Dietary Eugenol Nanoemulsion Potentiated Performance of Broiler Chickens: Orchestration of Digestive Enzymes, Intestinal Barrier Functions and Cytokines Related Gene Expression With a Consequence of Attenuating the Severity of E. coli O78 Infection

Impact of liposomal hesperetin in broilers: prospects for improving performance, antioxidant potential, immunity, and resistance against Listeria monocytogenes

Liposomal encapsulated phytogenics, such as liposomal hesperetin, are considered novel substitutes for antibiotics in the broiler industry owing to their improved nutritional and therapeutic properties. Therefore, our key goal was to investigate liposomal hesperetin impact on broiler growth performance, health, antioxidant status, tight junction proteins (TJP), and resistance against Listeria monocytogenes. Four broiler groups were fed 0, 150, 250, or 400 mg/kg of liposomal hesperetin-supplemented diets and experimentally infected with L. monocytogenes strain. Herein, liposomal hesperetin, especially at higher concentrations, augmented broilers FCR with upregulation of genes encoding TJP (occludin, JAM-2, MUC-2), and antioxidant attributes (GPX-1, SOD-1, CAT, HO-1, NQO1, COX2), which reflect enhancing health and welfare of broilers. Muscle antioxidant biomarkers were enhanced; meanwhile, muscle MDA, ROS, and H2O2 levels were reduced in response to 400 mg/kg of liposomal hesperetin. Liposomal hesperetin fortification reduced L. monocytogenes loads and expression levels of its virulence-related genes (flaA, hlyA, and ami). Remarkably, histopathological alterations in intestinal and brain tissues of L. monocytogenes-infected broilers were restored post-inclusion at higher levels of liposomal hesperetin, which reflects increase of the birds' resistance to L. monocytogenes infection. Transcription levels of genes encoding cytokines/chemokines (MyD88, AVBD6, CCL20, IL-1β, IL-18), and autophagy (Bcl-2, LC3, AMPK, AKT, CHOP, Bip, p62, XBP1) were ameliorated following dietary liposomal hesperetin fortification, which suggests enhancement of the birds' immunity and health. Collectively, our research recommends liposomal hesperetin application in broiler diets owing to its promoting impact on growth performance, antioxidant status, immunity, health, and welfare besides its antibacterial, and antivirulence characteristics to fight against L. monocytogenes.

A Comprehensive Study on the Distribution of Integrons and Their Gene Cassettes in Clinical Isolates

Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health concern, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Integrons are genetic elements that could acquire and express gene cassettes, including those that confer antibiotic resistance. This comprehensive study focused on the distribution of integrons and their gene cassettes in clinical isolates. This study explored the structure and classification of integrons with particular emphasis on Class I, II, III, and IV integrons. It also discussed the role of integrons in antibiotic resistance. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance and provide valuable insights for developing strategies to combat this public health crisis.

Comprehensive efficacy of nano-formulated mixed probiotics on broiler chickens' performance and Salmonella Typhimurium challenge

The increasing recognition of the potential advantages beyond nanoencapsulation of probiotics gained great attention owing to effective properties. Hence, we provided the most in-depth look into the influence of nanoformulated multi strain probiotics; BLB-NPs comprising Bacillus subtilis ATCC19659, Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC8014 and Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC29521 on growth performance, antioxidant status and intestinal immunity supporting the defense against Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) challenge in broilers chickens. A total of 2,800 one-day-old male Ross 308 boiler chicks were divided into 7 groups; 1 control without additives, 3 probiotics [fed control diets mixed with B. subtilis, L. plantarum and B. bifidum (BLB) at concentrations of 1 × 104 (BLBI), 1 × 106 (BLBII) and 1 × 108 (BLBIII) CFU /kg diet, respectively] and 3 nanoencapsulated probiotics [fed control diets supplemented with BLB loaded nanoparticles (BLB-NPs) at concentrations of 1 × 104 (BLB-NPsI), 1 × 106 (BLB-NPsII) and 1 × 108 (BLB-NPsIII) CFU /kg diet, respectively]. All previous groups were challenged at d 22 of age with S. Typhimurium. Birds fed BLB-NPs II and III exhibited better weight gain and FCR simultaneously with upregulation in nutrients transporters genes (LAT-1, PepT-1, CAT-1 and SGLT1) even after S. Typhimurium challenge. Upregulation of immmune related genes (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MyD88, NF-kB, CCL20, CXCLi2, TLR-2, TLR-4 and SOCS1) was prominently subsided in BLB-NPsIII fed group. The strengthening ability of BLB-NPs for broilers' intestinal barriers was evidenced by augmented expression of JAM, MUC-2, occludin and FABP-2 genes, diminished S. Typhimurium counts and suppressed its virulence related genes (HilA and SopD) with restored histopathological pictures of cecum. Notably, post dietary inclusion of higher levels of BLB-NPsIII, the abundance of beneficial Biofidobacterium and Lactobacillus species was dominated over harmful E. coli ones. Birds fortified with BLB-NPs displayed potent antioxidant potential signified by boosting serum and intestinal antioxidant markers alongside reducing oxidative ones. Overall, the abovementioned positive outcomes of BLB-NPs encouraged their potential application in poultry feed to attain superior performance and elicit protective immunity against S. Typhimurium infection.

Characterization and antibacterial application of peppermint essential oil nanoemulsions in broiler

In order to mitigate the risk of antibiotic resistance in poultry, scientists nowadays consider plant secondary metabolites to be a major organic antibacterial substitute. This study aimed to characterize and investigate the in silico, in vitro, and in vivo antibacterial effects of peppermint essential oil (PEO) in the form of a nanoemulsion (NE), termed PEONE. Menthol as a major compound of PEO has been identified by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis as 32.3 %, while lower droplet size, polydispersity Index (PDI), and optimum zeta potential values depicted the stability of PEONE have been observed and validated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph image. In silico antibacterial activity was studied by molecular docking of menthol and enrofloxacin with Topoisomerase IV protein (PDB: 1s16;) of Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 and this effect was validated by in vitro and in vivo analysis. In vitro analysis, sustained release of PEONE has been observed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study for in vivo experiments (n = 90) day-old broiler chicks were distributed into 6 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 3 birds per replication. Dietary treatments included 1) Negative control (basal diet), 2) Positive control (basal diet + 200 µl enrofloxacin), 3) 25 µl PEONE + basal diet, 4) 50 µl PEONE + basal diet, 5) 75 µl PEONE + basal diet, and 6) 100 µl PEONE + basal diet. Analyzed data by different statistical tools confirmed that PEONE significantly affected body weight gain (BWG) with an improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. A significant increase in cecal Lactobacillus count and a decrease in total coliform was observed. Positive effects on physiological parameters, visceral organs, and meat quality characteristics have been observed. In conclusion, our experiments suggest that PEONE can be used in the broiler industry as a substitute for antibiotics to minimize bacterial resistance.

Innovative unified impact of magnetite iron nanoparticles and quercetin on broiler chickens: performance, antioxidant and immune defense and controlling of Clostridium perfringens infection

Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is characterized by poor performance and higher mortality rates in poultry farms. Novel dietary intervention involving bioactive molecules loaded into smart magnetized nano-system with a potent antioxidant function (quercetin-loaded Fe3O4-NPs), was evaluated for their impact on growth performance, intestinal immune and antioxidant defenses, and resistance against Clostridium perfringens in a necrotic enteritis challenge model. Four experimental groups comprising a total of 200 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were fed different diets: a control basal diet, a diet supplemented with quercetin (300 mg/kg), a diet with Fe3O4-NPs (60 mg/kg), and a diet with quercetin-loaded Fe3O4-NPs (300 mg/kg). These groups were then challenged with C. perfringens during the grower period. Dietary inclusion of quercetin-loaded Fe3O4-NPs prominently reduced C. perfringens colonization and its associated virulence genes expression, which subsequently restored the impaired growth performance and intestinal histopathological changes in challenged broilers. Quercetin-loaded Fe3O4-NPs supplemented group displayed higher Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts, upregulation of intestinal host defense antimicrobial peptides related genes (avian β-defensin 6 and 12) and downregulation of intestinal inflammatory regulated genes (Interleukin-1 beta, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8, tumor necrosis factor-α, chemokine C-C motif ligand 20, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cycloox-ygenase-2). Intestinal redox balance was boosted via upregulation of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and heme Oxygenase 1 genes along with simultaneous decrease in hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde contents in groups fed quercetin-loaded Fe3O4-NPs. Overall, new nutritional intervention with quercetin-loaded Fe3O4-NPs impacted better immune and antioxidant defenses, attenuated C. perfringens induced necrotic enteritis and contributed to better performance in the challenged birds.

Preparation and Characterization of Cumin Essential Oil Nanoemulsion (CEONE) as an Antibacterial Agent and Growth Promoter in Broilers: A Study on Efficacy, Safety, and Health Impact

This research characterized and explored the effect of cumin essential oil nanoemulsion (CEONE) on broiler growth performance, serum biochemistry, hematological parameters, and cecal microbial count. Day-old (n = 96) broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to six treatments with five replicates of three broilers each. The dietary treatments consisted of negative control (only basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 200 µL of enrofloxacin), 25 µL (basal diet + 25 µL of CEONE), 50 µL (basal diet + 50 µL of CEONE), 75 µL (basal diet + 75 µL of CEONE), and 100 µL (basal diet + 100 µL of CEONE). The broiler's body weight gain (BWG) after 42 days of treatment exhibited increased weight in the CEONE group (976.47 ± 11.82-1116.22 ± 29.04). The gain in weight was further evidenced by the beneficial microbe load (107 log) compared to the pathogenic strain. All the biochemical parameters were observed in the normal range, except for a higher level of HDL and a lower LDL value. This safety has been validated by pKCSM toxicity analysis showing a safe and highly tolerable dose of cuminaldehyde. In conclusion, this research observed the potential of CEONE as a multifunctional agent. It is a valuable candidate for further application in combating bacterial infections and enhancing animal health and growth.

Contribution of nanotechnology to greater efficiency in animal nutrition and production

Feed costs present a major burden in animal production for human consumption, representing a key opportunity for cost reduction and profit improvement. Nanotechnology offers potential to increase productivity by creating higher-quality and safer products. The feed sector has benefited from the use of nanosystems to improve the stability and bioavailability of feed ingredients. The development of nanotechnology products for feed must consider the challenges raised by biological barriers as well as regulatory requirements. While some nanotechnology-based products are already commercially available for animal production, the exponential growth and application of these products requires further research ensuring their safety and the establishment of comprehensive legislative frameworks and regulatory guidelines. Thus, this article provides an overview of the current state of the art regarding nanotechnology solutions applied in feed, as well as the risks and opportunities aimed to help researchers and livestock producers.

Impact of Nanoencapsulated Rosemary Essential Oil as a Novel Feed Additive on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality and Gene Expression of Broiler Chicken

This study evaluated the effect of free and nanoencapsulated rosemary essential oil (REO) as an antibiotic alternative in broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and gene expression. Four hundred twenty day-old commercial broiler chicks (VENCOBB) were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments, each having four replicates of fifteen chicks. The dietary treatments comprised control (CON) fed a basal diet only, AB (basal diet + 10 mg enramycin/kg), CS (basal diet + 150 mg chitosan nanoparticles/kg), REOF100 and REOF200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg free REO/kg, respectively), and REON100 and REON200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg nanoencapsulated REO/kg, respectively). Overall (7-42 d), REON200 showed the highest (p < 0.001) body weight gain (1899 g/bird) and CON had the lowest gain (1742 g/bird), while the CS, REOF100 and REOF200 groups had a similar gain, but lower than that of the AB and REON100 groups. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatments. Overall, the feed efficiency increased (p = 0.001) by 8.47% in the REON200 group and 6.21% in the AB and REON100 groups compared with the CON. Supplementation of REO improved (p < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility, with the highest values in REON100 and REON200. Ether extract, crude fiber, calcium and phosphorus digestibility values showed no difference among the groups. The dressing, breast, thigh % increased (p < 0.05) and abdominal fat % decreased (p < 0.001) more in the REON200 group than with other treatments and CON. In breast meat quality, water holding capacity and extract reserve volume increased (p < 0.05) while drip loss and cholesterol content decreased (p < 0.05) in REON100 and REON200. No change was observed in the breast meat color among dietary treatments and CON. The REON100 and REON200 groups had reduced (p < 0.05) meat lipid peroxidation as depicted by the decreased levels of TBARS, free fatty acids and peroxide value compared to other treatments and CON. The expression of the Mucin 2, PepT1 and IL-10 genes was upregulated (p < 0.001) and TNF-α downregulated (p < 0.001) by dietary addition of REO particularly in the nanoencapsulated form compared with the CON. In conclusion, nanoencapsulated REO, especially at 200 mg/kg diet, showed promising results as an antibiotic alternative in improving the performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and upregulation of growth and anti-inflammatory genes.

Effect of a microencapsulated phyto/phycogenic blend supplementation on growth performance, processing parameters, meat quality, and sensory profile in male broilers

Powered by consumer taste, value, and preferences, natural products including phytogenics and algae are increasingly and separately used in the food systems where they have been reported to improve growth performance in poultry and livestock. The present study aimed to determine the effects of a new feed additive, microencapsulated NUQO© NEX, which contains a combination of phytogenic and phycogenic, on broiler growth performance, blood chemistry, bone health, meat quality and sensory profile. Male Cobb500 chicks (n = 1,197) were fed a 3-phase feeding intervals; 1-14d starter, 15-28d grower, and 29-40d finisher. The dietary treatments included a corn-soy basal Control (CON), basal diet supplemented with NUQO© NEX at 100 g/ton from 1 to 28d then 75 g/ton from d 28 to 40 (NEX75), and basal diet supplemented with NUQO© NEX at 100 g/ton from 1 to 40d (NEX100). The NEX100 supplemented birds had 62 g more BWG increase and 2.1-point improvement in FCR compared with CON in the finisher and overall growth phase (p < 0.05), respectively. Day 40 processing body weights and carcass weights were heavier for the NEX100 supplemented birds (p < 0.05). The incidences of muscle myopathies were also higher in NEX treatments, which could be associated with the heavier weights, but the differences were not detected to be significant. The NEX75 breast filets had more yellowness than other dietary treatments (p = 0.003) and the NEX 100 treatment reduced the levels of breast filet TBARS at 7 days-post harvest (p = 0.053). Finally, both NEX treatments reduced the incidence of severe bone (tibia and femur) lesions. In conclusion, the supplementation of the phytogenic NUQO© NEX improved finisher performance parameters, whole phase FCR, processing carcass weights, and breast filet yellowness, at varying inclusion levels.

The effect of dietary eugenol nano-emulsion supplementation on growth performance, serum metabolites, redox homeostasis, immunity, and pro-inflammatory responses of growing rabbits under heat stress

Background

Heat stress (HS) is a main abiotic stress factor for the health and welfare of animals. Recently, the use of nano-emulsion essential oils exhibited a promising approach to mitigate the detrimental impacts of abiotic and biotic stresses, ultimately contributing to the global aim of sustainable livestock production.

Aim

The current study was piloted to assess the impact of eugenol nano-emulsion (EUGN) supplementation on growth performance, serum metabolites, redox homeostasis, immune response, and pro-inflammatory reactions in growing rabbits exposed to HS.

Methods

A total of 100 male weaning rabbits aged 35 days were divided into 4 treatments. Rabbits were fed the diet with EUGN at different concentrations: 0 (control group; EUGN0), 50 (EUGN50), 100 (EUGN100), and 150 (EUGN150) mg/kg diet for 8 weeks under summer conditions.

Results

Dietary EUGN levels significantly improved (p < 0.05) the body weight, body weight gain, carcass weights, and improved feed conversion ratio of rabbits. EUGN supplementation significantly increased Hb, platelets, and red blood cells , while the mean corpuscular hemoglobin and eosinophils were significantly decreased compared to the control one. Compared with EUGN0 stressed rabbits, all EUGN-experimental groups had a reduction in levels of total glycerides (p < 0.01), uric acid, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (p < 0.01). Total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase were significantly improved by EUGN treatment when compared to the control one (p < 0.01), while the EUGN100 exhibited the greatest levels of catalase. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) was significantly decreased in EUGN-treated groups. All pro-inflammatory cytokines serum interleukin 4, Interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were considerably decreased after dietary EUGN supplementation (p < 0.05). The serum concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) were significantly improved in rabbits of the EUGN150 group.

Conclusion

This study shows that EUGN can be used as a novel feed additive to enhance the growth performance, immune variables, and antioxidants, and reduce the inflammatory response of growing rabbits exposed to thermal stress.

Hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effect of Artemisia nilagirica leaf extract on E. coli challenged broiler chicken

Artemisia nilagirica is an important medicinal plant found to exhibit several medicinal properties but the use of its leaves for combating E. coli infection has not been scientifically validated in poultry. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of methanol leaf extract of A. nilagirica (ANE) on E. coli challenged broiler chickens. Three hundred and thirty, day-old broiler chickens, were divided into 6 groups of 55 each, with group EX infected intraperitoneally (I/P) with LD50 dose of 1 × 107 cfu/ml of E. coli; group(s) EA1, EA2 and EA3 infected I/P with 1 × 107 cfu/ml of E. coli and supplemented with ANE @ 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L of drinking water, respectively; group AX were only given ANE @ 2.0 g/L in the drinking water. ANE treatment was started from day 4 and was continuously given in the drinking water up to day 21. E. coli infection was given to the birds on day 7 of their age. The effect of the plant extract was evaluated on the basis of gross, microscopic and ultrastructural alterations in E. coli challenged broiler chickens. The extract of A. nilagirica was found to show antibacterial, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective properties in a dose-dependent manner on the basis of gross and microscopic examination. The methanol extract of A. nilagirica leaves revealed no toxic effect on the hepatocytes on ultrastructural evaluation. This study demonstrates the antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective activities of ANE in broiler chickens infected with E. coli organism.

Future impact of thymoquinone-loaded nanoemulsion in rabbits: prospects for enhancing growth, immunity, antioxidant potential and resistance against Pasteurella multocida

Phytochemical nanoemulsions, such as thymoquinone nanoemulsions (TQN), are regarded as innovative alternatives to antimicrobials that significantly improve the performance, digestion, antioxidant potential and immunity of rabbits. Thus, the potential effects of TQN on growth, digestibility, antioxidant potential, immunity and resistance against Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) in rabbits were assessed. Herein, 240 rabbits were offered either a basal diet or diets fortified with three TQN-graded concentrations. At 60 days of age, rabbits were challenged with multidrug-resistant (MDR) virulent P. multocida strain. Our outcomes described that dietary inclusion of TQN, especially at higher concentrations, significantly enhanced the growth performance of rabbits, which was supported by increasing the levels of jejunal lipase, amylase and trypsin enzymes. Of note, the levels of muscle and jejunal antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)], serum immunological markers (IgG, IgG, IgM and total Igs) and blood phagocytic percentage were significantly provoked after TQN fortification; meanwhile, the levels of muscle and jejunal MDA, serum biochemical parameters (total cholesterol, TG and LDL), abdominal fat percentage, breast and thigh cholesterol were significantly decreased following TQN supplementations. Our findings showed that TQN protected rabbits against P. multocida experimental challenge as evidenced by reducing P. multocida counts in rabbits' lungs, downregulating the transcription levels of P. multocida virulence-related genes (ptfA, toxA and nanB) at 48 and 96 h post-infection and ameliorating the expression levels of cytokines-related genes (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, DEFB1, TNF-α, TLR-4 and TLR-2) at 96 h post-infection. Our findings suggest the utilization of TQN in rabbits' diets due to their stimulating effects on digestibility as well as their growth-promoting, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-virulence and immunostimulant properties, which enhance the rabbits' P. multocida resistance.

Tackling strong biofilm and multi-virulent vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via natural alkaloid-based porous nanoparticles: perspective towards near future eradication

Introduction

As a growing direction, nano-based therapy has become a successful paradigm used to address the phytogenic delivery-related problems in overcoming multivirulent vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) infection.

Methods

Hence, our aim was to develop and assess a novel nanocarrier system (mesoporous silica nanoparticles, MPS-NPs) for free berberine (Free-BR) as an antimicrobial alkaloid against strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains using in vitro and in vivo mouse model.

Results and discussion

Our outcomes demonstrated vancomycin resistance in 13.7% of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains categorized as VRSA. Notably, strong biofilm formation was observed in 69.2% of VRSA strains that were all positive for icaA gene. All strong biofilm-producing VRSA strains harbored a minimum of two virulence genes comprising clfA and icaA with 44.4% of them possessing all five virulence genes (icaA, tst, clfA, hla, and pvl), and 88.9% being multi-virulent. The study findings affirmed excellent in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of BR-loaded MPS-NPs. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay displayed the downregulating role of BR-loaded MPS-NPs on strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains virulence and agr genes in both in vitro and in vivo mice models. Additionally, BR-loaded MPS-NPs supplementation has a promising role in attenuating the upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines' genes in VRSA-infected mice with attenuation in pro-apoptotic genes expression resulting in reduced VRSA-induced apoptosis. In essence, the current study recommends the future scope of using BR-loaded MPS-NPs as auspicious alternatives for antimicrobials with tremendous antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-quorum sensing (QS), and anti-virulence effectiveness against problematic strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA-associated infections.

Crisis averted: a world united against the menace of multiple drug-resistant superbugs -pioneering anti-AMR vaccines, RNA interference, nanomedicine, CRISPR-based antimicrobials, bacteriophage therapies, and clinical artificial intelligence strategies to safeguard global antimicrobial arsenal

The efficacy of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents in combating bacterial infections faces a grave peril in the form of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), an exceedingly pressing global health issue. The emergence and dissemination of drug-resistant bacteria can be attributed to the rampant overuse and misuse of antibiotics, leading to dire consequences such as organ failure and sepsis. Beyond the realm of individual health, the pervasive specter of AMR casts its ominous shadow upon the economy and society at large, resulting in protracted hospital stays, elevated medical expenditures, and diminished productivity, with particularly dire consequences for vulnerable populations. It is abundantly clear that addressing this ominous threat necessitates a concerted international endeavor encompassing the optimization of antibiotic deployment, the pursuit of novel antimicrobial compounds and therapeutic strategies, the enhancement of surveillance and monitoring of resistant bacterial strains, and the assurance of universal access to efficacious treatments. In the ongoing struggle against this encroaching menace, phage-based therapies, strategically tailored to combat AMR, offer a formidable line of defense. Furthermore, an alluring pathway forward for the development of vaccines lies in the utilization of virus-like particles (VLPs), which have demonstrated their remarkable capacity to elicit a robust immune response against bacterial infections. VLP-based vaccinations, characterized by their absence of genetic material and non-infectious nature, present a markedly safer and more stable alternative to conventional immunization protocols. Encouragingly, preclinical investigations have yielded promising results in the development of VLP vaccines targeting pivotal bacteria implicated in the AMR crisis, including Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium difficile. Notwithstanding the undeniable potential of VLP vaccines, formidable challenges persist, including the identification of suitable bacterial markers for vaccination and the formidable prospect of bacterial pathogens evolving mechanisms to thwart the immune response. Nonetheless, the prospect of VLP-based vaccines holds great promise in the relentless fight against AMR, underscoring the need for sustained research and development endeavors. In the quest to marshal more potent defenses against AMR and to pave the way for visionary innovations, cutting-edge techniques that incorporate RNA interference, nanomedicine, and the integration of artificial intelligence are currently under rigorous scrutiny.

Dietary Curcumin Modulating Effect on Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Immune-Related Response of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Imidacloprid Insecticide

Birds appear to be especially vulnerable to adverse impacts from insecticides. This is especially true for imidacloprid (IMI), which is considered the most toxic to avian species. Recently, prospective studies aimed at including natural alternative products to alleviate the toxic impact that comes from insecticides have been increased. Focusing on herbal growth promoters and antioxidative medicament for the poultry industry, this ongoing experiment was conducted to examine the curcumin role (CUR) in mitigating IMI-prompted detrimental effects on broilers' performance, immunity, and antioxidant status. A total number of one hundred and fifty commercial meat-type Ross 308 broilers chicks (one-day-old) were randomly allocated into equal five groups (30 chicks/group and 10 birds/replicate). The first group (C) was the control; the second group (CUR) was fed a diet containing CUR at the level of 450 mg/kg; the third group (IMI) was fed control diet for 14 days and then was fed a diet containing IMI at the level of 50 mg/kg; the fourth group (CUR+IMI co-treated) was fed a diet containing CUR+IMI; and the fifth group (CUR+IMI pro/co-treated) was fed a diet containing CUR for 14 days as protective and then a diet containing CUR+IMI for the rest of the trial. CUR supplementation either in the (CUR pro/co-treated) or (CUR co-treated) groups significantly (p < 0.05) improved final body weight and total body weight gain while decreasing the total feed intake and feed conversion ratio when compared to the IMI-exposed and non-treated birds. CUR induced a significant (p < 0.05) enhancement in hematological indices, phagocytosis %, phagocytic index, intracellular killing capacity, total proteins, globulin, liver function enzymes, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin-G levels compared to IMI-exposed and non-treated birds. In addition, dietary supplementation of CUR significantly (p < 0.05) modulated oxidative stress-related biomarkers in splenic tissues (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and decreased malondialdehyde levels (p < 0.05) when compared to IMI-exposed and non-treated birds. CUR significantly down-regulated mRNA levels expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TLR4 and up-regulated IL-10 mRNA expression levels in spleens of birds when compared to those exposed to IMI-and non-treated. Finally, our results provided new insight into IMI-induced immuno-toxicity in broiler chickens. Furthermore, for the first time, our study informed that CUR can cause an in vivo protective effect against IMI toxicity, principally as a protective and/or as concurrent supplementation during the exposure to IMI toxicity.

Multidrug resistant and multivirulent avian bacterial pathogens: tackling experimental leg disorders using phytobiotics and antibiotics alone or in combination

Locomotor disorders caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens denote one of the most detrimental issues that collectively threaten the poultry industry leading to pronounced economic losses across the world. Hence, searching for effective alternatives, especially those extracted from plant origins became of great priority targeting a partial or complete replacement of chemical antimicrobials to tackle their developing resistance. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella species, Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) recovered from 500 broilers and ducks (250 each) with locomotor disorders in various farms in Dakahlia and Sharkia Governorates, Egypt. Additionally, we assessed, for the first time, the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of marjoram, garlic, ginger and cinnamon essential oils (EOs) against MDR and multivirulent bacterial isolates as well as the in vivo efficiency of the most effective antibiotics and EOs either separately or in combination in the treatment of experimentally induced poultry leg disorders. The overall prevalence rates of S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella species, and M. synoviae were 54, 48, 36, and 2%, respectively. Salmonella species and S. aureus prevailed among ducks and broilers (36 and 76%, respectively). Notably, MDR was observed in 100, 91.7, 81.1, and 78.5% of M. synoviae, E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus isolates, respectively. Our in vitro results displayed that marjoram was the most forceful EO against MDR and multivirulent chicken vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) and duck S. Typhimurium isolates. The current in vivo results declared that marjoram in combination with florfenicol or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid succeeded in relieving the induced duck and chicken leg disorders caused by S. Typhimurium and VRSA, respectively. This was evidenced by improvement in the clinical and histopathological pictures with a reduction of bacterial loads in the experimental birds. Our encountered successful in vitro and in vivo synergistic effectiveness of marjoram combined with florfenicol or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid recommends their therapeutic application for leg disorders and offers opportunities for reducing the antibiotics usage in the poultry industry.

Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation

The use of nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the detection and treatment of cancer. Developments in protein engineering and materials science have led to the emergence of new nanoscale targeting techniques, which offer renewed hope for cancer patients. While several nanocarriers for medicinal purposes have been approved for human trials, only a few have been authorized for clinical use in targeting cancer cells. In this review, we analyze some of the authorized formulations and discuss the challenges of translating findings from the lab to the clinic. This study highlights the various nanocarriers and compounds that can be used for selective tumor targeting and the inherent difficulties in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology provides a promising platform for improving cancer detection and treatment in the future, but further research is needed to overcome the current limitations in clinical translation.

The ameliorative effect of bergamot oil nano-emulsion in stressed rabbit bucks: Influence on blood biochemical parameters, redox status, immunity indices, inflammation markers, semen quality, testicular changes and the expression of HSPs genes

This work explored the activities of bergamot oil nano-emulsion (NBG) in modulating blood biochemical parameters, redox status, immunity indices, inflammation markers, semen quality, testicular changes and the expression of HSPs genes in stressed rabbit bucks. Twenty-four mature rabbit bucks (5 months) were randomly divided into three groups; control group (NBG0) received 1 ml of distilled water, while the other two groups received NBG orally at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg (bw) twice a week. The present study's findings revealed that treated groups had lower values of total and direct bilirubin, triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine compared with NBG0 group (p < 0.05). NBG100 group recorded the greatest of total protein, albumin, GPx, T3 and T4 values as well as the lowest values of uric acid, MDA, and indirect bilirubin. Both treated groups showed significantly reduced 8-OhDG, Amyloid A, TLR 4, while significantly increased nitric oxide, IgA, IgM, TAC, and SOD levels. Semen characteristics such as volume, sperm count, sperm motility, normal sperm, and vitality were significantly higher in the NBG100 group compared to the NBG50 and NBG0 groups, whereas sperm abnormalities and dead sperm were significantly reduced. HSP70, HSP72, and HSPA9 gene overexpression showed that testicular integrity was maintained after buck received oral doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg of NBG. Existing findings indicate that oral administration of NBG improves heat tolerance in rabbit bucks primarily as e result of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Dietary supplemental coated essential oils and organic acids mixture improves growth performance and gut health along with reduces Salmonella load of broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis

BACKGROUND

Reducing Salmonella infection in broiler chickens by using effective and safe alternatives to antibiotics is vital to provide safer poultry meat and minimize the emergence of drug-resistant Salmonella and the spread of salmonellosis to humans. This study was to first evaluate the protective efficacy of feeding coated essential oils and organic acids mixture (EOA) on broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis, SE), and then its action mechanism was further explored.

METHODS

A total of 480 1-day-old Arbor Acres male chickens were randomly assigned into five treatments with six replicates, including non-challenged control fed with basal diet (A), SE-challenged control (B), and SE-infected birds fed a basal diet with 300 mg/kg of EOA (BL), 500 mg/kg of EOA (BM) and 800 mg/kg of EOA (BH), respectively. All birds on challenged groups were infected with Salmonella Enteritidis on d 13.  RESULTS: Feeding EOA showed a reversed ability on negative effects caused by SE infection, as evidenced by decreasing the feed conversion rate (FCR) and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) (P < 0.05), obviously decreasing intestinal and internal organs Salmonella load along with increasing cecal butyric acid-producing bacteria abundance (P < 0.05). Moreover, supplemental different levels of EOA notably up-regulated claudin-1 (CLDN-1), occludin (OCLN), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), mucin-2 (MUC-2), fatty acid binding protein-2 (FABP-2), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), myeloid differential protein-88 (MyD88) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA levels in the ileum of the infected chickens after challenge, whereas down-regulated toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Linear discriminant analysis combined effect size measurements analysis (LEfSe) showed that the relative abundance of g_Butyricicoccus, g_Anaerotruncus and g_unclassified_f_Bacillaceae significantly was enriched in infected birds given EOA. Also, phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis showed that alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids were significantly enriched in the EOA group.

CONCLUSION

Our data suggest that the essential oils and organic acids mixture can be used as an effective strategy to ameliorate and alleviate Salmonella Enteritidis infection in broilers.

Effects of embryonic thermal manipulation on the immune response to post-hatch Escherichia coli challenge in broiler chicken

Background and Aim

Thermal manipulation (TM), exposure to mild heat shock during embryogenesis, which is a critical developmental period of broiler chickens, improves tissue stability, oxidative stress response, and immune response during heat stress. Thermal manipulation could be more cost-effective than other methods to boost the immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of TM during embryogenesis, concomitant with an Escherichia coli challenge, on body weight (BW), body temperature (Tb), and splenic mRNA expression of cytokines (Interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-16, IL-18, and interferon [IFN]-γ) in poultry.

Materials and Methods

A total of 740 fertile eggs were procured from a certified Ross broiler breeder. The eggs were divided into two incubation groups: the control and TM groups. The eggs in the control group were kept at 37.8°C air temperature and 56% relative humidity (RH) during incubation; eggs of the TM group were incubated under standard conditions, except for embryonic days 10-18, during which they were incubated at 39°C and 65% RH for 18 h daily. On the 7th day of incubation, eggs with dead embryos were excluded. After hatching was complete, each group was further subdivided into saline-treated or E. coli-challenged groups. The E. coli (serotype 078 with the dose of 1.5 × 105 colony-forming unit/mL) challenge was performed when the birds were 20 days old. Body weight and Tb measurements were taken on post-hatch days 20, 21, 23, and 25. Splenic mRNA expression of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-16, IL-18, and IFN-γ) was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Following the E. coli challenge, the TM-treated group's body performance parameters (BW and Tb) were significantly increased compared with the control group. Body weight was higher in the TM group than in the control group (p < 0.05); Tb was lower in the TM group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of IL and IFN-γ were more stable and moderately induced in the TM group compared with the control group. Thermal manipulation altered the basal mRNA levels of ILs and IFN-γ and changed their expression dynamics after the E. coli challenge.

Conclusion

Thermal manipulation during embryogenesis could boost the immune system response to E. coli.

Impact of resveratrol-loaded liposomal nanocarriers on heat-stressed broiler chickens: Effects on performance, sirtuin expression, oxidative stress regulators, and muscle building factors

Climate change is considered to be the primary cause of heat stress (HS) in broiler chickens. Owing to the unique properties of extracted polyphenols, resveratrol-loaded liposomal nanoparticles (Resv-Lipo NPs) were first explored to mitigate the harmful effects of HS. The dietary role of Resv-Lipo NPs in heat-stressed birds was investigated based on their growth performance, antioxidative potential, and the expression of heat shock proteins, sirtuins, antioxidant, immune, and muscle-building related genes. A total of 250 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into five experimental groups (5 replicates/group, 10 birds/replicate) for 42 days as follows: the control group was fed a basal diet and reared in thermoneutral conditions, and the other four HS groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with Resv-Lipo NPsI, II, and III at the levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg diet, respectively. The results indicated that supplementation with Resv-Lipo NP improved the growth rate of the HS group. The Resv-Lipo NP group showed the most significant improvement in body weight gain (p &lt; 0.05) and FCR. Additionally, post-HS exposure, the groups that received Resv-Lipo NPs showed restored functions of the kidney and the liver as well as improvements in the lipid profile. The restoration occurred especially at higher levels in the Resv-Lipo NP group compared to the HS group. The elevated corticosterone and T3 and T4 hormone levels in the HS group returned to the normal range in the Resv-Lipo NPsIII group. Additionally, the HS groups supplemented with Resv-Lipo NPs showed an improvement in serum and muscle antioxidant biomarkers. The upregulation of the muscle and intestinal antioxidant-related genes (SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, NR-f2, and HO-1) and the muscle-building genes (myostatin, MyoD, and mTOR) was observed with increasing the level of Resv-Lipo NPs. Heat stress upregulated heat shock proteins (HSP) 70 and 90 gene expression, which was restored to normal levels in HS+Resv-Lipo NPsIII. Moreover, the expression of sirtuin 1, 3, and 7 (SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT7) genes was increased (p &lt; 0.05) in the liver of the HS groups that received Resv-Lipo NPs in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the HS group was restored in the HS groups that received Resv-Lipo NPs. Supplementation with Resv-Lipo NPs can mitigate the harmful impact of HS and consequently improve the performance of broiler chickens.

Liposomal Encapsulated Oregano, Cinnamon, and Clove oils Enhanced the performance, bacterial metabolites Antioxidant potential, and Intestinal microbiota of Broiler Chickens

Encapsulated phytochemicals with augmented therapeutic and nutritional characteristics have become promising alternatives to antimicrobials in the poultry industry. Hence, our key target was to explore the efficacy of liposomal encapsulation, as a novel carrier, for essential oils (LEOs) on growth, digestibility, intestinal microbiota, and bacterial metabolites of broiler chickens. Moreover, the impact of encapsulated EOs on transcription mechanisms targeting the genes encoding digestive enzymes, gut barrier functions and antioxidant potential of broiler chickens was evidenced. Four equal broiler groups were fed 4 basal diets fortified with LEOs (oregano, cinnamon, and clove) at the levels of 0, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg diet. Our findings revealed significant improvement in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds fed higher levels of LEOs. These results came concurrently with increasing the activities of digestive enzymes at both serum and molecular levels and consequently nutrient digestibility (dry matter, ether extract, crude protein, and crude fiber) in these groups. Remarkably, the abundance of beneficial bacteria as well as the bacterial metabolites (valeric acid, butyric acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, and total short-chain fatty acids) was increased, while that of pathogenic ones was reduced following dietary inclusion of LEOs. Of note, the mRNA expression of genes encoding antioxidant stability [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)] as well as barrier functions [mucin-2 (MUC-2)] and tight junction proteins, TJP [junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM-2) and occludin] were noticeably upregulated in broilers fortified with 400 mg/kg diet of LEOs. Overall, the present work recommended dietary inclusion of LEOs as beneficial additives for attaining targeted performance, gut health and antioxidant stability in poultry farming.

Dietary Supplementation with Eugenol Nanoemulsion Alleviates the Negative Effects of Experimental Coccidiosis on Broiler Chicken's Health and Growth Performance

The present study investigated the protective efficacy of dietary supplementation with clove essential oil (CEO), its main constituent eugenol (EUG), and their nanoformulated emulsions (Nano-CEO and Nano-EUG) against experimental coccidiosis in broiler chickens. To this aim, various parameters (oocyst number per gram of excreta (OPG), daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), serum concentrations of total proteins (TP), albumin (ALB), globulins (GLB), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHO) and glucose (GLU), serum activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione s-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] were compared among groups receiving CEO supplemented feed (CEO), Nano-CEO supplemented feed (Nano-CEO), EUG supplemented feed (EUG), Nano-EUG supplemented feed (Nano-EUG), diclazuril supplemented feed (standard treatment, ST), or basal diet [diseased control (d-CON) and healthy control (h-CON)), from days 1-42. Chickens of all groups, except h-CON, were challenged with mixed Eimeria spp. at 14 days of age. Coccidiosis development in d-CON was associated with impaired productivity (lower DWG and higher DFI and FCR relative to h-CON; p < 0.05) and altered serum biochemistry (decreased TP, ALB, and GLB concentrations and SOD, GST, and GPx activities relative to h-CON; p < 0.05). ST effectively controlled coccidiosis infection by significantly decreasing OPG values compared with d-CON (p < 0.05) and maintaining zootechnical and serum biochemical parameters at levels close to (DWG, FCR; p < 0.05) or not different from (DFI, TP, ALB, GLB, SOD, GST, and GPx) those of h-CON. Among the phytogenic supplemented (PS) groups, all showed decreased OPG values compared with d-CON (p < 0.05), with the lowest value being measured in Nano-EUG. All PS groups showed better values of DFI and FCR than d-CON (p < 0.05), but only in Nano-EUG were these parameters, along with DWG, not different from those of ST. Furthermore, Nano-EUG was the only PS group having all serum biochemical values not different (or even slightly improved) relative to ST and h-CON. In conclusion, the tested PS diets, especially Nano-EUG, can limit the deleterious effects of coccidiosis in broiler chickens, due to anticoccidial activity and possibly their reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, thereby representing a potential green alternative to synthetic anticoccidials.

Supplemental N-acyl homoserine lactonase alleviates intestinal disruption and improves gut microbiota in broilers challenged by Salmonella Typhimurium

BACKGROUND

Salmonella Typhimurium challenge causes a huge detriment to chicken production. N-acyl homoserine lactonase (AHLase), a quorum quenching enzyme, potentially inhibits the growth and virulence of Gram-negative bacteria. However, it is unknown whether AHLase can protect chickens against S. Typhimurium challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of AHLase on growth performance and intestinal health in broilers challenged by S. Typhimurium. A total of 240 one-day-old female crossbred broilers (817C) were randomly divided into 5 groups (6 replicates/group): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and PC group supplemented with 5, 10 or 20 U/g AHLase. All birds except those in NC were challenged with S. Typhimurium from 7 to 9 days of age. All parameters related to growth and intestinal health were determined on d 10 and 14.

RESULTS

The reductions (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) in challenged birds were alleviated by AHLase addition especially at 10 U/g. Thus, samples from NC, PC and PC plus 10 U/g AHLase group were selected for further analysis. S. Typhimurium challenge impaired (P < 0.05) intestinal morphology, elevated (P < 0.05) ileal inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-8) expression, and increased (P < 0.05) serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity on d 10. However, AHLase addition normalized these changes. Gut microbiota analysis on d 10 showed that AHLase reversed the reductions (P < 0.05) in several beneficial bacteria (e.g. Bacilli, Bacillales and Lactobacillales), along with increases (P < 0.05) in certain harmful bacteria (e.g. Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia/Shigella) in PC group. Furthermore, AHLase-induced increased beneficial bacteria and decreased harmful bacteria were basically negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the reductions of ileal IL-1β and IL-8 expression and serum DAO activity, but positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the increased BW and ADG. Functional prediction revealed that AHLase abolished S. Typhimurium-induced upregulations (P < 0.05) of certain pathogenicity-related pathways such as lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, shigellosis, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells and pathogenic Escherichia coli infection of gut microbiota.

CONCLUSIONS

Supplemental AHLase attenuated S. Typhimurium-induced growth retardation and intestinal disruption in broilers, which could be associated with the observed recovery of gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Exploring the Interactive Effects of Thymol and Thymoquinone: Moving towards an Enhanced Performance, Gross Margin, Immunity and Aeromonas sobria Resistance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Plant-derived bioactive compounds with promising nutritional and therapeutic attributes (phytogenics) are among the top priorities in the aquaculture sector. Therefore, the impact of thymol (Thy) and/or thymoquinone (ThQ) on the growth, immune response antioxidant capacity, and Aeromonas sobria (A. sobria) resistance of Nile tilapia was investigated. Four fish groups were fed a control diet and three basal diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg diet of Thy or ThQ and a blend of both Thy and ThQ at a level of 200 mg/kg diet each. At the end of the feeding trial (12 weeks), the tilapias were challenged intraperitoneally with virulent A. sobria (2.5 × 108 CFU/mL) harboring aerolysin (aero) and hemolysin (hly) genes. The results revealed that tilapias fed diets fortified with a combination of Thy and ThQ displayed significantly enhanced growth rate and feed conversion ratio. Notably, the expression of the genes encoding digestive enzymes (pepsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, α-amylase and lipase) and muscle and intestinal antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) was significantly upregulated in Thy/ThQ-fed fish. An excessive inflammatory response was subsided more prominently in the group administrated Thy/ThQ as supported by the downregulation of il-β, il-6 and il-8 genes and in contrast, the upregulation of the anti-inflammatory il-10 gene. Remarkably, dietary inclusion of Thy/ThQ augmented the expression of autophagy-related genes, whilst it downregulated that of mtor gene improving the autophagy process. Furthermore, Thy/ThQ protective effect against A. sobria was evidenced via downregulating the expression of its aero and hly virulence genes with higher fish survival rates. Overall, the current study encouraged the inclusion of Thy/ThQ in fish diets to boost their growth rates, promote digestive and antioxidant genes expression, improve their immune responses and provide defense against A. sorbia infections with great economic benefits.

Impacts of Fortifying Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Diet with Different Strains of Microalgae on Its Performance, Fillet Quality and Disease Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila Considering the Interplay between Antioxidant and Inflammatory Response

The oxidative stress facing fish during intensive production brings about diseases and mortalities that negatively influence their performance. Along with that, the increased awareness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3-PUFAs) health benefits has been triggered the introduction of alternative additives in aqua feed that cause not only modulation in fish immune response but also fortification of their fillet. In this context, the role of microalgae mix (NSS) containing Nannochloropsis oculate and Schizochytrium and Spirulina species, which were enriched with bioactive molecules, especially EPA and DHA, was assessed on Nile tilapia's performance, fillet antioxidant stability, immune response, and disease resistance. Varying levels of NSS (0.75, 1.5, and 3%) were added to Nile tilapia's diet for 12 weeks and then a challenge of fish with virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) was carried out. Results showed that groups fed NSS, especially at higher levels, showed an improved WG and FCR, which corresponded with enhanced digestive enzymes' activities. Higher T-AOC was detected in muscle tissues of NSS3.0% fed fish with remarkable reduction in ROS, H2O2, and MDA contents, which came in parallel with upregulation of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD genes. Notably, the contents of EPA and DHA in fillet were significantly increased with increasing the NSS levels. The mean log10 counts of pathogenic Vibrio and Staphylococcus species were reduced, and conversely, the populations of beneficial Lactobacillus and Bacillus species were increased more eminent after supplementation of NSS3.0% and NSS1.5%. Moreover, regulation of the immune response (lysozyme, IgM, ACH50, NO, and MPO), upregulation of IL-10, TGF-β, and IgM, and downregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α, HSP70,and COX-2 were observed following dietary higher NSS levels. After challenge, reduction in A. hydrophila counts was more prominent, especially in NSS3.0% supplemented group. Taken together, the current study encourages the incorporation of such microalgae mix in Nile tilapia's diet for targeting maximum performance, superior fillet quality, and protection against A. hydrophila.

Nigella sativa Extract Potentially Inhibited Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Induced Infection in Rabbits: Potential Immunomodulatory and Growth Promoting Properties

Simple Summary

The high incidence of stress-associated diseases post rabbit weaning results in great losses threatening the rabbit industry. The increasing emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes life threatening infections worldwide. Thus, the necessity to look inward for natural alternative treatments is now compelling. In this perspective, Nigella sativa extract (NSE) could serve as an effective antibiotic alternate source against MRSA. Herein, NSE was found to possess iin vitro antimicrobial activities against MRSA clinical isolates. Moreover, the synergistic activity between NSE and other antimicrobials was employed to overcome the MRSA resistance. Our findings added new insights for application of NSE in diets of growing rabbits as a growth promoting and an immunostimulant agent, which in turn reduced the high risk associated MRSA infections in growing rabbits.

Abstract

Weaning is the most crucial period associated with increased stress and susceptibility to diseases in rabbits. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a historic emergent pathogen related to post weaning stressors, adversely affects rabbit’s growth rate and productive cycle. Since MRSA is rapidly evolving antibiotics resistance, natural products are desperately required to tackle the public health threats posed by antimicrobial resistance. Thus, this study aimed to screen the iin vitro antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa extract (NSE) and its interactions with antibiotics against MRSA isolates. Moreover, 200 weaned rabbits were divided into 4 groups to investigate the iin vivo superiority of NSE graded levels towards growth performance, tight junction integrity, immune responsiveness and resistance against MRSA. Herein, NSE showed promising antimicrobial activities against MRSA isolates from animal (77.8%) and human (64.3%) origins. Additionally, MRSA isolates exposed to NSE became sensitive to all antimicrobials to which they were previously resistant. Our results described that the growth-promoting functions of NSE, especially at higher levels, were supported by elevated activities of digestive linked enzymes. Post-NSE feeding, rabbits’ sera mediated bactericidal activities against MRSA. Notably, upregulated expression of occludin, CLDN-1, MUC-2 and JAM-2 genes was noted post NSE supplementation with maximum transcriptional levels in 500 mg/kg NSE fed group. Our data described that NSE constitutively motivated rabbits’ immune responses and protected them against MRSA-induced experimental infection. Our results suggest the antimicrobial, growth stimulating and immunomodulation activities of NSE to maximize the capability of rabbits for disease response.

Modulatory Impacts of Multi-Strain Probiotics on Rabbits’ Growth, Nutrient Transporters, Tight Junctions and Immune System to Fight against Listeria monocytogenes Infection

Simple Summary

Weaning is a crucial period associated with great stress and susceptibility to infection, implying adverse impacts on farmed rabbits’ production. Recently, probiotics have been provided as direct microbial feed supplements, which are considered the ideal antibiotic substitutes during pathogenic infections with an emphasis on promoting rabbits’ growth and modulating their immune functions. Therefore, our experiment was carried out to explore the efficacy of multi-strain probiotics (MSP) on rabbits’ growth, molecular aspects, such as nutrients transporters, cytokines, and intestinal integrity, and effectiveness against Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) infection. Altogether, our findings proposed the beneficial consequences of MSP on rabbits’ growth, gut health, and immunity. After post-experimental infection of rabbits with L. monocytogenes, administration of MSP during the whole rearing period greatly reduced the detrimental impact of infection and consequently renovated efficient rabbits’ production.

Abstract

Multi-strain probiotics (MSP) are considered innovative antibiotics’ substitutes supporting superior gut health and immunity of farmed rabbits. The promising roles of MSP on performance, intestinal immunity, integrity and transporters, and resistance against Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) were evaluated. In the feeding trial, 220 rabbits were fed a control diet or diet supplemented with three MSP graded levels. At 60 days of age, rabbits were experimentally infected with L. monocytogenes and the positive control, enrofloxacin, prophylactic MSP (MSPP), and prophylactic and therapeutic MSP (MSPTT) groups were included. During the growing period, MSP at the level of 1 × 10⁸ CFU/kg diet (MSPIII) promoted the rabbits’ growth, upregulated the nutrient transporters and tight-junction-related genes, and modified cytokines expression. Supplementing MSPTT for L. monocytogenes experimentally-infected rabbits restored the impaired growth and intestinal barriers, reduced clinical signs of severity and mortalities, and attenuated the excessive inflammatory reactions. Notably, enrofloxacin decreased L. monocytogenes and beneficial microbial loads; unlike MSPTT, which decreased pathogenic bacterial loads and sustained the beneficial ones. Histopathological changes were greatly reduced in MSPTT, confirming its promising role in restricting L. monocytogenes translocation to different organs. Therefore, our results suggest the use of MSPTT as an alternative to antibiotics, thereby conferring protection for rabbits against L. monocytogenes infection.

Insights into growth-promoting, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, and antibacterial activities of Toldin CRD as a novel phytobiotic in broiler chickens experimentally infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) leads to impaired broiler growth performance and significant economic losses worldwide. The utilization of essential oils (EOs) as natural alternatives to antibiotics to control CRD outbreaks is not completely clarified yet. Thus, we investigated the effect of a commercial EOs mixture (toldin CRD), in comparison to tilmicosin antibiotic, on the clinical observations, growth performance, immunity, digestive enzymes, gut barrier functions, and bacterial loads in broilers experimentally infected with MG. A total of 400 one-day-old broiler chicks were assigned into four groups; negative control (NC), positive control (PC), tilmicosin, and toldin CRD treated groups. All groups except NC were experimentally infected with MG at 14 d of age. Our data showed that birds treated with toldin CRD showed significant enhancement in the body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.001 each) over the whole experimental period. Likely, improved digestibility and intestinal barrier functions in the toldin CRD treated group was evidenced by the significant upregulation (P < 0.05) of cholecystokinin (CCK), alpha 2A amylase (AMY2A), pancreatic lipase (PNLIP), junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM-2), occludin, and mucin-2 (MUC-2) genes. Moreover, toldin CRD exhibited immunostimulant and ant-inflammatory activities via significant downregulation (P < 0.05) of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 genes, significant reduction of lysozyme (LYZ), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) levels (P = 0.03, 0.02, and 0.001, respectively) and significant increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) level (P = 0.03). Notably, immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed prominent reductions (P < 0.05) in the levels of MG antigens and MG loads in the toldin CRD treated group, which were evidenced by relieving the clinical picture of MG experimental infection. In conclusion, we recommend the utilization of toldin CRD as a potential candidate for controlling MG infection in broiler chickens.