing this percentage in subsequent categories: 7.4% (15) in U16; 10.6% (24) in U18; 20.9% (32) in U20, and 31.4% (32) from U23 to the senior category. Data from female athletes showed higher maintenance of top-20 status from early categories to senior age. We conclude that even though the first entry into the national top-20 in sprint events occurs early in most cases, success in these initial stages is not a prerequisite for reaching top-20 positions in the senior category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agudo-Ortega Aaron
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Gonzalez-Rave Jose Maria
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Salinero Juan Jose
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Larson HK, Young BW, McHugh TLF, Rodgers WM. Visual representations of single- and multi-sport participation in a youth swimming sample: Implications for definitions and discussions of early specialization. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292038. [PMID: 37756317 PMCID: PMC10530013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Academic literature and sport policy documents have cited concerns about an increasing prevalence of early sport specialization, with associated burnout, dropout, and injury. However, evidence to support such statements is limited. Definitions of early specialization vary, but a common criterion is continued participation in a single sport, prior to adolescence. We explored the prevalence of single-sport participation and other patterns of sport involvement from ages 6-12 in a Canadian swimming sample using retrospective longitudinal methods. Parents of 236 competitive swimmers (ages 12-17) completed surveys on their children's sport backgrounds, including the number of sports participated in annually from age 6-12. A cluster heat map elucidated single- and multi-sport patterns over time. Mixed analyses of variance tested for differences by gender and club type. Fourteen percent of our sample showed stable participation in either one sport or multiple sports per year over time, 25% decreased their annual number of sports, and 60% increased. This trend of increasing, rather than decreasing the number of sports in their annual activity roster when approaching age 12 was particularly pronounced for girls. Only 10 participants (4% of the sample) consistently engaged in a single sport each year from age 6-12. Summer (seasonal) swimmers consistently did more sports than year-round swimmers. Overall, our findings showed highly idiosyncratic longitudinal patterns of sport participation that did not easily conform to current sport activity guidelines. We also found similar idiosyncrasy in an ad-hoc analysis of participants who had dropped out of swimming a year later. If single-sport participation is considered a key criterion for defining early specialization, our findings suggest the prevailing narrative around early specialization may be overstated in relation to the number of single-sport athletes. Alternatively, other components of early specialization may be more prevalent and deserving of attention due to possible associations with harmful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Larson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley W. Young
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara-Leigh F. McHugh
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wendy M. Rodgers
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
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Oršolić M, Barbaros P, Novak D. What makes a Grand Slam champion? Early engagement, late specialization and timely transition from having fun to dedication. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1213317. [PMID: 37547818 PMCID: PMC10401607 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1213317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to provide adequate support for young tennis players, it is important to understand the development path and factors which can have a positive or negative impact on the development of a player. The aim of this research was to determine the factors that affected sports specialization in tennis by means of qualitative analysis (early, optimal, or late). As well as to deepen the knowledge around the phenomenon of specialization in tennis among players of differing success levels through their personal experiences, in order to contribute to a better understanding of their specialization. The authors interviewed 30 tennis players of differing levels, including 10 participants from the most elite level (Grand Slam champions), exploring their contrasting experiences of development. The data set was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three topics were generated, which included the following: engaging in sport, decisions, and time of specialization. The obtained results offer a stimulus to reflect on numerous aspects of athlete development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Oršolić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj StrossmayerUniversity of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Petar Barbaros
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dario Novak
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Dalamitros AA, Nikolopoulos A, Varsamidou K, Gourgoulis V, Zafeiroudi A, Loukovitis A, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Powell C. Swimming coaches' professional development and training practices: an international survey. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1229066. [PMID: 37533584 PMCID: PMC10390787 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1229066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated swim coaches' perceptions of professional development issues and current training practices according to their coaching experience, education level, and gender. An online survey (January-April 2022) was completed by 123 swim coaches (96 male/27 female) of competitive swimmers based in 41 countries. The survey consisted of 36 questions divided into six sections: (1) background information, (2) developing swim coaching through learning, (3) self-evaluation, (4) interpersonal-intrapersonal interactions, (5) life skills, and (6) analyzing swimming performance. Pearson chi-square assessed the relationship between the frequency of responses and professional background and gender. The survey results indicated that swim coaches' educational level is potentially one of the most influential parameters affecting the coaches' perceptions about their own professional development. The data presented may be used for the future design of coach education programmes as they advance current knowledge on understanding psycho-social issues related to professional development and training perceptions involved in the competitive swimming environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios A. Dalamitros
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Nikolopoulos
- School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Varsamidou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Gourgoulis
- School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Aglaia Zafeiroudi
- Applied Leisure Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Andreas Loukovitis
- Laboratory of Human Studies and Sport Psychology, School of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Cormac Powell
- High-Performance Unit, Sport Ireland, Sport Ireland Campus, Dublin, Ireland
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Physical Activity for Health Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Soares ALA, Carvalho HM. Burnout and dropout associated with talent development in youth sports. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1190453. [PMID: 37334016 PMCID: PMC10272455 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1190453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
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Güllich A, Barth M, Hambrick DZ, Macnamara BN. Participation patterns in talent development in youth sports. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1175718. [PMID: 37274619 PMCID: PMC10232881 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1175718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a longstanding debate about the question: What amounts of what types of youth sport activities optimally facilitate later athletic excellence? This article provides a review of relevant research. We first evaluate popular conceptualizations of participation patterns-early specialization, deliberate practice, and deliberate play. Then, we review the available evidence on associations between performance and individual participation variables. The review reveals conceptual, definitional, and empirical flaws of the conceptions of early specialization, deliberate practice, and deliberate play. These approaches thus possess limited usefulness for empirical research. A review of studies considering individual, clearly defined participation variables provides a differentiated pattern of findings: Predictors of rapid junior performance and of long-term senior performance are opposite. Higher-performing juniors, compared to lower-performing peers, started playing their main sport, began involvement in talent promotion programs, and reached developmental performance milestones at younger ages, while accumulating larger amounts of coach-led main-sport practice, but less other-sports practice. In contrast, senior world-class athletes, compared to less-accomplished national-class peers, started playing their main sport, began involvement in talent promotion programs, and achieved performance milestones at older ages, while accumulating less coach-led main-sport practice, but more other-sports practice. We discuss implications for theory, practice, and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Güllich
- Department of Sports Science, RPTU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Barth
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Z. Hambrick
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Brooke N. Macnamara
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Whatman C, van den Berg C, Black AM, West S, Hagel B, Eliason P, Emery C. High Sport Specialization Is Associated With More Musculoskeletal Injuries in Canadian High School Students. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:233-238. [PMID: 36730669 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe levels of sport specialization in Canadian high school students and investigate whether sport specialization and/or sport participation volume is associated with the history of musculoskeletal injury and/or concussion. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING High schools, Alberta, Canada. PARTICIPANTS High school students (14-19 years) participating in various sports. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Level of sport specialization (high, moderate, low) and sport participation volume (hours per week and months per year). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Twelve-month injury history (musculoskeletal and concussion). RESULTS Of the 1504 students who completed the survey, 31% were categorized as highly specialized (7.5% before the age of 12 years). Using multivariable, negative, binomial regression (adjusted for sex, age, total yearly training hours, and clustering by school), highly specialized students had a significantly higher musculoskeletal injury rate [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.73] but not lower extremity injury or concussion rate, compared with low specialization students. Participating in one sport for more than 8 months of the year significantly increased the musculoskeletal injury rate (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI, 1.02-1.58). Increased training hours significantly increased the musculoskeletal injury rate (IRR = 1.18, 95% CI, 1.13-1.25), lower extremity injury rate (IRR = 1.16, 95% CI, 1.09-1.24), and concussion rate (IRR = 1.31, 95% CI, 1.24-1.39). CONCLUSIONS Approximately one-third of Canadian high school students playing sports were categorized as highly specialized. The musculoskeletal injury rate was higher for high sport specialization students compared with low sport specialization students. Musculoskeletal injuries and concussion were also more common in students who train more and spend greater than 8 months per year in one sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Whatman
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carla van den Berg
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda M Black
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen West
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Brent Hagel
- Departments of Pediatrics; and
- Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Eliason
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carolyn Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics; and
- Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Canada Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; and
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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13
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Baker J, Gayman A, Johnston K. Lifespan models of athlete development: What have we learned from previous attempts? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1179767. [PMID: 37065807 PMCID: PMC10102452 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1179767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sport has a unique place in many cultures, emphasizing the links between physical elements of movement with psychological and social outcomes. Sport participation continues to attract the interest of researchers from a range of perspectives, yet there remains a strong need to understand the “who”, “what”, “where”, “when” and “why” aspects of sport involvement over the life course. While the research literature includes multiple athlete development models that consider these components, they are incomplete frameworks for understanding lifespan sport engagement. In this article, we discuss the value in building multidimensional developmental models of sport participation that encapsulate experiences across all ages and stages of competitive and recreational sport, and pay special attention to the high degree of complexity of the movement between and within sport both competitively and recreationally. In addition, we highlight several challenges to creating such a lifespan development model, and consider areas of future direction to overcome some of these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Joseph Baker
| | - Amy Gayman
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn Johnston
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Soares AAL, Lima AB, Miguel CG, Galvão LG, Leonardi TJ, Paes RR, Gonçalves CE, Carvalho HM. Does early specialization provide an advantage in physical fitness development in youth basketball? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1042494. [PMID: 36704259 PMCID: PMC9872025 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1042494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the influence of the specialization onset on the magnitude and patterns of changes in basketball-specific physical fitness within a competitive season and developmental fitness trends between 11 and 17 years in young basketball players. Repeated measures of 181 young basketball players (female, n = 40; male, n = 141) were examined. Anthropometry, age, estimated maturity status, and basketball-specific physical fitness (assessed with the countermovement jump, line drill, and yo-yo intermittent recovery level-1 and fitness score) were considered. Players were grouped by the onset of specialization as related to biological maturation milestones (pre-puberty, mid-puberty, and late-puberty specialization). The within-season and developmental changes in physical fitness were fitted using multilevel modeling in a fully Bayesian framework. The fitness outcomes were similar between-player and within-player changes when grouped by specialization across a season. Fitness improvements across a season were apparent for female players, while male players maintained their performance levels. There was no variation in the patterns of physical fitness development between 11 and 17 years associated with the onset of specialization. Conditional on our data and models, the assumption that early sport specialization provides a physical fitness advantage for future athletic success does not hold.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A L Soares
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ahlan B Lima
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Caio G Miguel
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luciano G Galvão
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thiago J Leonardi
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Roberto R Paes
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Gonçalves
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Humberto M Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil,Correspondence: Humberto M Carvalho
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15
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Johnston K, McAuley ABT, Kelly AL, Baker J. Language games and blurry terminology: Can clarity enhance athlete development? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1150047. [PMID: 37139303 PMCID: PMC10150101 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1150047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This perspective focuses on the need for researchers and practitioners to carefully consider the clarity and consistency of their language in the context of athlete development. Evidence supporting a lack of congruency in the way certain terms and expressions are defined, understood, and operationalized continues to accumulate, highlighting the importance of this area for sport stakeholders and the potential looming crises. In systems that regularly rely on precision and accuracy, it will be critical that all involved in the co-creation of knowledge generation and application carefully consider terms that may further complicate athlete development practices. We highlight some potentially blurry terms and draw attention to potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Johnston
- Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Kathryn Johnston
| | - Alexander B. T. McAuley
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, WMD, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L. Kelly
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, WMD, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Baker
- Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Richard V, Cairney J, Woods CT. Holding open spaces to explore beyond: Toward a different conceptualization of specialization in high-performance sport. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1089264. [PMID: 36935971 PMCID: PMC10017444 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1089264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This conceptual analysis aims to challenge the state of high-performance sport by questioning the concept of specialization. To start, we offer a brief, but critical overview of what specialization currently entails. Then, shifting the paradigm, we suggest an expansion rather than a reduction of developmental possibilities once an athlete reaches the "top". Specifically, rather than athletes conforming to national standards imposed by governing bodies about what it means to be "elite", we suggest sport systems consider a person-environment fit approach to support ongoing development. Drawing on an ecological dynamics rationale and various socio-cultural theories, we explore how concepts such as affordances and perspectives can be harnessed to create a better "fit" between athletes' action capabilities and the opportunities within their broader environment. Our conception of specialization requires moving away from a definition of success based on the accumulation of medals, toward one that accounts for the exploration and achievement of the possible. We argue that a person-environment fit welcomes diversity, so long as it sustains the person's health, wellbeing, and performance. This, it is suggested, is about collectively holding open spaces for each other to explore beyond the constraints of high-performance sport, encouraging all to carry on their lives in directions meaningfully impactful for them. We conclude this conceptual analysis with a brief case example demonstrating what our theorizing could look like in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Richard
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Veronique Richard,
| | - John Cairney
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Carl T. Woods
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Peters CM, Hendry DT, Hodges NJ. A scoping review on developmental activities of girls' and women's sports. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903886. [PMID: 36213454 PMCID: PMC9538116 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a scoping review of research on athlete development in girls' and women's sports. Our emphasis is on pathways to expertise in the context of deliberate practice theory and associated models, such as the Developmental Model of Sport Participation (DMSP). Despite rationale for sex and gender differences in sport development, there are relatively few studies where the developmental pathways of female elite athletes have been evaluated. We sought to map the scope of the literature on this population over the last 30 years, focusing on measures of practice types and amounts. Following an extensive search of the literature, 32 studies were identified that included all female participants or presented sex/gender disaggregated data. Retrospective methods were commonly used to quantify practice, play and specialization. National-level athletes were the most represented, although there was considerable heterogeneity in sport and expertise-level, making general or comparative judgements challenging. We identified some groups that had accumulated high volumes of practice at a young age, particularly in soccer and gymnastics. Across sports and studies, early majority hours of engagement in the primary sport was the norm. Athletes deviated from predictions in the specialization pathway detailed in the DMSP, by continuing to participate in other sports throughout childhood and adolescence. In addition to highlighting the relative paucity of data pertaining to athlete development pathways in female athletes, we show that the data from these groups deviate from predictions detailed in current models of athlete development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M. Peters
- Motor Skills Lab, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David T. Hendry
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Hodges
- Motor Skills Lab, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Nicola J. Hodges
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18
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Emmet D, Roberts J, Yao KV. Update on Preventing Overuse Injuries in Youth Athletes. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-022-00362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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19
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Teenage Sport Trajectory Is Associated With Physical Activity, but Not Body Composition or Blood Pressure in Early Adulthood. J Adolesc Health 2022; 71:119-126. [PMID: 35428561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Commonly held hypotheses in practice suggest that compared to single-sport participation, multi-sport participation is associated with higher physical activity (PA) levels and health benefits in the long term. To verify this in the general population, we identified sport participation trajectories during adolescence and examined their associations with PA and health outcomes in young adulthood. METHODS Participants (n = 655) from the Nicotine Dependence in Teens study self-reported sport involvement up to four times per year from age 12 to 17 years. At age 24, PA was assessed using questionnaires and accelerometers, and body composition (i.e., body mass index, waist circumference, skinfold thickness) and blood pressure were measured objectively. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify sport participation trajectories from age 12 to 17. Associations between trajectories and outcomes in early adulthood were estimated in multivariable linear regression models. RESULTS We identified four sport participation trajectories during adolescence: non-participants (n = 148, 22%), dropouts (n = 133, 21%), single-sport (n = 248, 37%), and multi-sport participation (n = 126, 20%). Compared to non-participation, multi-sport participation during adolescence was associated with higher self-reported PA in early adulthood (β [95% confidence interval] = 0.26 [0.00-0.52], MET-minutes/week). No association was detected between sport trajectories and accelerometer-measured PA, body composition or blood pressure in early adulthood. DISCUSSION Our results partially support models suggesting the existence of distinct sport participation trajectories during adolescence and that multi-sport participation is associated with higher self-reported PA levels in adulthood. Our results do not support that sport participation trajectories during adolescence are linked to lower blood pressure or healthier body composition in adulthood.
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Proportions of Early Specializers Varies According to Methods and Skill Level. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10030034. [PMID: 35324644 PMCID: PMC8954525 DOI: 10.3390/sports10030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport researchers have warned about the lack of a clear and consistent definition of early specialization, while others have raised concerns around the validity of methods used to classify athletes as ‘specializers’. The current investigation includes two studies examining the implications of varying classification methods for exploring both specialization and early specialization in sport. Study 1 examined whether different approaches to defining and measuring specialization affected the classification of athletes throughout development and provided a ‘profile’ of the sample in terms of developmental milestones related to specialization. Results indicated the proportion of athletes classified as specializers varied depending on the method used and athletes generally met specialization milestones after the age of 12. Study 2 examined the proportions of athletes who achieved ‘elite’, ‘pre-elite’, and ‘non-elite’ status in adulthood who were early specializers as determined by different methods. Results showed the method used changed the proportion of athletes classified as specializers at each level and there was no clear advantage or disadvantage to being a specializer. Combined, these studies provide intriguing data regarding the implications of different measures for assessing specialization in young athletes.
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21
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Biese KM, Winans M, Hernandez MI, Schaefer DA, Post EG, Sanfilippo JL, Bell DR. Comparing High School Sport Specialization Trends Between Division I and Club Collegiate Athletes. Sports Health 2021; 14:849-858. [PMID: 34913390 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211060293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent athletes report that sports specialization improves their ability to receive a collegiate athletics scholarship, though this is not well-understood. The purpose of this study was to examine self-reported trends in high school specialization and influences for sport participation between Division I (D-I) and college-aged club (club) athletes. HYPOTHESIS There would be no difference in high school sport specialization or sport participation influences between D-I and club athletes. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A survey included specialization classification (low, moderate, and high) for 9th to 12th grade, age that the athlete started organized sport and his or her collegiate sport, and several influential factors for participation in one's primary high school sport (1 = no influence to 5 = extremely influential). Chi-square analyses were used to compare specialization classifications between groups. Nonparametric tests were used to determine significant differences in age-related variables and influential factors between D-I and club athletes. All analysis were also conducted with boys and girls separately. RESULTS Participants included 266 D-I (girls, 155; 58%) and 180 club (girls, 122; 68%) athletes. Club athletes were more likely to be classified as low specialization at every grade in high school, and this difference was more pronounced between D-I and club female athletes than male athletes. The number of years an athlete was classified as highly specialized in high school was not different between D-I and club athletes. Club athletes were more influenced by playing with friends than D-I athletes and D-I athletes were more influenced by pursuing a collegiate scholarship than club athletes. CONCLUSION High levels of specialization in high school sport may not be necessary for playing at the collegiate level, though some level of specialization in high school might be necessary. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinicians should advocate for healthy long-term athlete development, which does not support high specialization in high school sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Biese
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Madeline Winans
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mayrena I Hernandez
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel A Schaefer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Eric G Post
- Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana
| | | | - David R Bell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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22
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Gallant F, Bélanger M. Empirical Support for the Tenets of Sport Participation and Physical Activity-Based Models: A Scoping Review. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:741495. [PMID: 34723180 PMCID: PMC8552970 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.741495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding their wide-spread use, it is unclear what level of empirical evidence exists to support sport participation and physical activity-based models. Sport participation and physical activity-based models characterize different stages of sport involvement based on sport activities (organized and unorganized) individuals take part in throughout their lifespan. The objectives of this scoping review was to explore the nature of empirical support for tenets of sport participation and physical activity-based models describing the evolution of an individuals' sport participation. Seventeen different sport participation models were identified through an iterative literature review, using a snowball search strategy and expert (n = 8) consultation. Of the identified models, three described the evolution of an individual's sport participation based on their participation in different activities at various stages of sport involvement and were retained for the review. A second literature review identified peer-reviewed publications supporting at least one tenet of these three models. Many tenets of retained models received some empirical support from some of the 38 publications identified, but some tenets were not tested. Most of the evidence supporting tenets originated from studies among elite-level athletes. Whereas some evidence exists to support current sport participation and physical activity models, more research is warranted, particularly among the general population of non-elite athletes, for the models to be used in full confidence to guide sport policies, programs, and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gallant
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bélanger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Vitalité Health Network, Moncton, NB, Canada
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23
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Bell DR, Nelson EO, Watson AM, Kliethermes SA, Snedden TR, McGuine TA. Authors' Response. J Athl Train 2021; 56:1255-1257. [PMID: 34752628 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-1011-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Güllich A, Macnamara BN, Barth M, Hambrick DZ. Further Muddying the Waters? A Comment on Bell et al's 2021 Definition of Youth Sport Specialization. J Athl Train 2021; 56:1252-1254. [PMID: 34752629 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-1010-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Context: The assumed risks of early specialization in sport are well known, with several international consensus statements advising against specialization in early athlete development. However, there have been recent calls for more focused research in this area. Evidence Acquisition: Research evidence from several scientific disciplines (eg, sport psychology, sports medicine, human development) were synthesized to develop a framework for practitioners working with adolescent athletes. Study Design: Narrative review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: There appear to be risks associated with a highly specialized approach to athlete training, but the mechanisms driving these effects are largely unknown. Greater attention to understanding these mechanisms would help mitigate risk and develop stronger policy for athlete development. Recommendations for program modifications are provided. Conclusion: Early specialization remains an important topic for researchers and practitioners working with youth and adolescent athletes. However, more work needs to be done to provide truly evidence-based recommendations for youth athlete training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Till
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England, UK
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26
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Sweeney L, Horan D, MacNamara Á. Premature Professionalisation or Early Engagement? Examining Practise in Football Player Pathways. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:660167. [PMID: 34164620 PMCID: PMC8215134 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.660167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing debate, both in the academic and sporting worlds, about the most appropriate pathway for high potential young players in sport. In this regard, there has been a considerable focus on the age of selection into structured talent development pathways and the nature of the experience once players have been recruited. Given the economic and reputational currency associated with developing professional footballers in particular, it is unsurprising that professional football clubs continue to invest significant financial resources into their academy structures. Understandably, this recruitment policy has attracted substantial attention within the media and research community, with ethical concerns arising surrounding the impact early selection may have on the welfare and the experiences of the young players within the pathway. The aim of this perspective article was to critically consider the research underpinning the early engagement practises of football clubs and the extent to which, and how, the pathway can provide players with the most appropriate starting point for their development. This evidence points to the need to look beyond the prevalent 'early specialisation vs. diversification' debate in youth sport towards a consideration of an early engagement perspective that reflects the biopsychosocial influences on talent development and the socio-political environment that influences decisions. We provide practical recommendations focused on the quality of the early engagement experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Sweeney
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dan Horan
- High Performance Department, Football Association of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Áine MacNamara
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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