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Lucibello KM, Gohari MR, Leatherdale ST, Patte KA. Factors associated with prospective changes in weight control intentions among adolescents. J Adolesc 2024; 96:953-968. [PMID: 38402411 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study examined predictors of negative changes in weight control intentions from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents. METHODS Participants were Canadian secondary school students enrolled in the COMPASS study and had completed self-report surveys before (T1; 2018/2019 and/or 2019/2020 school year) and during (T2; 2020/2021 and/or 2021/2022) the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 11,869, Mage ± SD = 13.79 years old ± 1.15, 52.89% girls, 45.30% boys, 1.81% gender diverse). Demographic, interpersonal, behavioral, and psychological predictors of weight control intention change from T1 (stay the same weight, not doing anything about weight) to T2 (lose weight, gain weight) were tested using multilevel logistic regressions. RESULTS Over one-third (37.0%) of adolescents who reported wanting to stay the same weight at T1 changed their intention to lose or gain weight at T2, as did 28.5% of adolescents who reported not wanting to do anything about their weight at T1. Changing weight control intention from "not doing anything about weight" at T1 to weight gain/loss at T2 was associated with resistance training, emotion dysregulation, bullying, social media use, and gender. Changing weight control intention from "stay the same weight" at T1 to weight gain/loss at T2 was associated with gender, perceived financial comfort, social media use, and flourishing. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the prevalence of maladaptive weight control intention changes among adolescents, and elucidate related behavioral, interpersonal, demographic, and psychological factors. Findings can inform targeted intervention and prevention strategies to disrupt maladaptive changes in weight control intentions among high-risk subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Lucibello
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmood R Gohari
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen A Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Wafi AM, Alhazmi OA, Jathmi AJ, Otaif AA, Sharif MA, Ismael AI, Qadry EA, Shaikh AY, Alfaify FH, Jesudoss HJ, Salih S. Protein supplement intake by non-athlete gym attendees in Jazan region: misconceptions and gender differences. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:151-159. [PMID: 38093639 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein supplements (PSs) have gained widespread popularity among non-athlete gym attendees, who often perceive them as essential tools for muscle growth and recovery. However, misinformation surrounding PSs may lead to inappropriate use and negative health consequences. This study aimed to assess whether non-athlete gym attendees using PSs have greater misconceptions than non-users while also examining the prevalence of PS consumption and gender differences. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 387 participants in the Jazan region was conducted. Customers of 10 fitness centers were screened with a questionnaire comprising questions to measure PS misconceptions. Participants were divided into PS users and non-users. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test to assess the associations between variables. An independent t-test was used to compare the PS Misconception Index Score between the two groups. RESULTS A total of 82.4% of non-athlete gym attendees consumed at least one PS. Our findings revealed a significant association between gender and PS utilization (P<0.001), with a higher proportion of females (90.8%) consuming PS than males (77.6%). PS users had a significantly lower PS Misconception Index Score than non-users (26.8 vs. 28.3; P=0.006), indicating that PS users had a higher number of misconceptions. The internet (41.37%) and coaches (gym instructors/trainers) (34.48%) were the most common sources of information about PSs, with muscle gain being the primary reason for consumption (82.75%). CONCLUSIONS PS consumption is highly prevalent among non-athlete gym attendees in the Jazan region, with many individuals having misconceptions about their benefits and potential risks. Targeted educational interventions are needed to promote evidence-based knowledge about PSs for gym attendees, as well as for coaches, given that they were among the primary sources of information on supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Wafi
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia -
| | | | - Ali J Jathmi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Murad A Sharif
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I Ismael
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam A Qadry
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Y Shaikh
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Sarah Salih
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Millán-Jiménez A, Fernández-Fontán IM, Sobrino-Toro M, Fernández-Torres B. Protein supplement consumption prevalence, habits and complications in adolescents. An Pediatr (Barc) 2023; 99:240-251. [PMID: 37770287 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The consumption of nutritional and protein supplements by adolescents may have important consequences for their health. METHODS Prospective observational study based on a survey of adolescents enrolled in 6 schools selected at random in the city of Seville. Our primary objective was to determine the actual consumption of dietary supplements in the adolescent population and quantifying their protein content. RESULTS We obtained a total of 263 valid responses that showed a prevalence of consumption of nutritional supplements of any kind of 19.01%, of which 56.0% (10.64% of the total) corresponded to adolescents that consumed protein supplements for a mean protein intake of 0.26 g/kg/day (SD, 0.18). The profile of consumers of any type of supplements differed from that of nonconsumers in age, use of long-term medication and weight loss or high-protein diets. The comparison of adolescents who consumed protein supplements versus nonprotein supplements only evinced a significant difference in the control of supplement consumption. Although most of these adolescents were not subject to external control, 25.92% of those who consumed protein supplements were monitored by a professional, compared to 7.38% of consumers of nonprotein supplements. In the group that consumed protein supplements, 85.18% of adolescents achieved the desired effect and 18.51% reported some form of negative effect. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of protein supplement consumption among adolescents in our area is 10.64%, with consumption of amounts corresponding to 25% of the recommended daily allowance of protein. The profile of protein supplement consumers is very similar to that of nonprotein supplement consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Millán-Jiménez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Transhumancias HUM-965, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Bartolomé Fernández-Torres
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Transhumancias HUM-965, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
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Pediatric strength training: benefits, concerns, and current trends. Curr Opin Pediatr 2022; 34:625-633. [PMID: 36226732 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the advent of social media combined with several large-scale promotions by nationwide gym chains, pediatric interest in strength training has reached new heights during the past few years. While this is a healthy way for young gym users to build strength and stay active, there are significant risks associated with improper utilization of exercise resources. Lack of adult supervision and guidance in the gym can lead to physical injury, inappropriate use of supplements, and body image issues. The purpose of this review is to provide pediatricians with up-to-date information about well tolerated exercise practices for pubertal and prepubertal youth. RECENT FINDINGS Current exercise trends may negatively impact both the physical and mental health of participants. Various physical injuries may occur when adolescents use gym equipment incorrectly under inadequate adult supervision. Use of unproven equipment such as waist trainers may cause bodily injury, and social media content on exercising and weight loss can negatively influence adolescent body image. Potential consequences include low self-esteem and uncommon body dysmorphic disorders, such as muscle dysmorphia. Further, the intense marketing of supplements can induce pediatric gym users to engage in inappropriate consumption behaviors. The increasing accessibility of commercial gyms to youth has increased the potential for children and adolescents to be exposed to such physical and mental health hazards. SUMMARY Greater knowledge regarding strength training techniques will help pediatricians guide their patients toward well tolerated and healthy gym habits. Caregivers and medical professionals should recognize the necessity of supervision, as well as the dangers of incorrect equipment use and unsafe trends to mitigate risks and maximize benefits of pediatric gym use.
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Svantorp-Tveiten KME, Ivarsson A, Torstveit MK, Sundgot-Borgen C, Mathisen TF, Bratland-Sanda S, Rosenvinge JH, Friborg O, Pettersen G, Sundgot-Borgen J. The Healthy Body Image Intervention and Reduction in Eating Disorder Symptomatology and Muscle Building Supplement Use in High School Students: A Study of Mediating Factors. Front Psychol 2022; 13:803654. [PMID: 35837620 PMCID: PMC9274278 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.803654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mediation analysis is important to test the theoretical framework underpinning an intervention. We therefore aimed to investigate if the healthy body image (HBI) intervention's effect on eating disorder (ED) symptomatology and use of muscle building supplements was mediated by the change in risk and protective factors for ED development and muscle building supplement use. Methods This study used data from the HBI intervention: a cluster randomized controlled universal intervention aiming to promote positive body image and embodiment and reduce the risk for ED development including 30 schools in Norway. A total of 1,713 (37% boys) participants were included in the analyses. Conditional latent growth curve analyses were performed to test for indirect effects on ED symptomatology and weekly frequency of protein and creatine supplement use measured at the 12-month follow-up via change in the proposed mediators. Results In girls, the reduction in ED symptomatology was mediated by positive changes in protective factors (self-esteem and body image flexibility) and reductions in risk factor scores (perceived media pressure and thin appearance internalization). Comparable changes in protective and risk factors among boys played no mediating role. Conclusion Interventions aiming to reduce the risk of ED development in girls may benefit from aiming to enhance self-esteem and body image flexibility and reduce perceived media pressure and thin appearance internalization. Future studies should investigate the casual relationship between muscle building supplement use and risk and protective factors for ED development in both girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- Center of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | | | - Oddgeir Friborg
- Department of Psychology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunn Pettersen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Sundgot-Borgen C, Mathisen TF, Torstveit MK, Sundgot-Borgen J. Explanations for use of dietary- and muscle enhancing dietary supplements among university students: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:17. [PMID: 35209960 PMCID: PMC8867755 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Use of dietary supplements (DS) and muscle enhancing dietary supplements (MEDS) is frequent among students despite the lack of evidence of effects and health risks related to consumption. We need to increase our understanding of students’ motivation, examine potential gender differences, and explore explanatory factors, to address preventive measures related to use. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the frequency of, and the reasons for, DS use among university students, as well as explanatory factors for use of MEDS. Method Male and female students from nine Norwegian universities participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants responded to questions about demographics, DS and MEDS use, internalization of body ideals, physical activity- and exercise level, motives for exercise, and exercise context. Independent t-test, Chi-square test, Pearson’s correlation, and logistic regression were used to investigate between group differences, associations, and explanatory factors for use, respectively. P-values ≤ 0.05 were defined as significant. Results A total of 1001 males (34%) and females, with a mean(sd) age of 24.21(4.76) years, participated. The frequency of DS use was 42% and 40% (p = .414) in males and females, respectively, in which more males than females used DS to improve physical or mental performance (p = < .001), increase muscle mass (p = < .001) and weight for health (p = .014), and improve appearance (p = < .001). In males and females, respectively, 25% and 10% used MEDS (p = < .001). In males, being a fitness center member (OR:3.80), exercising to improve muscle mass (OR:1.96), and a higher physical activity level (OR:1.09) positively explained MEDS use, while exercising to increase endurance (OR:0.49) and being an exercise science student (OR:0.47) negatively explained MEDS use. In females, internalizing the athletic body ideal (OR:1.78) and exercising to improve muscle mass (OR:1.74) positively explained MEDS use. Conclusions Our main findings indicate that a surprisingly high percentage of male and female Norwegian students use DS and MEDS, and that reasons for use, and variables explaining the variability in frequency of use, differ between genders. Longitudinal studies to investigate direction of associations are needed in future research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00510-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sundgot-Borgen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, N-0806, Oslo, Norway. .,Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | - Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
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