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Török E, Zieger S, Rosenthal J, Földesi R, Gallé R, Tscharntke T, Batáry P. Organic farming supports lower pest infestation, but fewer natural enemies than flower strips. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edina Török
- “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology Institute of Ecology and BotanyCentre for Ecological Research Alkotmány Hungary
| | - Sinja Zieger
- Agroecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Rita Földesi
- Agroecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
- Agroecology and Organic Farming University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Róbert Gallé
- “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology Institute of Ecology and BotanyCentre for Ecological Research Alkotmány Hungary
| | | | - Péter Batáry
- “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology Institute of Ecology and BotanyCentre for Ecological Research Alkotmány Hungary
- Agroecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
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2
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Carreras Navarro E, Lam SK, Trębicki P. Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Impact Wheat and Its Aphid Pest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:605337. [PMID: 33335537 PMCID: PMC7736075 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.605337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) generally increases wheat biomass and grain yield but decreases its nutritional value. This, in turn, can alter the metabolic rates, development, and performance of insect pests feeding on the crop. However, it is unclear how elevated CO2 (eCO2) and nitrogen (N) input affect insect pest biology through changes in wheat growth and tissue N content. We investigated the effect of three different N application rates (low, medium, and high) and two CO2 levels (ambient and elevated) on wheat growth and quality and the development and performance of the bird cherry-oat aphid, a major cereal pest worldwide, under controlled environmental conditions. We found that eCO2 significantly decreased total aphid fecundity and wheat N content by 22 and 39%, respectively, when compared to ambient CO2 (aCO2). Greater N application significantly increased total aphid fecundity and plant N content but did not offset the effects of eCO2. Our findings provide important information on aphid threats under future CO2 conditions, as the heavy infestation of the bird cherry-oat aphid is detrimental to wheat grain yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Carreras Navarro
- Agriculture Victoria, Horsham, VIC, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shu Kee Lam
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Piotr Trębicki
- Agriculture Victoria, Horsham, VIC, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Wilson BE, Reay-Jones FPF, Lama L, Mulcahy M, Reagan TE, Davis JA, Yang Y, Wilson LT. Influence of Sorghum Cultivar, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Insecticides on Infestations of the Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the Southern United States. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1850-1857. [PMID: 32515791 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner, is an economically damaging pest of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.), across the southern United States. Field experiments investigated impacts of sorghum cultivar, nitrogen fertilization, and insecticides on M. sacchari infestations and sorghum yields in Louisiana and South Carolina in 2017 and 2018. In South Carolina, M. sacchari densities in unprotected plots peaked on 30-31 July of both years before declining by early- to mid-August. In Louisiana, infestations peaked on 26 and 12 July for 2017 and 2018, respectively, and declined by mid-August. Nitrogen fertilization influenced M. sacchari densities in Louisiana in 2018 with the highest-level infestations recorded from plots that received high N rates. Densities of M. sacchari on susceptible sorghum cultivar, DKS 38-88, were 1.5- to 2.3-fold greater than on DKS 37-07 in both years in Louisiana and in 2018 in South Carolina. Nitrogen fertilization was associated with improved sorghum yields in Louisiana experiments. Sorghum yields across experiments were 2- to 4-fold greater in plots protected with multiple insecticide applications than in unprotected plots. Yield from plots with insecticides sprayed once at currently used action thresholds differed from unprotected plots only in the 2018 Louisiana experiment. Results from these experiments indicate insecticidal protection of susceptible sorghum cultivars remains critical throughout much of the southern United States. Further research is needed to develop integrated management programs that incorporate fertilization manipulation, cultivar resistance, and insecticidal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Wilson
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Sugarcane Research Station, St. Gabriel, LA
| | - F P F Reay-Jones
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC
| | - L Lama
- Pest Management Enterprises, Inc., Cheneyville, LA
| | - M Mulcahy
- Lousiana State University, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - T E Reagan
- Lousiana State University, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - J A Davis
- Lousiana State University, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Y Yang
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beaumont Research Center, Beaumont, TX
| | - L T Wilson
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beaumont Research Center, Beaumont, TX
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Rhodes SA, Turnbull MW, Chong JH. Nitrogen Fertilization of Host Plant Influenced the Nutritional Status and Life History of the Madeira Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:1129-1137. [PMID: 31237613 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores, especially sap-feeders, are sensitive to host-plant nitrogen quantity. However, past studies present contradicting results on sap-feeder life history traits influenced by plant nitrogen supplementation. This study analyzed the bottom-up effects of below-recommended nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 0.021, 0.048, and 0.091 g N/liter) on life history and total protein and lipid contents of a significant pest species, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (the Madeira mealybug) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Developmental durations and survivorship from egg to adulthood of male and female mealybugs were similar across nitrogen fertilization levels. Females reared on plants fertilized at 0.021, 0.048, and 0.091 g N/liter produced, respectively, 152, 142, and 67% more eggs than females reared on unfertilized plants. Finite and intrinsic rates of increase and net reproductive rates of females were similar among the nitrogen fertilization levels, whereas the generation times of females from fertilized plants were significantly shorter than those from the unfertilized plants. Lipid contents of adult females and eggs, and average adult female protein content were similar across the nitrogen treatments. Average egg protein content increased with increasing host-plant fertilization rate. These results suggest that the response of the female Madeira mealybug to nitrogen fertilization is complex and may involve trade-offs and nutrient re-allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W Turnbull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Juang Horng Chong
- Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC
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Foyer CH, Rasool B, Davey JW, Hancock RD. Cross-tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants: a focus on resistance to aphid infestation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2025-37. [PMID: 26936830 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants co-evolved with an enormous variety of microbial pathogens and insect herbivores under daily and seasonal variations in abiotic environmental conditions. Hence, plant cells display a high capacity to respond to diverse stresses through a flexible and finely balanced response network that involves components such as reduction-oxidation (redox) signalling pathways, stress hormones and growth regulators, as well as calcium and protein kinase cascades. Biotic and abiotic stress responses use common signals, pathways and triggers leading to cross-tolerance phenomena, whereby exposure to one type of stress can activate plant responses that facilitate tolerance to several different types of stress. While the acclimation mechanisms and adaptive responses that facilitate responses to single biotic and abiotic stresses have been extensively characterized, relatively little information is available on the dynamic aspects of combined biotic/abiotic stress response. In this review, we consider how the abiotic environment influences plant responses to attack by phloem-feeding aphids. Unravelling the signalling cascades that underpin cross-tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses will allow the identification of new targets for increasing environmental resilience in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Brwa Rasool
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jack W Davey
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Robert D Hancock
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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Comadira G, Rasool B, Karpinska B, Morris J, Verrall SR, Hedley PE, Foyer CH, Hancock RD. Nitrogen deficiency in barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings induces molecular and metabolic adjustments that trigger aphid resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3639-55. [PMID: 26038307 PMCID: PMC4463806 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural nitrous oxide (N2O) pollution resulting from the use of synthetic fertilizers represents a significant contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, providing a rationale for reduced use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Nitrogen limitation results in extensive systems rebalancing that remodels metabolism and defence processes. To analyse the regulation underpinning these responses, barley (Horedeum vulgare) seedlings were grown for 7 d under N-deficient conditions until net photosynthesis was 50% lower than in N-replete controls. Although shoot growth was decreased there was no evidence for the induction of oxidative stress despite lower total concentrations of N-containing antioxidants. Nitrogen-deficient barley leaves were rich in amino acids, sugars and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. In contrast to N-replete leaves one-day-old nymphs of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) failed to reach adulthood when transferred to N-deficient barley leaves. Transcripts encoding cell, sugar and nutrient signalling, protein degradation and secondary metabolism were over-represented in N-deficient leaves while those associated with hormone metabolism were similar under both nutrient regimes with the exception of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in auxin metabolism and responses. Significant similarities were observed between the N-limited barley leaf transcriptome and that of aphid-infested Arabidopsis leaves. These findings not only highlight significant similarities between biotic and abiotic stress signalling cascades but also identify potential targets for increasing aphid resistance with implications for the development of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Comadira
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Brwa Rasool
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Barbara Karpinska
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jenny Morris
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | | | - Peter E Hedley
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Mahdavi-Arab N, Meyer ST, Mehrparvar M, Weisser WW. Complex effects of fertilization on plant and herbivore performance in the presence of a plant competitor and activated carbon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103731. [PMID: 25078980 PMCID: PMC4117570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions are influenced by host plant quality which in turn is affected by plant growth conditions. Competition is the major biotic and nutrient availability a major abiotic component of a plant's growth environment. Yet, surprisingly few studies have investigated impacts of competition and nutrient availability on herbivore performance and reciprocal herbivore effects on plants. We studied growth of the specialist aphid, Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria, and its host plant tansy, Tanacetum vulgare, under experimental addition of inorganic and organic fertilizer crossed with competition by goldenrod, Solidago canadensis. Because of evidence that competition by goldenrod is mediated by allelopathic compounds, we also added a treatment with activated carbon. Results showed that fertilization increased, and competition with goldenrod decreased, plant biomass, but this was likely mediated by resource competition. There was no evidence from the activated carbon treatment that allelopathy played a role which instead had a fertilizing effect. Aphid performance increased with higher plant biomass and depended on plant growth conditions, with fertilization and AC increasing, and plant competition decreasing aphid numbers. Feedbacks of aphids on plant performance interacted with plant growth conditions in complex ways depending on the relative magnitude of the effects on plant biomass and aphid numbers. In the basic fertilization treatment, tansy plants profited from increased nutrient availability by accumulating more biomass than they lost due to an increased number of aphids under fertilization. When adding additional fertilizer, aphid numbers increased so high that tansy plants suffered and showed reduced biomass compared with controls without aphids. Thus, the ecological cost of an infestation with aphids depends on the balance of effects of growth conditions on plant and herbivore performance. These results emphasize the importance to investigate both perspectives in plant herbivore interactions and characterize the effects of growth conditions on plant and herbivore performance and their respective feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Mahdavi-Arab
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian T. Meyer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohsen Mehrparvar
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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