1
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Duddeck KA, Petersen TE, Adkins HJ, Smith AH, Hernandez S, Wenner SJ, Yao D, Chen C, Li W, Fregulia P, Larsen A, Jang YD. Dose-Dependent Effects of Supplementing a Two-Strain Bacillus subtilis Probiotic on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters, Fecal Metabolites, and Microbiome in Nursery Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:109. [PMID: 38200840 PMCID: PMC10777967 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation level of a two-strain Bacillus subtilis probiotic on growth performance, blood parameters, fecal metabolites, and microbiome in nursery pigs. A total of 54 weaned piglets were allotted to three treatments in three replicate pens with six pigs/pen for a 28 d feeding trial. The treatments were as follows: control: no probiotic supplementation; Pro1x: B. subtilis supplementation at 1.875 × 105 CFU/g diet; and Pro10x: B. subtilis supplementation at 1.875 × 106 CFU/g diet. Body weight at d 14 postweaning (p = 0.06) and average daily gain for d 0 to 14 postweaning (p < 0.05) were greater in the Pro1x treatment than in the other treatments. Blood glucose levels were greater in both probiotic treatments than in the control treatment at d 14 postweaning (p < 0.05). In the fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, the butyrate concentrations were greater in the Pro1x treatment than in the other treatments (p < 0.05), and the acetate, propionate, and total SCFA concentrations were greater in the Pro1x treatment than in the Pro10x treatment (p < 0.05). The beta diversity of fecal microbiome composition at d 14 postweaning based on Unweighted Unifrac analysis was dissimilar between the Pro1x and Pro10x treatments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary B. subtilis supplementation of two strains selected to reduce effects of pathogenic Escherichia coli to nursery diets at 1.875 × 105 CFU/g diet improved the growth rate in the early postweaning period, increased fecal SCFA concentrations and altered the fecal microbial community composition. A higher dose of B. subtilis did not improve the performance parameters over those of the control piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn A. Duddeck
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - Tiffany E. Petersen
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - Haley J. Adkins
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - Alexandra H. Smith
- The ScienceHearted Center, Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
| | - Samantha Hernandez
- The ScienceHearted Center, Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
| | - Seth J. Wenner
- The ScienceHearted Center, Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Wenli Li
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Priscila Fregulia
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Anna Larsen
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Young Dal Jang
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Pi Y, Zhang X, Wu Y, Wang Z, Bai Y, Liu X, Han D, Zhao J, Tobin I, Zhao J, Zhang G, Wang J. Alginate Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Promoting Bifidobacterium animalis and Intestinal Hyodeoxycholic Acid Synthesis in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0297922. [PMID: 36219101 PMCID: PMC9769733 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02979-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate (ALG) is known to alleviate intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease, but its mechanism of action remains elusive. In the present study, we studied the involvement of the intestinal microbiota and bile acid (BA) metabolism in ALG-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in mice. A combination of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and targeted BA metabolomic profiling was employed to investigate structural and functional differences in the colonic microbiota and BA metabolism in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice with or without dietary supplementation of ALG. We further explored the role of the intestinal microbiota as well as a selected ALG-enriched bacterium and BA in DSS-induced colitis. Dietary ALG alleviated DSS-mediated intestinal inflammation and enriched a small set of bacteria including Bifidobacterium animalis in the colon (P < 0.05). Additionally, ALG restored several bacteria carrying secondary BA-synthesizing enzymes such as 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and BA hydrolase to healthy levels in DSS-treated mice. Although a majority of BAs were suppressed by DSS, a few secondary BAs such as hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) were markedly enriched by ALG. Furthermore, ALG significantly upregulated the expression of a major BA receptor, the farnesoid X receptor, while suppressing NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Depletion of the intestinal microbiota completely abrogated the protective effect of ALG in DSS-treated mice. Similar to ALG, B. animalis and HDCA exerted a strong anti-inflammatory effect in DSS-induced colitis by downregulating inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]). Taken together, these results indicated that ALG achieves its alleviating effect on intestinal inflammation through regulation of the microbiota by enriching B. animalis to promote the biosynthesis of specific secondary BAs such as HDCA. These findings have revealed intricate interactions among the intestinal microbiota, BA metabolism, and intestinal health and further provided a novel strategy to improve intestinal health through targeted manipulation of the intestinal microbiota and BA metabolism. IMPORTANCE ALG has been shown to ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but little is known about the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory action. This study was the first to demonstrate that ALG provided a preventive effect against colitis in an intestinal microbiota-dependent manner. Furthermore, we confirmed that by selectively enriching intestinal B. animalis and secondary BA (HDCA), ALG contributed to the attenuation of DSS-induced colitis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of ALG on the attenuation of colitis and provide new approaches to IBD therapy by regulating gut microbial BA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Isabel Tobin
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Identification of Independent and Shared Metabolic Responses to High-Fiber and Antibiotic Treatments in Fecal Metabolome of Grow-Finish Pigs. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080686. [PMID: 35893254 PMCID: PMC9331191 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding high-fiber (HF) coproducts to grow–finish pigs as a cost-saving practice could compromise growth performance, while the inclusion of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) may improve it. The hindgut is a shared site of actions between fiber and AGPs. However, whether the metabolic interactions between them could occur in the digestive tract of pigs and then become detectable in feces have not been well-examined. In this study, wheat middling (WM), a HF coproduct, and bacitracin, a peptide antibiotic (AB), were fed to 128 grow–finish pigs for 98 days following a 2 × 2 factorial design, including antibiotic-free (AF) + low fiber (LF); AF + HF; AB + LF, and AB + HF, for growth and metabolic responses. The growth performance of the pigs was compromised by HF feedings but not by AB. A metabolomic analysis of fecal samples collected on day 28 of feeding showed that WM elicited comprehensive metabolic changes, especially in amino acids, fatty acids, and their microbial metabolites, while bacitracin caused selective metabolic changes, including in secondary bile acids. Limited metabolic interactions occurred between fiber and AB treatments. Moreover, the correlations between individual fecal metabolites and growth support the usage of fecal metabolome as a source of biomarkers for monitoring and predicting the metabolic performance of grow–finish pigs.
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Hutka B, Lázár B, Tóth AS, Ágg B, László SB, Makra N, Ligeti B, Scheich B, Király K, Al-Khrasani M, Szabó D, Ferdinandy P, Gyires K, Zádori ZS. The Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ketorolac Alters the Small Intestinal Microbiota and Bile Acids Without Inducing Intestinal Damage or Delaying Peristalsis in the Rat. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:664177. [PMID: 34149417 PMCID: PMC8213092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce significant damage to the small intestine, which is accompanied by changes in intestinal bacteria (dysbiosis) and bile acids. However, it is still a question of debate whether besides mucosal inflammation also other factors, such as direct antibacterial effects or delayed peristalsis, contribute to NSAID-induced dysbiosis. Here we aimed to assess whether ketorolac, an NSAID lacking direct effects on gut bacteria, has any significant impact on intestinal microbiota and bile acids in the absence of mucosal inflammation. We also addressed the possibility that ketorolac-induced bacterial and bile acid alterations are due to a delay in gastrointestinal (GI) transit. Methods: Vehicle or ketorolac (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) were given to rats by oral gavage once daily for four weeks, and the severity of mucosal inflammation was evaluated macroscopically, histologically, and by measuring the levels of inflammatory proteins and claudin-1 in the distal jejunal tissue. The luminal amount of bile acids was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, whereas the composition of microbiota by sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA. GI transit was assessed by the charcoal meal method. Results: Ketorolac up to 3 mg/kg did not cause any signs of mucosal damage to the small intestine. However, 3 mg/kg of ketorolac induced dysbiosis, which was characterized by a loss of families belonging to Firmicutes (Paenibacillaceae, Clostridiales Family XIII, Christensenellaceae) and bloom of Enterobacteriaceae. Ketorolac also changed the composition of small intestinal bile by decreasing the concentration of conjugated bile acids and by increasing the amount of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA). The level of conjugated bile acids correlated negatively with the abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae 1, Muribaculaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Burkholderiaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae. Ketorolac, under the present experimental conditions, did not change the GI transit. Conclusion: This is the first demonstration that low-dose ketorolac disturbed the delicate balance between small intestinal bacteria and bile acids, despite having no significant effect on intestinal mucosal integrity and peristalsis. Other, yet unidentified, factors may contribute to ketorolac-induced dysbiosis and bile dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hutka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadette Lázár
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András S Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Ágg
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia B László
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Makra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Ligeti
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Scheich
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornél Király
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Szabó
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klára Gyires
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán S Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Rodríguez-Hernández P, Cardador MJ, Arce L, Rodríguez-Estévez V. Analytical Tools for Disease Diagnosis in Animals via Fecal Volatilome. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:917-932. [PMID: 33180561 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1843130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Volatilome analysis is growing in attention for the diagnosis of diseases in animals and humans. In particular, volatilome analysis in fecal samples is starting to be proposed as a fast, easy and noninvasive method for disease diagnosis. Volatilome comprises volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are produced during both physiological and patho-physiological processes. Thus, VOCs from a pathological condition often differ from those of a healthy state and therefore the VOCs profile can be used in the detection of some diseases. Due to their strengths and advantages, feces are currently being used to obtain information related to health status in animals. However, they are complex samples, that can present problems for some analytical techniques and require special consideration in their use and preparation before analysis. This situation demands an effort to clarify which analytic options are currently being used in the research context to analyze the possibilities these offer, with the final objectives of contributing to develop a standardized methodology and to exploit feces potential as a diagnostic matrix. The current work reviews the studies focused on the diagnosis of animal diseases through fecal volatilome in order to evaluate the analytical methods used and their advantages and limitations. The alternatives found in the literature for sampling, storage, sample pretreatment, measurement and data treatment have been summarized, considering all the steps involved in the analytical process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M J Cardador
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - L Arce
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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6
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Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080463. [PMID: 32751572 PMCID: PMC7460413 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics and pharmacological zinc supplementation were commonly used as growth promoters for several decades in the swine industry before being limited because of public health and environmental concerns. Further, the physiological and metabolic responses associated with their growth promotion effects are unclear. To characterize these responses induced by pharmacological zinc supplementation (2500 mg/kg) and carbadox (55 mg/kg), 192 post-weaning pigs were fed basal and test diets for 43 days. Compared with basal, pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently improved growth performance. Pharmacological zinc increased gastric mucosa thickness compared with basal zinc, while carbadox increased intestinal villus:crypt ratio compared with non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently reduced interleukin (IL)-1β concentration compared with basal zinc and non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc increased IL-1RA:IL-1 ratio by 42% compared with basal zinc, while carbadox tended to increase the IL-10 and IL10:IL-12 ratio compared with non-carbadox. Carbadox increased fecal concentrations of histidine and lysine compared with non-carbadox. The independent effect of pharmacological zinc and carbadox on morphology and nutrient metabolism, and their shared effect on immunity may contribute to the additive effect on growth promotion. These results further confirmed the concept that growth promotion is multifactorial intervention. Therefore, elucidating growth-promoting effects and searching for alternatives should include wide-spectrum evaluation.
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7
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Song M, Yang Q, Zhang F, Chen L, Su H, Yang X, He H, Liu F, Zheng J, Ling M, Lai X, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao P, Shu G, Jiang Q, Wang S. Hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) suppresses intestinal epithelial cell proliferation through FXR-PI3K/AKT pathway, accompanied by alteration of bile acids metabolism profiles induced by gut bacteria. FASEB J 2020; 34:7103-7117. [PMID: 32246800 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903244r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) have been implicated in regulation of intestinal epithelial signaling and function. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) on intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and explore the underlying mechanisms. IPEC-J2 cells and weaned piglets were treated with HDCA and the contributions of cellular signaling pathways, BAs metabolism profiles and gut bacteria were assessed. In vitro, HDCA suppressed IPEC-J2 proliferation via the BAs receptor FXR but not TGR5. In addition, HDCA inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway, while knockdown of FXR or constitutive activation of AKT eliminated the inhibitory effects of HDCA, suggesting that FXR-dependent inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway was involved in HDCA-suppressed IPEC-J2 proliferation. In vivo, dietary HDCA inhibited intestinal expression of proliferative markers and PI3K/AKT pathway in weaned piglets. Meanwhile, HDCA altered the BAs metabolism profiles, with decrease in primary BA and increase in total and secondary BAs in feces, and reduction of conjugated BAs in serum. Furthermore, HDCA increased abundance of the gut bacteria associated with BAs metabolism, and thereby induced BAs profiles alternation, which might indirectly contribute to HDCA-suppressed cell proliferation. Together, HDCA suppressed intestinal epithelial cell proliferation through FXR-PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, accompanied by alteration of BAs metabolism profiles induced by gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Han Su
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haiwen He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jisong Zheng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mingfa Ling
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xumin Lai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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