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Ma B, Zhang F, Raza SHA, Wu Z, Su Q, Zhang Y, Wang Z, ALMatrafi TA, Aloufi BH, Ghamry HI, Shukry M, Hou S, Gui L. Palm kernel meal regulates the expression of genes involved in the amino acid metabolism in the liver of Tibetan sheep. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:333. [PMID: 39044234 PMCID: PMC11264444 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palm kernel meal (PKM) is a by-product of oil palm kernel after oil extraction, which is widely used in animal feeds due to its high energy content. This study aimed to investigate the impact of supplementing Tibetan sheep with PKM on their hepatic phenotype, oxidative stress and immune response. A total of 120 Tibetan lambs (Initial weight = 12.37 ± 0.92 kg) were randomly assigned into four groups: control group (C group, 0% PKM diet), low group (L group, 15% PKM diet), middle group (M group, 18% PKM diet), and high group (H group, 21% PKM diet) on a dry matter basis. The feeding experiment was performed for 130 d, including a 10 d adaption period. RESULTS Results showed that the level of GSH-Px were higher in the H and M groups than in the C and L groups (P < 0.05). The levels of IgM and TNF-α were higher in the M group when compared to those on the C group (P < 0.05). The level of IgA was significantly higher in the M group than in the H group (P < 0.05). Additionally, compared with the others groups, the hepatocytes in the M group displayed a radial arrangement, forming hepatic plates that were centered around the central vein. The transcriptome results revealed that proteasome 26 S subunit, ATPase 3 (PSMC3), proteasome 26 S subunit, ATPase 5 (PSMC5), proteasome 26 S subunit ubiquitin receptor, non-ATPase 4 (PSMD4), proteasome activator subunit 1 (PSME1), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short/branched chain (ACADSB), enoyl-CoA hydratase, short chain 1 (ECHS1), serine dehydratase (SDS), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) were the hub genes regulating the amino acid metabolism in the liver. CONCLUSIONS In summary, dietary 18% PMK supplementation contributed to improve the hepatic phenotype, oxidative stress and immune response through regulating the expression of related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Ma
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshuo Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenling Wu
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Quyangangmao Su
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyou Wang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Bandar Hamad Aloufi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba I Ghamry
- Nutrition and Food Science, Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Shengzhen Hou
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Linsheng Gui
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China.
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Ahmed E, Gaafar A, Nishida T. Agro-industrial by-products as ruminant feed: Nutritive value and in vitro rumen fermentation evaluation. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13974. [PMID: 38924221 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, agricultural by-products have generated increasing interest as ruminant feed. In a completely randomized design with five experimental treatments, this in vitro study investigated the nutritional value of citrus pulp and onion peel as alternative feed for ruminants and their effects on rumen fermentation, digestibility, and gas production. The first group was the control (50% grass hay/50% concentrate mixture). The other four treatments represented citrus pulp and onion peel at inclusion levels of 10 and 20%, replacing the expensive, high-quality feed ingredients such as the concentrate mixture. The chemical composition showed that citrus pulp is an energy-rich material that could be included up to 20% to replace part of the concentrate in a mixed diet without any adverse impacts on rumen fermentation parameters. The onion peels were rich in fiber and minerals. Their inclusion in the diet of over 10% had detrimental effects on rumen fermentation. The inclusion of either citrus pulp or onion peel in the diet did not have the potential to reduce enteric methane production. In conclusion, citrus pulp showed promising results as a new feed for ruminants. It was effective when included in up to 20% of a ruminant diet, replacing the concentrate mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Ahmed
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
- Department of Animal Behavior and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Abeer Gaafar
- Graduate School of Animal Husbandry, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Takehiro Nishida
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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Chang SC, Wang CM, Chang JS, Lin LJ, Lin MJ, Peng SY, Lee TT. Effects of Antrodia cinnamomea solid culture mycelium by-products on growth performance and immune response in weaning black piglets. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13964. [PMID: 38831612 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of supplementation with Antrodia cinnamomea mycelium by-product (ACBP) on growth performance and immune response in weaning piglets. Total available content and antioxidant capacity of ACBP were determined. Ninety-six black pigs were randomly distributed to 24 pens. Study compared four groups which were supplemented with ACBP at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, or 10% for 6 weeks after weaning at 4 weeks. Results showed that ACBP on total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total triterpenoids contents were 13.68 mg GAE/g DW, 1.67 μg QE/g DW, and 15.6 mg/g, respectively. Weaning piglets fed 2.5% ACBP showed a significant decreased body weight gain compared with those supplemented with 5% ACBP, 10% ACBP, and control groups. Results showed that all ACBP groups increased the villi height of jejunum significantly. Incidence of diarrhea in 11 weeks with supplementation with 5% and 10% ACBP diets were lower than in control group. The 10% ACBP group showed significantly lower expression of immune response genes (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) than the 2.5% and 5% ACBP groups. Based on results, dietary supplementation with 10% ACBP did not significantly affect body weight but could decrease piglet diarrhea condition and expression of IL-1β and IL-6 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chang Chang
- Southern Region Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chun Ming Wang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jhih Siang Chang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Pin-Guan Modern Livestock Co., Ltd, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li Jen Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Min Jung Lin
- Bachelor of Program in Scientific Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shao Yu Peng
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu Tai Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Smart Sustainable New Agriculture Research Center (SMARTer), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Wang Y, Du J, Li Q, Tao Y, Cheng Y, Lu J, Wang H. Bioconversion of cellulose and hemicellulose in corn cob into L-lactic acid and xylo-oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126775. [PMID: 37699460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
With the banning of antibiotic chemical feed additives, multi-functional bioactive feed additives have been extensively sought after by the feed industry. In this study, low-cost and renewable corn cobs were treated with liquid hot water and converted into bioactive xylo-oligosaccharides and L-lactic acid after enzymatic hydrolysis, strain activation, and fermentation under mild conditions, which achieved a full utilization of cellulose and hemicellulose in corn cobs. Simultaneous saccharification fermentation after strain activation with enzymatic hydrolysate delivered the highest conversion rate of glucose to L-lactic acid (93.00 %) and yielded 17.38 g/L L-lactic acid and 2.68 g/L xylo-oligosaccharides. On this basis, batch-feeding fermentation resulted in a 78.03 % conversion rate of glucose to L-lactic acid, 18.99 g/L L-lactic acid, and 2.84 g/L xylo-oligosaccharides. This work not only provided a green and clean bioconversion strategy to produce multi-functional feed additives but can also boost the full utilization of renewable and cheap biomass resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jian Du
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yehan Tao
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Haisong Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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Kouzounis D, van Erven G, Soares N, Kabel MA, Schols HA. The fate of insoluble arabinoxylan and lignin in broilers: Influence of cereal type and dietary enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:1096-1106. [PMID: 36427614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insoluble fiber degradation by supplemented enzymes was previously shown to improve fermentation in poultry, and has been further postulated to disrupt the cereal cell wall matrix, thus improving nutrient digestion. Here, we characterized insoluble feed-derived polysaccharides and lignin in digesta from broilers fed wheat-soybean and maize-soybean diets without or with xylanase/glucanase supplementation. Enzyme supplementation in wheat-soybean diet increased the yield of water-extractable arabinoxylan (AX) in the ileum. Still, most AX (> 73 %) remained insoluble across wheat-soybean and maize-soybean diets. Analysis of so-far largely ignored lignin demonstrated that a lignin-rich fiber fraction accumulated in the gizzard, while both insoluble AX and lignin reaching the ileum appeared to be excreted unfermented. More than 20 % of water-insoluble AX was extracted by 1 M NaOH and 11-20 % was sequentially extracted by 4 M NaOH, alongside other hemicelluloses, from ileal digesta and excreta across all diets. These findings showed that enzyme-supplementation did not impact AX extractability by alkali, under the current experimental conditions. It is, therefore, suggested that the degradation of insoluble AX by dietary xylanase in vivo mainly results in arabinoxylo-oligosaccharide release, which is not accompanied by a more loose cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouzounis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Zhang F, Li Y, Xiong Q, Chai J, Jiang S. β-glucosidase, driven by porcine transthyretin promoter, specific expression in the liver of transgenic mice. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13890. [PMID: 38087778 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Under the background of food security, using non-grain feed instead of corn-soybean-based feed is an effective measure to alleviate the food-feed competition. While, non-grain feeds are often rich in fiber, which cannot be digested by non-ruminants. Producing heterologous enzymes in non-ruminants to improve cellulose utilization rate is a new research strategy by transgenic technology. In this study, porcine transthyretin (TTR) promoter, signal peptide-coding sequence (CDS), Saccharomycopsis fibuligera β-glucosidase gene (BGL1)-CDS, 6×His sequences fragments were fused into pGL3-control vector to generate transgenic vector. Then, transgenic mice were generated by pronuclear microinjection of the linearized expression vectors. Transgenic mice and their offspring were examined by PCR-based genotyping and copy number variation. Results showed that BGL1 was successfully integrated into the mouse genome and transmitted stably. Furthermore, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and β-glucosidase activity assay demonstrated that BGL1 was specifically expressed in the liver, and β-glucosidase activity significantly increased. In addition, liver weight index, cellular morphology, and collagen fiber content of the liver showed that exogenous gene insertion did not cause any lesions to live. Taken together, our findings suggest that β-glucosidase driven by TTR promoter was specifically expressed in the liver of transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Agricultural Ministry, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal Products Quality & Safety Center (Shandong Provincial Livestock & Poultry Slaughtering Technology Center), Jinan, China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Agricultural Ministry, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Agricultural Ministry, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Wang K, Yu Y, Liu S, Zhu Y, Liu P, Yu Z, Wang Y. A Review of the Current State and Future Prospects in Resource Recovery of Chinese Cereal Vinegar Residue. Foods 2022. [PMCID: PMC9602330 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinegar residue (VR) is a typical organic solid waste in Chinese cereal vinegar production. It is characterized by high yield, high moisture and low pH and is rich in lignocellulose and other organic matter. To avoid the environmental pollution caused by VR, it should be properly treated. The industry’s existing treatment processes, landfills and incineration, cause secondary pollution and waste of resources. Therefore, there is an urgent demand for environmentally friendly and cost-effective resource recovery technologies for VR. To date, a considerable amount of research has been performed in the area of resource recovery technologies for VR. This review summarizes the reported resource recovery technologies, mainly anaerobic digestion, feed production, fertilizer production, high-value product production and soil/water remediation. The principles, advantages and challenges of these technologies are highlighted. Finally, as a future perspective, a cascade and full utilization model for VR is proposed by considering the inherent drawbacks and economic-environmental feasibility of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yongjian Yu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Shuangping Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Xuan CL, Wannavijit S, Outama P, Lumsangkul C, Tongsiri S, Chitmanat C, Doan HV. Dietary inclusion of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in biofloc system: Impacts on growth, immunity, and immune-antioxidant gene expression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:215-224. [PMID: 35063605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An eight-week feeding trial was carried out to determine the effects of rambutan seed (RS) as a feed additive on the growth, skin mucus, serum immune parameters, and gene expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised under a biofloc system. Nile tilapia fingerlings (14.77 ± 0.80 g fish-1) were fed five experimental diets containing 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g kg-1 of RS, corresponding to five treatments (RS0, RS5, RS10, RS20, and RS40) with three replications per treatment. The results showed that fish consuming the RS10 and RS20 diets presented a substantial (P < 0.05) improvement in specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) after eight weeks. The highest values were recorded in the RS10 diet; however, there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences exhibited in the fish survival rates between treatments. The RS supplementation diets demonstrated greater immunological parameters, particularly skin mucus and serum immune responses (P < 0.05), than that of the control after eight the eight-week feeding trial. The highest level was seen in fish fed the RS10; followed by the RS20, RS40 (P > 0.05), and RS5 diets. Regarding gene expressions, IL1, IL8, LBP, GSTa, and GSR genes were significantly up-regulated in fish provided the RS10 diet in comparison to the control and other supplemented diets (P < 0.05). However, no significant up-regulation was found in these genes among the RS0, RS5, RS20, and RS40 diets, with the exception of the GPX gene. Similarly, up-regulation of IL-8, LBP, GSTa, GPX, and GSR were noted in fish fed the RS10 diet (P < 0.05). Notably, no significant differences were evident in these genes among the RS5, RS20, and RS40 diets. In conclusion, fish fed RS10 (10 g kg-1) significantly enhanced growth, skin mucus, serum immunities, and immune-antioxidants related gene expressions of Nile tilapia raised under biofloc system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh Le Xuan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Supreya Wannavijit
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Piyatida Outama
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chompunut Lumsangkul
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sudaporn Tongsiri
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Chanagun Chitmanat
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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