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Sun H, Dong W, He G, Long Y, He Y, Chen Y, Lin S. Excessive level of dietary insect protein negatively changed growth metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides). ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:397-407. [PMID: 38812498 PMCID: PMC11134530 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens (HI) meal is a promising substitute for fish meal (FM) in the feeds of farmed fish. However, the impacts of dietary HI meal on largemouth bass (LMB) remain unknown. In this study, we formulated three isonitrogenous and isolipid diets with 0% (HI0, control), 20% (HI20) and 40% (HI40) of FM substituted by HI meal. A total of 270 juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 10.02 ± 0.03 g were used (30 fish per tank). After an 80-day feeding trial, the fish fed with the HI40 diet demonstrated decreased growth performance and protein efficiency ratio (PER), and increased liver oxidative indices and lipid accumulation compared to the control (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis revealed the effects of high dietary HI meal on liver gene expression. Consistent with the reduced growth and disturbed liver oxidative status, the upregulated genes were enriched in the biological processes associated with protein catabolism and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; while the downregulated genes were enriched in cellular proliferation, growth, metabolism, immunity and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Differential metabolites in the liver samples were also identified by untargeted metabolomic assay. The results of joint transcriptomic-metabolomic analyses revealed that the pathways such as one carbon pool by folate, propanoate metabolism and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism were disturbed by high dietary HI meal. In summary, our data revealed the candidate genes, metabolites and biological pathways that account for the adverse effects of high HI meal diet on the growth and health of LMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenjing Dong
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guanglun He
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuanfa He
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shimei Lin
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Wamai LK, Munga LM, Osuga IM, Munguti JM, Subramanian S, Kidoido MK, Ghemoh JC, Mwendia CM, Tanga CM. Big opportunities for tiny bugs: rush to boost laying hen performance using black soldier fly larvae meal. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 117:58-72. [PMID: 38156672 PMCID: PMC10860158 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Rising feed cost challenges due to expensive conventional protein sources continue to make headlines in Africa causing drops in profit margins. We assessed the impact of insect (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus larvae meal, HILM) protein as a substitute for soybean meal and sunflower seed cake on layer chicken performance and profitability. Our results showed that apart from the growers, chicks (12.37 g/bird) and layer hens (2.02 g/bird) fed diets with 75% HILM inclusion levels had significantly higher average daily weight gain. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) varied significantly when the chicks and layer hens were provided with the HILM-based diets. For the chicks and layer hens, the lowest ADFI and FCR were observed in birds subjected to diets with 75% and 100% HILM compared to the growers fed diets with 50% HILM. Significantly higher egg production was observed for layer hens fed diets containing 75% of HILM throughout the first (87.41%) and second (83.05%) phase production cycles. Layer hens fed HILM-based diets had a 3-10% increase in egg laying percentage. There was higher profit margins when birds were fed diets containing 75% of HILM (~1.83 and 5.98 US$ per bird), which mirrored the return on investment estimated at 63.95% and 33.36% for the pullets (growers) and laying hen, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that diets with 75% HILM provided optimum growth performance, reduced feeding costs, increased weight gain and egg production as well as improved economic returns for commercial on-farm poultry production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus K Wamai
- International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Leonard M Munga
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaac M Osuga
- Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jonathan M Munguti
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 451-10230, Sagana, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael K Kidoido
- International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Janice C Ghemoh
- Centre for African Bio-Entrepreneurship (CABE), P.O. Box 25535-00603, Lavington, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles M Mwendia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Salahuddin M, Abdel-Wareth AAA, Hiramatsu K, Tomberlin JK, Luza D, Lohakare J. Flight toward Sustainability in Poultry Nutrition with Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:510. [PMID: 38338153 PMCID: PMC10854853 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), have emerged as a promising feed ingredient in broiler chicken diets, known for their high protein content, nutritional richness, and environmental sustainability. This review examines the effects of integrating BSFL into broiler feeds, focusing on aspects such as growth performance, nutrient digestibility, physiological responses, and immune health. The ability of BSFL to transform waste into valuable biomass rich in proteins and lipids underscores their efficiency and ecological benefits. Protein levels in BSFL can range from 32% to 53%, varying with growth stage and diet, offering a robust source of amino acids essential for muscle development and growth in broilers. While the chitin in BSFL poses questions regarding digestibility, the overall impact on nutrient utilization is generally favorable. The inclusion of BSFL in diets has been shown to enhance growth rates, feed efficiency, and carcass quality in broilers, with the larvae's balanced amino acid profile being particularly advantageous for muscle development. BSFL may also support gut health and immunity in broilers due to its bioactive components, potentially influencing the gut's microbial composition and enhancing nutrient absorption and overall health. Moreover, the capacity of BSFL to efficiently convert organic waste into protein highlights their role as an environmentally sustainable protein source for broiler nutrition. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to fully understand the long-term effects of BSFL, ideal inclusion rates, and the impact of varying larval diets and rearing conditions. It is crucial for poultry producers to consult nutritionists and comply with local regulations when incorporating new feed ingredients like BSFL into poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salahuddin
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan;
| | - Jeffery K. Tomberlin
- Center for Environmental Sustainability through Insect Farming, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Daylan Luza
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
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Belhadj Slimen I, Yerou H, Ben Larbi M, M’Hamdi N, Najar T. Insects as an alternative protein source for poultry nutrition: a review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1200031. [PMID: 37662983 PMCID: PMC10470001 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the most relevant scientific literature related to the use of insects as alternative protein sources in poultry diets. The black soldier fly, the housefly, the beetle, mealworms, silkworms, earthworms, crickets, and grasshoppers are in the spotlight because they have been identified as an important future source of sustainable animal proteins for poultry feeding. Insect meals meet poultry requirements in terms of nutritional value, essential amino acid composition, nutrient digestibility, and feed acceptance. Furthermore, they are enriched with antimicrobial peptides and bioactive molecules that can improve global health. Results from poultry studies suggest equivalent or enhanced growth performances and quality of end-products as compared to fish meal and soybean meal. To outline this body of knowledge, this article states established threads of research about the nutrient profiles and the digestibility of insect meals, their subsequent effects on the growth and laying performances of poultry as well as the quality of meat, carcass, and eggs. To fully exploit insect-derived products, the effects of insect bioactive molecules (antimicrobial peptides, fatty acids, and polysaccharides) were addressed. Furthermore, as edible insects are likely to take a meaningful position in the feed and food chain, the safety of their derived products needs to be ensured. Some insights into the current knowledge on the prevalence of pathogens and contaminants in edible insects were highlighted. Finally, the effect of insect farming and processing treatment on the nutritive value of insect larvae was discussed. Our overview reveals that using insects can potentially solve problems related to reliance on other food sources, without altering the growth performances and the quality of meat and eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Belhadj Slimen
- Laboratory of Materials Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Animal Sciences, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houari Yerou
- Department of Agronomic Sciences, SNV Institute, Mustapha Stambouli University, Mascara, Algeria
- Laboratory of Geo Environment and Development of Spaces, Mascara University, Mascara, Algeria
| | - Manel Ben Larbi
- Higher School of Agriculture, University of Carthage, Mateur, Tunisia
| | - Naceur M’Hamdi
- Research Laboratory of Ecosystems and Aquatic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Taha Najar
- Laboratory of Materials Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Animal Sciences, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
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Khalifah A, Abdalla S, Rageb M, Maruccio L, Ciani F, El-Sabrout K. Could Insect Products Provide a Safe and Sustainable Feed Alternative for the Poultry Industry? A Comprehensive Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091534. [PMID: 37174571 PMCID: PMC10177474 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The planet is home to more than 2000 species of edible insects, some of which have been consumed as food for many years. Recently, edible insect products have been gradually increasing in several countries, such as Italy and Egypt, as novel feed resources for humans and animals due to their availability, potential economic benefits, and high nutritive value. The insect industry can provide a new solution for livestock nutrition and offer many additional advantages, but there are obstacles to overcome, such as some nutritional organizations that forbid its usage. Nevertheless, previous research indicates that different insect species could be used safely as nutraceuticals in poultry farming to improve broiler growth performance (>3%) and layer egg production (>5%). Among these species, there are various products and extracts that can be used in poultry nutrition in a sustainable manner. This review provides an outline of insect composition, nutrient values, application in poultry feed, safety, and guidelines, and finally, the future perspectives of insects as an alternative feed source in poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Khalifah
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdalla
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Mai Rageb
- Department of Food Technology, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Lucianna Maruccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Karim El-Sabrout
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
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Quah Y, Tong SR, Bojarska J, Giller K, Tan SA, Ziora ZM, Esatbeyoglu T, Chai TT. Bioactive Peptide Discovery from Edible Insects for Potential Applications in Human Health and Agriculture. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031233. [PMID: 36770900 PMCID: PMC9921607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been fast-growing interest among researchers to discover bioactive peptides from edible insects and to evaluate their potential applications in the management of human, livestock, and plant health. This review summarizes current knowledge of insect-derived peptides and their potential role in tackling human health issues and solving agriculture problems by protecting crops and livestock against their pathogens. Numerous bioactive peptides have been identified from edible insect species, including peptides that were enzymatically liberated from insect proteins and endogenous peptides that occur naturally in insects. The peptides exhibited diverse bioactivities, encompassing antioxidant, anti-angiotensin-converting enzyme, anti-dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, anti-glucosidase, anti-lipase, anti-lipoxygenase, anti-cyclooxygenase, anti-obesity, and hepatoprotective activities. Such findings point to their potential contribution to solving human health problems related to inflammation, free radical damage, diabetes, hypertension, and liver damage, among others. Although most of the experiments were performed in vitro, evidence for the in vivo efficacy of some peptides is emerging. Evidence of the protective effects of insect-derived endogenous antimicrobial peptides in combating farm animal and plant pathogens is available. The ability of insect-derived endogenous neuropeptides to protect plants against herbivorous insects has been demonstrated as well. Nevertheless, the potency of peptides identified from insect protein hydrolysates in modulating livestock and plant health remains a knowledge gap to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Quah
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Ruo Tong
- Department of Physical Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katrin Giller
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sheri-Ann Tan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
| | - Zyta Maria Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Food Development and Food Quality, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Effects of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Oil on Growth Performance, Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Function and Microbiota of Broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Elahi U, Xu C, Wang J, Lin J, Wu SG, Zhang HJ, Qi GH. Insect meal as a feed ingredient for poultry. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:332-346. [PMID: 34991217 PMCID: PMC8831830 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortage of protein feed resources is the major challenge to the world farm animal industry. Insects are known as an alternative protein source for poultry. A wide range of insects are available for use in poultry diets. Insect larvae thrive in manure, and organic waste, and produce antimicrobial peptides to protect themselves from microbial infections, and additionally these peptides might also be functional in poultry feed. The feed containing antimicrobial peptides can improve the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, and immune function in poultry. Insect meal contains a higher amount of essential amino acids compared to conventional feedstuffs. Black soldier fly, mealworm, housefly, cricket/Grasshopper/Locust (Orthoptera), silkworm, and earthworm are the commonly used insect meals in broiler and laying hen diets. This paper summarizes the nutrient profiles of the insect meals and reviews their efficacy when included in poultry diets. Due to the differences in insect meal products, and breeds of poultry, inconsistent results were noticed among studies. The main challenge for proper utilization, and the promising prospect of insect meal in poultry diet are also addressed in the paper. To fully exploit insect meal as an alternative protein resource, and exert their functional effects, modes of action need to be understood. With the emergence of more accurate and reliable studies, insect meals will undoubtedly play more important role in poultry feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Elahi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Changchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Colombino E, Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Bellezza Oddon S, Caimi C, Gariglio M, Dabbou S, Caramori M, Battisti E, Zanet S, Ferroglio E, Cocolin L, Gasco L, Schiavone A, Capucchio MT. Effect of Insect Live Larvae as Environmental Enrichment on Poultry Gut Health: Gut Mucin Composition, Microbiota and Local Immune Response Evaluation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2819. [PMID: 34679839 PMCID: PMC8532707 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hermetia illucens (HI) and Tenebrio molitor (TM) live larvae as environmental enrichment on the mucin composition, local immune response and microbiota of broilers. A total of 180 four-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (six replicates/treatment; ten animals/replicate): (i) control (C); (ii) C+HI; (iii) C+TM. Live larvae were distributed based on 5% of the expected daily feed intake. At slaughter (39 days of age), samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum (twelve animals/diet) were submitted to mucin histochemical evaluation. Expression of MUC-2 and cytokines was evaluated by rt-qPCR in jejunum. Mucin staining intensity was not influenced by diet (p > 0.05); however, this varied depending on the intestinal segment (p < 0.001). No significant differences were recorded for IL-4, IL-6 TNF-α, MUC-2 and INF-γ gene expression in jejunum, while IL-2 was lower in the TM group compared to HI and C (p = 0.044). Caecal microbiota showed higher abundance of Clostridium, Saccharibacteria and Victivallaceae in the HI group, while Collinsella was higher in the TM group. The results suggested that live insect larvae did not impair mucin composition or local immune response, and can slightly improve caecal microbiota by enhancing a minor fraction of short chain fatty acid-producing taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Sara Bellezza Oddon
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Christian Caimi
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Marta Gariglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy;
| | - Marta Caramori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Elena Battisti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Stefania Zanet
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Ezio Ferroglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.B.); (I.F.); (S.B.O.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.T.C.)
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Li M, Wang G, Shang R, Xu Q, Zhang J, Sun R, Li L. Comparative Lipid Profile Analysis of Hermetia illucens Larvae Fed Food Waste at Different Days of Age Using an LC-MS-Based Lipidomics Approach. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6414284. [PMID: 34718646 PMCID: PMC8557848 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A lipidomics approach based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was applied to analyze the molecular-level mechanism of lipid deposition in Hermetia illucens (H. illucens) larvae fed food waste (FW) at different days of age. The H. illucens larvae reared on FW substrates generally became larger, heavier, and fatter at 5-15 d of age. A large amount of glycerolipids (GL) were deposited, while glycerophospholipids (GP), sphingolipids, and derivatized lipids became relatively less abundant during the growth stage of the larvae. Forty-three subclasses of 3,205 lipid molecules were identified in larvae, and 139 lipids (79 upregulated and 60 downregulated during larval growth and development) were identified as potential biomarkers (variable importance in projection > 1; P < 0.05). The differential lipids were mainly enriched in 19 metabolic pathways, of which 9 metabolic pathways related to lipids, including GL and GP metabolisms. The results demonstrate that the lipid composition and mechanisms changed during the growth and development stage of H. illucens larvae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work exploring the molecular-level mechanism of lipid deposition during the growth and development stage of H. illucens larvae. The findings provide novel information for determining and utilizing the nutritional value of H. illucens larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Guiying Wang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Rongsheng Shang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Qinglong Xu
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jincheng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Ran Sun
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Lusheng Li
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Hartinger K, Greinix J, Thaler N, Ebbing MA, Yacoubi N, Schedle K, Gierus M. Effect of Graded Substitution of Soybean Meal by Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal on Animal Performance, Apparent Ileal Digestibility, Gut Histology and Microbial Metabolites of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061628. [PMID: 34073019 PMCID: PMC8226787 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Soybean meal (SBM) constitutes the major protein source in European poultry production, meaning a high dependency on imports and a reduced sustainability of produced meat. To cope with this challenge, alternative protein sources are needed, and insects are considered as a novel, alternative protein source in broiler nutrition. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the replacement of 15 or 30% of crude protein (CP) from SBM with Hermetia illucens (HI) defatted larvae meal CP regarding broiler performance, carcass traits, apparent ileal CP and amino acid (AA) digestibility, intestinal morphology, and microbial metabolites. The data showed impaired performance and lower ileal CP and AA digestibility with 30% substitution of CP from SBM with HI larvae meal CP. However, lower substitution, i.e., 15% substitution of SBM CP with HI larvae meal, for broiler feeds seems possible without impairment in animal performance and digestion variables and should be pursued in the future. Abstract The usage of insects as an alternative protein source for broiler feeds may help to reduce the dependency on soybean meal (SBM) imports. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the replacement of 15 (SL15) or 30% (SL30) of crude protein (CP) from SBM with Hermetia illucens (HI) defatted larvae meal regarding broiler performance, carcass traits, apparent ileal digestibility, intestinal morphology, and microbial metabolites. Concerning the performance, body weight was similar for the control (CON) and SL15, but lower for SL30 during all feeding phases. In addition, average daily feed intake was higher in SL15 and SL30 compared to CON in the starter phase, but this effect vanished during grower and finisher phase. The apparent ileal digestibility decreased for CP and some amino acids with increasing HI larvae meal in the diet. No or marginal alterations were observed for the intestinal morphometry as well as cecal microbial metabolites. In conclusion, partial replacement of 15% SBM CP with HI larvae meal in broiler diets without impairing animal performance or health seems possible. The growth suppression with 30% CP substitution may be caused by reduced apparent ileal digestibility but could not be clearly associated with adverse effects of hindgut fermentation or altered gut morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Hartinger
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.H.); (J.G.); (N.T.); (M.A.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Julia Greinix
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.H.); (J.G.); (N.T.); (M.A.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Nathalie Thaler
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.H.); (J.G.); (N.T.); (M.A.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Marco Antonio Ebbing
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.H.); (J.G.); (N.T.); (M.A.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Nadia Yacoubi
- Evonik Operations GmbH-Nutrition and Care, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany;
| | - Karl Schedle
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.H.); (J.G.); (N.T.); (M.A.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Martin Gierus
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (K.H.); (J.G.); (N.T.); (M.A.E.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-97601
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