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Ashour EA, Kamal M, Altaie HAA, Swelum AA, Suliman GM, Tellez-Isaias G, El-Hack MEA. Effect of different energy, protein levels and their interaction on productive performance, egg quality, digestibility coefficient of laying Japanese quails. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103170. [PMID: 37980736 PMCID: PMC10684811 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
For the evaluation of the effects of various quantities of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) (kcal/kg diet) in Japanese quail lay chicken meals on performance, digestion coefficients, and nutritional value. An experiment was undertaken in the summer season; 216 eight-wk-old Japanese quail laying hens were allocated at random to 1 of 9 groups in a factorial design (3 × 3) experiment involving 3 levels of CP (18, 20, and 22%) plus 3 levels of ME (2,800, 2,900, or 3,000 kcal/kg ME diet). The testing period lasted from 8 to 20 wk. The findings demonstrated that the relationship between protein and energy levels significantly impacted all productive outcomes except the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01). Throughout the overall period 8 to 20 wk of age, the greatest measurements of egg weight (11.9 g) and egg mass (8.33 g) occurred in hens fed 20% CP with 2,900 kcal/kg diet, yet the lowest values of egg weight (11.2 g) and egg mass (6.72 g) were noticed in hens fed 22% CP with 2,900 kcal/kg diet. The data showed that the combination of dietary energy and protein levels had a substantial (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) effect on all egg quality trials evaluated. The results indicated that the interaction between dietary energy and protein concentrations substantially impacted DM and EE digestion ratios (P < 0.01). Finally, when feeding layer Japanese quail between the ages of 8 and 20 wk during the summer, a dietary energy content of 2,900 kcal ME/kg with 20% CP is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwy A Ashour
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Kamal
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hayman A A Altaie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, College of Medical Technology, Al-kitab University, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin M Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
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Ismail MAE, Attia AI, Mohamed LA, Alagawany M. Effect of varying dietary Azolla levels on growth, carcass characteristics, blood biochemical parameters and digestive enzymes of growing Egyptian geese. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3441-3448. [PMID: 36520017 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2154224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to determine the influence of dietary levels of Azolla on growth performance, blood parameters and digestive enzymes of growing geese. At 4 weeks old, 120 Egyptian goslings were randomly distributed to 4 groups, 30 to each group. Geese were fed four levels of Azolla (0, 4, 8 and 16%) during the experimental period (4-12 weeks of age). No significant differences were noticed among the experimental groups on growth parameters except body weight gain (BWG) during 4-8 wk of age and feed intake (FI) at 8-12 wk of age. Plasma total protein (TP), globulin, total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly increased by 8% Azolla level. However, urea level was significantly decreased in geese fed on 8% and 16% Azolla levels compared to 4% level and control group. Super oxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), immunoglobulin (IgG), and lysozyme were significantly reduced by all dietary Azolla levels supplementation. Digestive enzymes were statistically affected by Azolla levels. It can be concluded that use of Azolla in Egyptian geese diets at 8 and 16% achieved positive effects on growth performance and most of blood biochemical parameters during the fattening period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A E Ismail
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Adel I Attia
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Laila A Mohamed
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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El-Kholy MS, Ashour EA, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Mekkawy MM, Farag MR, Alagawany M. Effect of dietary modulation of fiber and fat level on liver and kidney functions, lipid profile, antioxidant and immune parameters in growing Egyptian geese. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1603-1611. [PMID: 35209799 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2043884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Determining the optimal requirements from dietary fiber and fat for Egyptian geese is a matter of great concern regarding health, production and growth. Therefore, the current study estimated the effects of different dietary fiber and fat levels on functions of liver and kidney, lipid profile, immunity and antioxidant measurements of the growing Egyptian geese. 150 Egyptian goslings (4 weeks old), with almost the same body weights were randomly allocated into 6 groups (25 goslings/group). All groups were subdivided into five replicates, each replicate contains five geese. Liver and kidney functions, immunity and antioxidant parameters were not significantly affected the different studied levels of fiber and fat or by their interaction. Various levels of fiber significantly affected total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol in a concentration-dependent manner and the lowest the lipid profile values were obtained at 12%. In conclusion, the present findings show that use of dietary fiber up to 12% and 5% dietary fat showed no detrimental effects on the immune status and general health of geese and resulted in the preferable lipid profile. This experiment provides a base for further study about the optimal requirements from dietary fiber and fat for the growing Egyptian geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S El-Kholy
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Elwy A Ashour
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mayada R Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Ashour EA, Alabdali AY, Aldhalmi AK, Taha AE, Swelum AA, Abd El-Hack ME. Impacts of varying dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth, carcase traits and digestibility coefficients of growing Japanese quail ( Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) during the summer season. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2118625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elwy A. Ashour
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Aya Y.M. Alabdali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Mashreq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed K. Aldhalmi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Mashreq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ayman E. Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Liang Y, Zheng X, Wang J, Yang H, Wang Z. Different amino acid supplementation patterns in low-protein diets on growth performance and nitrogen metabolism of goslings from 1 to 28 days of age. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102395. [PMID: 36571878 PMCID: PMC9803941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation aimed to explore the suitable amino acid (AA) supplementation pattern for goslings under low-protein diets. A total of 364 1-day-old male goslings were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups, with 7 pens containing 13 goslings each. The 4 groups were control (CP, 18.55%), LPM (CP, 15.55% + major AA), LPA (CP, 15.55% + all AA), and LPR (CP, 15.55% + AA content reduced proportionally to the control's CP). The corn-soybean meal diets are formulated according to the ideal AA model of goose and its nutritional requirements. The results indicated that the ADG and BW were the lowest, and the F: G was the highest in LPR (P < 0.05); the other three groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The ADFI and mortality were not different among all the groups (P > 0.05). Among the AA content in serum and breast muscle, lysine in serum significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). The UREA content was approximately 2-fold higher in the LPR group than in the LPM and LPA groups (P < 0.05). No difference in IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE levels was observed among the groups (P > 0.05). The nitrogen excretion was decreased in LPM and LPA compared to the control and LPR (P < 0.05). Nitrogen deposition did not differ among groups (P > 0.05). Nitrogen utilization was highest in the LPA and LPM groups, followed by the control group and LPR (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the patterns of supplementation of major AA and all AA in low-protein diets (CP, 15.55%) had no adverse effect on the growth performance compared with the control (CP, 18.55%) of the goslings. Besides, the two patterns could decrease nitrogen excretion and increase nitrogen utilization. Furthermore, from the perspective of dietary cost and environmental protection, the pattern of supplementing major AA in a corn-soybean meal low-protein diet is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.Q. Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - X.C. Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - J. Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province 225300, PR China
| | - H.M. Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China
| | - Z.Y. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, PR China,Corresponding author:
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El-Hack MEA, El-Kholy MS, Ashour EA, Mahgoub S, Mohamed AMT, Alagawany M. Growth, carcass, digestive enzymes, intestinal microbiota and economics in growing Egyptian geese as affected by dietary fiber and fat levels. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2022; 33:785-806. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Abou-Kassem DE, El-Abasy MM, Al-Harbi MS, Abol-Ela S, Salem HM, El-Tahan AM, El-Saadony MT, Abd El-Hack ME, Ashour EA. Influences of total sulfur amino acids and photoperiod on growth, carcass traits, blood parameters, meat quality and cecal microbial load of broilers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1683-1693. [PMID: 35280544 PMCID: PMC8913420 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to discuss the impact of total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) %, photoperiod, and their interaction on growth performance, carcass and blood indices of broiler chicks. A total of 300 unsexed IR broiler chicks one-week old were used in a factorial arrangement (2 × 3), including two photoperiod systems (22 L: 2 D and 16 L: 8 D) and three experimental rations having three grades of Met + Cyst (TSAA) (70%, 85% and 100% of digestible lysine in starter and finisher diets). Results revealed that the higher LBW and BWG were noticed in birds given TSAA at grades of 1.1 or 0.90 % under 22L: 2D photoperiod at five weeks of age and the whole experimental period (1–5 weeks of age), respectively. The highest live body weight (LBW (and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded in birds received 1.1% TSAA under the long photoperiod compared to the control and the other groups. Birds fed 1.3% TSAA consumed more feed than the other groups. The opposite was found in birds fed 1.1% TSAA under the short photoperiod (16L: 8D). The best feed conversion (FCR) was detected by birds fed 1.1% and 0.90% TSAA diets during the whole experimental period. All carcass traits studied were significantly influenced by TSAA levels, except for the relative weights of abdominal fat and spleen. The interaction effect on was significant on all carcass traits except spleen %. In conclusion, the addition of TSAA at level 1.1 and 0.9 % to starter and finisher diets under a long photoperiod regime improved broiler’s performance, carcass traits, and blood parameters studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa E. Abou-Kassem
- Animal and Poultry Production Technology Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. El-Abasy
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Muhammad S. Al-Harbi
- Department of chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944. Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah Abol-Ela
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Heba M. Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Egypt
| | - Amira M. El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, SRTA-City. Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Elwy A. Ashour
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Mirzaei M, Bouyeh M, Zahedi A, Seidavi A, Khan RU, Tufarelli V, Laudadio V, Abd El‐Hack ME, Ragni M, Taha AE, Swelum AA. Influence of dietary L-carnitine and lysine-methionine levels on reproductive performance and blood metabolic constituents of breeder ducks. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:253-261. [PMID: 34787945 PMCID: PMC9299044 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation of different levels of L-carnitine and/or lysine-methionine (Lys-Met) on reproductive performance of breeder ducks. Three L-carnitine (0, 75 and 150 mg/kg) and three lysine-methionine (100%, 110% and 120% above the NRC (Nutrient requirements of poultry, 1994, National Academy Press) recommendations) levels were fed to 180 breeder ducks (144 females and 36 males) in a completely randomized design for 49 days. Laying performance and reproductive traits were evaluated; additionally, uric acid, total protein total, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were assessed. The Lys-Met above 100% NRC (Nutrient requirements of poultry, 1994, National Academy Press) recommendations with or without L-carnitine improved feed utilization (p < .05). Furthermore, Lys-Met above 100% recommendations without L-carnitine improved egg fertility and hatchability. Fertility and hatchability improved in breeders fed on L-carnitine with 120% Lys-Met (p < .05). Serum glucose increased and total cholesterol reduced on 100% Ly-Met without L-carnitine or 110% Ly-Met with 150 mg L-carnitine (p < .05). Glucose was reduced, while total cholesterol increased on 75 mg L-carnitine and 100% Lys-Met (p < .05). Increasing Lys-Met without L-carnitine reduced serum protein (p < .05). Albumin and ALT increased on 75 mg L-carnitine-100% Lys-Met and reduced on 150 mg L-carnitine-120% Lys-Met (p < .05). There were no interaction effects on globulin, uric acid and AST (p > .05). Thus, based on findings, breeder ducks responded to dietary Lys-Met more efficiently than L-carnitine; however, more research is needed to evaluate also economic aspects related to L-carnitine dietary supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mirzaei
- Department of Animal ScienceRasht BranchIslamic Azad UniversityRashtIran
| | - Mehrdad Bouyeh
- Department of Animal ScienceRasht BranchIslamic Azad UniversityRashtIran
| | - Afshin Zahedi
- Department of Veterinary ScienceRasht BranchIslamic Azad UniversityRashtIran
| | - Alireza Seidavi
- Department of Animal ScienceRasht BranchIslamic Azad UniversityRashtIran
| | - Rifat Ullah Khan
- College of Veterinary SciencesFaculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary SciencesThe University of AgriculturePeshawarPakistan
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal ProductionDepartment of DETOUniversity of Bari 'Aldo Moro'Valenzano, BariItaly
| | - Vito Laudadio
- Section of Veterinary Science and Animal ProductionDepartment of DETOUniversity of Bari 'Aldo Moro'Valenzano, BariItaly
| | | | - Marco Ragni
- Department of Agro‐Environmental and Territorial SciencesUniversity of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’BariItaly
| | - Ayman E. Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth DevelopmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineAlexandria UniversityEdfinaEgypt
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of TheriogenologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig UniversitySharkiaEgypt
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Alagawany M, Ashour EA, El-Kholy MS, Mohamed LA, Abd El-Hack ME. Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on growth, carcass characteristics and liver and kidney functions of growing Egyptian geese. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101244. [PMID: 34217905 PMCID: PMC8256282 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of different dietary levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (P) on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood components of growing geese. A total of 120, 4-wk-old Egyptian goslings with similar body weights were randomly distributed to four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, which included 2 levels of Ca (0.85% and 0.70%) and 2 levels of non-phytate P (0.45% and 0.35%). Each group was subdivided into 6 replicates of five birds. The experiment lasted 8 wk, from 4 to 12 wk of age. Results show that dietary Ca level had no significant effect on any of the studied growth performance traits over the full experimental period. Dietary P level also had no significant impact on these traits, with the exception of daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio at 8 to 12 wk of age; these improved significantly with the low P diet. Geese received a diet containing 0.70% Ca + 0.45% P had the lowest body weight values at 12 wk of age and the lowest daily body weight gain, and feed intake at 8 to 12 weeks of age. While, the lowest value of feed conversion ratio was recorded in geese fed low level of Ca with low level of P (0.70% Ca + 0.35% P). There were no significant effects of the different dietary levels of Ca, P, or their interaction on all studied carcass parameters. Low dietary Ca level significantly increased the plasma levels of total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and creatinine and significantly decreased the plasma levels of Ca and P. Different dietary P levels had no significant effect on plasma levels of albumin, AST, ALT, ALP, and urea, whereas the 0.35% P-based diet significantly decreased the plasma contents of total protein, creatinine, Ca, and P. Plasma levels of albumin, creatinine, urea, Ca, and P were not affected by an interaction between Ca and P. Diets containing 0.70% Ca and 0.45% P lead to the highest plasma values for total protein, ALT, AST, and ALP compared with the other dietary Ca and P combinations. In conclusion, dietary Ca and P levels can be simultaneously reduced without negative impacts on growth performance, carcass characteristics, or blood biochemical components. We advise to avoid increasing the dietary Ca: P ratio, as it leads to negative effects on growth performance and blood biochemistry in growing geese. So, the findings of the current study recommended the low levels of Ca (0.70%) and non-phytate P (0.35%) for the performance of Egyptian geese during the fattening period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Elwy Ali Ashour
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | | | - Laila Ali Mohamed
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Ashour EA, El-Sayed SA, Ahmed SYA, El-Kholy MS. Consequences of varying dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on lipid profile, antioxidant and immunity parameters of growing Egyptian geese. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1848464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Elwy A. Ashour
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sabry A. El-Sayed
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sarah Y. A. Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. El-Kholy
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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