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Biersack B. The Antifungal Potential of Niclosamide and Structurally Related Salicylanilides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5977. [PMID: 38892165 PMCID: PMC11172841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Human mycoses cover a diverse field of fungal diseases from skin disorders to systemic invasive infections and pose an increasing global health problem based on ineffective treatment options, the hampered development of new efficient drugs, and the emergence of resistant fungal strains. Niclosamide is currently applied for the treatment of worm infections. Its mechanisms of action, which include the suppression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (also known as mitochondrial uncoupling), among others, has led to a repurposing of this promising anthelmintic drug for the therapy of further human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and microbial infections. Given the urgent need to develop new drugs against fungal infections, the considerable antifungal properties of niclosamide are highlighted in this review. Its chemical and pharmacological properties relevant for drug development are also briefly mentioned, and the described mitochondria-targeting mechanisms of action add to the current arsenal of approved antifungal drugs. In addition, the activities of further salicylanilide-based niclosamide analogs against fungal pathogens, including agents applied in veterinary medicine for many years, are described and discussed for their feasibility as new antifungals for humans. Preliminary structure-activity relationships are determined and discussed. Various salicylanilide derivatives with antifungal activities showed increased oral bioavailabilities when compared with niclosamide. The simple synthesis of salicylanilide-based drugs also vouchsafes a broad and cost-effective availability for poorer patient groups. Pertinent literature is covered until 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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2
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Zhai C, Wang M, Jin Y, Chung HJ, Kim S, Kim HJ, Hong ST. Oral delivery of a host-directed antiviral, niclosamide, as a cholate-coated nanoformulation. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106973. [PMID: 37741586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Potentially significant drug candidates often face elimination from consideration due to the lack of an effective method for systemic delivery. The poor solubility of these candidates has posed a major obstacle for their development as oral pills or injectables. Niclosamide, a host-directed antiviral, is a good example. In this study, a nanoformulation technology that allows for the non-covalent formulation of niclosamide with cholic acids was developed. This formulation enables efficient systemic delivery through endocytosis and enterohepatic circulation of bile-acid-coated nanoparticles. The oral bioavailability of niclosamide-delivery nanoparticles (NDNs) was significantly enhanced to 38.3%, representing an eight-fold increase compared with pure niclosamide. Consequently, the plasma concentration of niclosamide for the NDN formulation reached 1179.6 ng/mL, which is 11 times higher than the therapeutic plasma level. This substantial increase in plasma level contributed to the complete resolution of clinical symptoms in animals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This nanoformulation not only provides an orally deliverable antiviral drug for SARS-CoV-2 with improved pharmaceutical bioavailability, but also offers a solution to the systemic delivery challenges faced by potentially significant drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongkai Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea; Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Centre of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, China
| | - Mingda Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Yanyan Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hea-Jong Chung
- Gwangju Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sura Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Kim
- SNJ Pharma Inc., BioLabs-LA at the Lundquist Institute for BioMedical Innovation at Harbor UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA.
| | - Seong-Tshool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
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3
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Pingale TD, Gupta GL. Acute and sub-acute toxicity study reveals no dentrimental effect of formononetin in mice upon repeated i.p. dosing. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:688-697. [PMID: 37415263 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2234026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Formononetin is a phytoestrogen which possess different pharmacological activities. The intraperitoneal route permits the identification of target organs involved in toxicity without compromising the molecule's bioavailability. The current study investigated the safety profile of intraperitoneal formononetin in Swiss albino mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS For acute toxicity study, formononetin administered intraperitoneally to mice at the doses of 5, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mg/kg for 14 days. For the subacute toxicity study, mice were intraperitoneally administered with formononetin (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg) daily for 28 days. RESULTS During the acute study, no deteriorating effect was observed on body weight, food and water intake, no behavioral changes were observed in animals. The lethal dose 50% (LD50) of formononetin was determined to be 103.6 mg/kg of BW, with a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 50 mg/kg of BW. Mortality was observed in the 300 mg/kg dose group and histopathological changes such as a mild degree of diffuse granular degeneration in the liver but for rest all doses did not have any adverse effect. In subacute study, no signs of adverse effects, mortality, no changes in body weight, food and water intake, and hematological and biochemical parameters were observed. Histopathology of subacute study indicates, formononetin did not have any noxious effect on organs. CONCLUSION Formononetin shows mortality at acute dose 300 mg/kg and LD50 at 103.6 mg/kg of BW, with a NOAEL of 50 mg/kg of BW, rest all doses for acute and sub-acute are safe when given intraperitoneally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Dayanand Pingale
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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Kauser S, Mughees M, Swami S, Wajid S. Pre-clinical toxicity assessment of Artemisia absinthium extract-loaded polymeric nanoparticles associated with their oral administration. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1196842. [PMID: 37492095 PMCID: PMC10363985 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1196842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study was designed to quantify the composition of the ethanolic extract of Artemisia absinthium through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and ensure in vivo safety of A. absinthium extract-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (ANPs) before considering their application as a drug carrier via the oral route. Methods: We synthesized N-isopropylacrylamide, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and acrylic acid crosslinked polymeric NPs by free-radical polymerization reaction and characterized them by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy. Different concentrations of extract (50 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 2,000 mg/kg body weight) were encapsulated into the hydrophobic core of polymeric micelles for the assessment of acute oral toxicity and their LD50 cut-off value as per the test procedure of OECD guideline 423. Orally administered female Wistar rats were observed for general appearance, behavioral changes, and mortality for the first 30 min, 4 h, 24 h, and then, daily once for 14 days. Result: ANPs at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight were used as an initial dose, and rats showed few short-lived signs of toxicity, with few histological alterations in the kidney and intestine. Based on these observations, the next set of rats were treated at a lower dose of 50 mg/kg and a higher dose of 2,000 mg/kg ANPs. Rats administered with 50 mg/kg ANPs remained normal throughout the study with insignificant histological disintegration; however, rats treated at 2,000 mg/kg ANPs showed some signs of toxicity followed by mortality among all three rats within 24-36 h, affecting the intestine, liver, and kidney. There were no significant differences in hematological and biochemical parameters among rats treated at 50 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg ANPs. Conclusion: We conclude that the LD50 cut-off value of these ANPs will be 500 mg/kg extract loaded in polymeric NPs.
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Panchal NK, Prince Sabina E. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): A current insight into its molecular mechanism eliciting organ toxicities. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113598. [PMID: 36608735 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that are routinely been used across the world. Their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects have all been well-documented. Moreover, they are been deliberated to have a protective role against various critical diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, the data presented by numerous studies in past have signified the adverse effects of NSAIDs due to overdosing on various systems such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, neural, etc. Despite substantial studies representing the mechanism behind the clinical risk of NSAIDs, there are very few reviews that have collated comprehensive records of various toxicities caused by overdosing on NSAIDs. As a result, we have presented a comprehensive overview of existing information on NSAIDs in this review. In addition to that, we have concentrated on presenting our understanding of various organ-based toxicities caused due to NSAID's prolonged use/overdosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Kishan Panchal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Evan Prince Sabina
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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Yang Z, Xu H, Yang Y, Duan C, Zhang P, Wang Y, Fu K, Shen Y, Xu MX. Synthesis and evaluation of naphthalene derivatives as potent STAT3 inhibitors and agents against triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2023; 197:255-267. [PMID: 36369502 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents the worst prognostic subtype of breast cancer and lacks targeted therapeutic drugs. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is overexpressed and constitutively activated in TNBCs and associated with poor patient outcomes. However, no agents targeting STAT3 have been successfully developed and marketed. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) have been reported as potential inhibitors of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Naphthalene compounds have good pharmacological activity and significant anti-cancer activity. In this study, we synthesized a new series of naphthalene derivatives with the general structure of SERM and evaluated their effects on TNBC and STAT3 signals. METHODS A new series of compounds based on the scaffold of SERMs and an amino group were designed and screened based on the structure-activity relationship by MTT assay. The binding activity of SMY002 to STAT3 was predicted and validated by docking and SPR. The STAT3 signaling target and anti-cancer effects of SMY002 were evaluated with three TNBC cell lines and the mice transplanted tumor model. RESULTS Among the compounds, SMY002 displayed the most potent activity, which could directly interact with STAT3 SH2-domain, and strongly inhibit the phosphorylation, dimerization, nuclear distribution, transcriptional activity, and target genes expression of STAT3. Furthermore, SMY002 markedly suppressed migration, invasion, survival, growth, and metastasis of TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo via down-regulating the expression of Cyclin D1 and MMP9. CONCLUSIONS SMY002 can significantly inhibit the growth and metastasis of TNBC cells by targeting the STAT3 signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Yang
- Henan International Joint Lab for Anti-Cancer Drug Design Based On Biological Target and Drug Discovery, Henan Ruida Bio-Tech Medicine Co. Ltd, Kaifeng, 475000, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Hongyun Xu
- Henan International Joint Lab for Anti-Cancer Drug Design Based On Biological Target and Drug Discovery, Henan Ruida Bio-Tech Medicine Co. Ltd, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Yupo Yang
- Henan International Joint Lab for Anti-Cancer Drug Design Based On Biological Target and Drug Discovery, Henan Ruida Bio-Tech Medicine Co. Ltd, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Chaoqun Duan
- Henan International Joint Lab for Anti-Cancer Drug Design Based On Biological Target and Drug Discovery, Henan Ruida Bio-Tech Medicine Co. Ltd, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Pai Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, 14263-0001, USA
| | - Yonghong Shen
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Marvin Xuejun Xu
- Henan International Joint Lab for Anti-Cancer Drug Design Based On Biological Target and Drug Discovery, Henan Ruida Bio-Tech Medicine Co. Ltd, Kaifeng, 475000, China.
- Translational Medical Center, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, 471009, China.
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Selvaraj S, Ram Kumar A, Ahilan T, Kesavan M, Gunasekaran S, Kumaresan S. Multi spectroscopic and computational investigations on the electronic structure of oxyclozanide. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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ÖZDEMİR KÜTAHYA Z, KANDIR S, AVCİ Ç. Oksfendazol, oksiklozanid ve oksfendazol-oksiklozanid kombinasyonunun koyun ve keçilerde biyokimyasal ve hematolojik parametreler üzerine etkileri. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.1081957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevcut araştırmada sağlıklı koyun ve keçilere oral yolla oksfendazol, oksiklozanid ve oksfendazol-oksiklozanid kombinasyon uygulamasının, farklı zamanlarda biyokimyasal ve hematolojik parametreler üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Çalışma çapraz dizaynda 6 adet sağlıklı dişi, 1-3 yaştaki İvesi koyun ve Alpin keçi üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Koyun ve keçilere oral yolla 7.5 mg/kg oksfendazol, 15 mg/kg oksiklozanid ve oksfendazol-oksiklozanid (7.5 mg/kg-15 mg/kg) kombinasyonu uygulandı. Kan örnekleri ilaç uygulamalarından önce (0.saat, kontrol) ve sonraki 8., 24., 72. saat ile 7. günde alındı. Biyokimyasal parametrelerden albümin, alkalen fosfataz, alanin aminotransferaz, aspartat aminotransferaz, kolesterol, trigliserid, total protein, kan üre nitrojen, kreatinin değerleri otoanalizatör cihazında belirlendi. Hematolojik parametrelerden alyuvar sayısı, hemoglobin, hematokrit, ortalama korpüsküler hacim, ortalama korpüsküler hemoglobin, ortalama korpüsküler hemoglobin konsantrasyonu, akyuvar sayısı, lenfosit, monosit, % granülosit, % lenfosit, % monosit ve % eritrosit dağılım genişliği değerleri kan hücresi sayım cihazında ölçüldü. İlaç grupları ve zamana bağlı olarak hematolojik ve serum biyokimya parametrelerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunamadı. Bu sonuçlar koyun ve keçilere oral yolla, 7.5 mg/kg oksfendazol ve 15 mg/kg oksiklozanid tek veya kombine olarak uygulandığında hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametrelerin fizyolojik sınırlarda olduğu ve klinik olarak anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermektedir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep ÖZDEMİR KÜTAHYA
- ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, CEYHAN VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ, KLİNİK ÖNCESİ BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, VETERİNERLİK FARMAKOLOJİ VE TOKSİKOLOJİSİ ANABİLİM DALI
| | - Sinan KANDIR
- ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, CEYHAN VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ, TEMEL BİLİMLER BÖLÜMÜ, VETERİNERLİK FİZYOLOJİSİ ANABİLİM DALI
| | - Çağrı AVCİ
- ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, CEYHAN VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ, KLİNİK ÖNCESİ BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, VETERİNERLİK VİROLOJİSİ ANABİLİM DALI
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9
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Gallagher JF, Hehir N, Mocilac P, Violin C, O’Connor BF, Aubert E, Espinosa E, Guillot B, Jelsch C. Probing the Electronic Properties and Interaction Landscapes in a Series of N-(Chlorophenyl)pyridinecarboxamides. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:3343-3358. [PMID: 35547941 PMCID: PMC9074230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A 3 × 3 isomer grid of nine N-(chlorophenyl)pyridinecarboxamides (NxxCl) is reported with physicochemical studies and single crystal structures (Nx = pyridinoyl moiety; xCl = aminochlorobenzene ring; x = para-/meta-/ortho-), as synthesized by the reaction of the substituted p-/m-/o-pyridinecarbonyl chlorides (Nx) with p-/m-/o-aminochlorobenzenes (xCl). Several of the nine NxxCl crystal structures display structural similarities with their halogenated NxxX and methylated NxxM relatives (x = p-/m-/o-substitutions; X = F, Br; M = methyl). Indeed, five of the nine NxxCl crystal structures are isomorphous with their NxxBr analogues as the NpmCl/Br, NpoCl/Br, NmoCl/NmoBr, NopCl/Br, and NooCl/Br pairs. In the NxxCl series, the favored hydrogen bonding mode is aggregation by N-H···Npyridine interactions, though amide···amide intermolecular interactions are noted in NpoCl and NmoCl. For the NoxCl triad, intramolecular N-H···Npyridine interactions influence molecular planarity, whereas NppCl·H2O (as a monohydrate) exhibits O-H···O, N-H···O1W, and O1W-H···N interactions as the primary hydrogen bonding. Analysis of chlorine-containing compounds on the CSD is noted for comparisons. The interaction environments are probed using Hirshfeld surface analysis and contact enrichment studies. The melting temperatures (T m) depend on both the lattice energy and molecular symmetry (Carnelley's rule), and the melting points can be well predicted from a linear regression of the two variables. The relationships of the T m values with the total energy, the electrostatic component, and the strongest hydrogen bond components have been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Gallagher
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 DXA0, Ireland
| | - Niall Hehir
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 DXA0, Ireland
| | - Pavle Mocilac
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 DXA0, Ireland
| | - Chloé Violin
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 DXA0, Ireland
| | | | - Emmanuel Aubert
- CRM, CNRS UMR 7036, Faculté
des Sciences et Technologies, Université
de Lorraine, BP 70239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Enrique Espinosa
- CRM, CNRS UMR 7036, Faculté
des Sciences et Technologies, Université
de Lorraine, BP 70239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Benoît Guillot
- CRM, CNRS UMR 7036, Faculté
des Sciences et Technologies, Université
de Lorraine, BP 70239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christian Jelsch
- CRM, CNRS UMR 7036, Faculté
des Sciences et Technologies, Université
de Lorraine, BP 70239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Safety assessment of MPTA: An oral acute and 90-day sub-chronic toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105188. [PMID: 35636684 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
MPTA is a novel extract product derived from Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br., which has good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute oral toxicity and 90-day sub-chronic oral toxicity of MPTA. In the acute toxicity study, 50 SD rats of both sexes were randomly divided into 5 groups and dosed in a gradient from 197.53 mg/kg to 1000.00 mg/kg bw. Toxic effects were observed up to 14 days and LD50 was calculated. In a subchronic toxicity test, male and female SD rats were orally dosed repeatedly with 96.40, 19.28, 3.86 mg/kg bw of MPTA for 90 days. In addition, a control group was set up in the subchronic study. The acute toxicity test showed that the oral LD50 of MPTA was 481.99 mg/kg with a 95% confidence interval of 404.24-574.70 mg/kg. MPTA did not appear to induce toxic effects in the longer term in terms of food and water consumption, weight gain, haematological and clinical biochemical parameters and pathological examination. The first data on the potential toxicity of MPTA was provided to highlight the safety of short-term to longer-term oral administration of MPTA, and the experimental results yield and establish a NOEAL of 96.40 mg/kg/d for MPTA.
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Mishra V, Soren AD, Yadav AK. Toxicological evaluations of betulinic acid and ursolic acid; common constituents of Houttuynia cordata used as an anthelmintic by the Naga tribes in North-east India. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Betulinic acid (BA) and ursolic acid (UA) are two major phytoconstituents of Houttuynia cordata Thunb., (Saururaceae) which is used as an anthelmintic in the traditional medicine system of the Nagas in Nagaland, India. This study evaluates their toxic potentials using rodent models (Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats) according to the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines. Acute and 28-day sub-acute oral toxicity studies were conducted, and evaluations were made based on biochemical, hematological, and histopathological observations.
Results
Acute oral toxicity study revealed the oral LD50 of both the test compounds to be > 2000 mg/kg in mice. Sub-acute administration of BA at 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) revealed a significant increase in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea concentrations and eosinophil and lymphocyte counts in rats. Animals administered with 10 mg/kg b.w. UA revealed elevated neutrophil count, SGOT, ALP, and urea concentrations, whereas white blood cells (WBC), lymphocyte, and platelet counts were found to be low. Histopathological examinations of body organs revealed alterations in the architecture of the liver, kidney, and spleen tissues. Notably, all these alterations were recoverable as evident in the satellite group, indicating a recovering pattern from the toxic effects caused by the oral administration of these phytocompounds.
Conclusion
Although UA and BA possess several therapeutic properties, their long-term usage can cause mild toxicity in their users. This study also paves way for evaluating the optimum effective and safe dose of these phytocompounds.
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Dong Z, Xing SY, Zhang JY, Zhou XZ. 14-Day Repeated Intraperitoneal Toxicity Test of Ivermectin Microemulsion Injection in Wistar Rats. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:598313. [PMID: 33392292 PMCID: PMC7772420 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.598313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the safety of ivermectin microemulsion injection, 100 Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally at 0.38 g/kg, 0.19 g/kg, and 0.1 g/kg for 14 days. The 14-day repeated toxicity test of ivermectin microemulsion injection was systematically evaluated by clinical observation, organ coefficient, hematological examination, clinical chemistry examination, and histopathological examination. The results showed that no rats died during the test. At the initial stage of treatment, the rats in the high dose group had mild clinical reaction, which disappeared after 4 days. Clinical chemistry showed that the high dose of ivermectin microemulsion could cause significant changes in ALT and LDH parameters in male rats; high and medium doses could increase the liver coefficients of male and female rats. The toxic target organ may be the liver as indicated by histopathological findings. No significant toxic injury was found in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, ovary, and testes of all groups of rats. No drug-related toxic effects were found at low doses, and thus the NOVEL of ivermectin microemulsion injection was 0.19 g/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shou-Ye Xing
- China Agricultural Vet. Bio. Biomedical Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xu-Zheng Zhou
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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Dhanraj P, Venter C, Bester MJ, Oberholzer HM. Induction of hepatic portal fibrosis, mitochondria damage, and extracellular vesicle formation in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to copper, manganese, and mercury, alone and in combination. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:182-192. [PMID: 32091299 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1731638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased anthropogenic activity and subsequent environmental exposure to heavy metals induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which increases oxidative stress and the risk of associated diseases. The aim of this study, in a subacute model of toxicity, was to investigate the effects of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and mercury (Hg) alone and in combination on the liver tissue of male Sprague-Dawley rats, exposed orally to 100 times the World Health Organization's acceptable water limits of each metal. General histological alterations as well as ultrastructural changes were investigated using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) respectively. Exposure to Cu, Mn, and Hg, alone and in combinations, caused hydropic swelling of the hepatocytes, dilation of the sinusoids, formation of binucleated hepatocytes with an increased inflammatory cell accumulation at the portal triad. Increased collagen deposition with associated fibrosis was also observed. Evaluation of hepatocyte ultrastructure revealed mitochondrial membrane damage and inner membrane swelling especially for hepatocytes exposed to Mn. Extracellular vesicle (EV) formation was observed in the liver tissue of all exposed rats. Furthermore, increased damage observed for metal combinations was possibly due to synergism. In conclusion, Cu, Mn, and Hg alone and as part of a mixture cause cellular damage, inflammation, and fibrosis increasing the risk of associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dhanraj
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Laboratory for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Megan Jean Bester
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
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