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Rogers GL, Huang C, Mathur A, Huang X, Chen HY, Stanten K, Morales H, Chang CH, Kezirian EJ, Cannon PM. Reprogramming human B cells with custom heavy-chain antibodies. Nat Biomed Eng 2024:10.1038/s41551-024-01240-4. [PMID: 39039240 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-024-01240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin locus of B cells can be reprogrammed by genome editing to produce custom or non-natural antibodies that are not induced by immunization. However, current strategies for antibody reprogramming require complex expression cassettes and do not allow for customization of the constant region of the antibody. Here we show that human B cells can be edited at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus to express heavy-chain-only antibodies that support alterations to both the fragment crystallizable domain and the antigen-binding domain, which can be based on both antibody and non-antibody components. Using the envelope protein (Env) from the human immunodeficiency virus as a model antigen, we show that B cells edited to express heavy-chain antibodies to Env support the regulated expression of B cell receptors and antibodies through alternative splicing and that the cells respond to the Env antigen in a tonsil organoid model of immunization. This strategy allows for the reprogramming of human B cells to retain the potential for in vivo amplification while producing molecules with flexibility of composition beyond that of standard antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Atishay Mathur
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hsu-Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalya Stanten
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heidy Morales
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chan-Hua Chang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Kezirian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Kazemi MS, Shoari A, Salehibakhsh N, Aliabadi HAM, Abolhosseini M, Arab SS, Ahmadieh H, Kanavi MR, Behdani M. Anti-angiogenic biomolecules in neovascular age-related macular degeneration; therapeutics and drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124258. [PMID: 38782152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Blindness in the elderly is often caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The advanced type of AMD known as neovascular AMD (nAMD) has been linked to being the predominant cause of visual impairment in these people. Multiple neovascular structures including choroidal neovascular (CNV) membranes, fluid exudation, hemorrhages, and subretinal fibrosis, are diagnostic of nAMD. These pathological alterations ultimately lead to anatomical and visual loss. It is known that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a type of proangiogenic factor, mediates the pathological process underlying nAMD. Therefore, various therapies have evolved to directly target the disease. In this review article, an attempt has been made to discuss general explanations about this disease, all common treatment methods based on anti-VEGF drugs, and the use of drug delivery systems in the treatment of AMD. Initially, the pathophysiology, angiogenesis, and different types of AMD were described. Then we described current treatments and future treatment prospects for AMD and outlined the advantages and disadvantages of each. In this context, we first examined the types of therapeutic biomolecules and anti-VEGF drugs that are used in the treatment of AMD. These biomolecules include aptamers, monoclonal antibodies, small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, peptides, fusion proteins, nanobodies, and other therapeutic biomolecules. Finally, we described drug delivery systems based on liposomes, nanomicelles, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, cyclodextrin, dendrimers, and composite vehicles that are used in AMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Salar Kazemi
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Neda Salehibakhsh
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hooman Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abolhosseini
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahriar Arab
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Rezaei Kanavi
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran.
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3
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Taper M, Carrington G, Peckham M, Lal S, Hume RD. A comparison of fixation and immunofluorescence protocols for successful reproducibility and improved signal in human left ventricle cardiac tissue. J Microsc 2024. [PMID: 38856969 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) are crucial techniques for studying cardiac physiology and disease. The accuracy of these techniques is dependent on various aspects of sample preparation and processing. However, standardised protocols for sample preparation of tissues, particularly for fresh-frozen human left ventricle (LV) tissue, have yet to be established and could potentially lead to differences in staining and interpretation. Thus, this study aimed to optimise the reproducibility and quality of IF staining in fresh-frozen human LV tissue by systematically investigating crucial aspects of the sample preparation process. To achieve this, we subjected fresh-frozen human LV tissue to different fixation protocols, primary antibody incubation temperatures, antibody penetration reagents, and fluorescent probes. We found that neutral buffered formalin fixation reduced image artefacts and improved antibody specificity compared to both methanol and acetone fixation. Additionally, incubating primary antibodies at 37°C for 3 h improved fluorescence intensity compared to the commonly practised 4°C overnight incubation. Furthermore, we found that DeepLabel, an antibody penetration reagent, and smaller probes, such as fragmented antibodies and Affimers, improved the visualisation depth of cardiac structures. DeepLabel also improved antibody penetration in CUBIC cleared thick LV tissue fragments. Thus, our data underscores the importance of standardised protocols in IF staining and provides various means of improving staining quality. In addition to contributing to cardiac research by providing methodologies for IF, the findings and processes presented herein also establish a framework by which staining of other tissues may be optimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Taper
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Heart Failure and Diseases of the Aorta, The Baird Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Glenn Carrington
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Biology and the School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michelle Peckham
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Astbury Centre for Structural Biology and the School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sean Lal
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Heart Failure and Diseases of the Aorta, The Baird Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert D Hume
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Heart Failure and Diseases of the Aorta, The Baird Institute, Sydney, Australia
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4
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Rizk SS, Moustafa DM, ElBanna SA, Nour El-Din HT, Attia AS. Nanobodies in the fight against infectious diseases: repurposing nature's tiny weapons. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:209. [PMID: 38771414 PMCID: PMC11108896 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Nanobodies are the smallest known antigen-binding molecules to date. Their small size, good tissue penetration, high stability and solubility, ease of expression, refolding ability, and negligible immunogenicity in the human body have granted them excellence over conventional antibodies. Those exceptional attributes of nanobodies make them promising candidates for various applications in biotechnology, medicine, protein engineering, structural biology, food, and agriculture. This review presents an overview of their structure, development methods, advantages, possible challenges, and applications with special emphasis on infectious diseases-related ones. A showcase of how nanobodies can be harnessed for applications including neutralization of viruses and combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria is detailed. Overall, the impact of nanobodies in vaccine design, rapid diagnostics, and targeted therapies, besides exploring their role in deciphering microbial structures and virulence mechanisms are highlighted. Indeed, nanobodies are reshaping the future of infectious disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha S Rizk
- Microbiology and Immunology Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Dina M Moustafa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Shahira A ElBanna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Marques AC, Costa PC, Velho S, Amaral MH. Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Tumor-Targeted Antibody-Functionalized Nanoparticles. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:489. [PMID: 38672759 PMCID: PMC11051252 DOI: 10.3390/life14040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The specific interaction between cell surface receptors and corresponding antibodies has driven opportunities for developing targeted cancer therapies using nanoparticle systems. It is challenging to design and develop such targeted nanomedicines using antibody ligands, as the final nanoconjugate's specificity hinges on the cohesive functioning of its components. The multicomponent nature of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles also complicates the characterization process. Regardless of the type of nanoparticle, it is essential to perform physicochemical characterization to establish a solid foundation of knowledge and develop suitable preclinical studies. A meaningful physicochemical evaluation of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles should include determining the quantity and orientation of the antibodies, confirming the antibodies' integrity following attachment, and assessing the immunoreactivity of the obtained nanoconjugates. In this review, the authors describe the various techniques (electrophoresis, spectroscopy, colorimetric assays, immunoassays, etc.) used to analyze the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles functionalized with antibodies and discuss the main results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Camila Marques
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo C. Costa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgia Velho
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Amaral
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Manoutcharian K, Gevorkian G. Recombinant Antibody Fragments for Immunotherapy of Parkinson's Disease. BioDrugs 2024; 38:249-257. [PMID: 38280078 PMCID: PMC10912140 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-024-00646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Multiple genetic and environmental factors leading to progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and consequent depletion of dopamine were described. Current clinical approaches, such as dopamine replacement or deep brain stimulation using surgically implanted probes, provide symptomatic relief but cannot modify disease progression. Therefore, disease-modifying therapeutic tools are urgently needed. Immunotherapy approaches, including passive transfer of protective antibodies and their fragments, have shown therapeutic efficacy in several animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. Recombinant antibody fragments are promising alternatives to conventional full-length antibodies. Modern computational approaches and molecular biology tools, directed evolution methodology, and the design of tissue-penetrating fusion peptides allowed for the development of recombinant antibody fragments with superior specificity and affinity, reduced immunogenicity, the capacity to target hidden epitopes and cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), higher solubility and stability, the ability to refold after heat denaturation, and inexpensive large-scale production. In addition, antibody fragments do not induce microglia Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated proinflammatory response and tissue damage in the central nervous system (CNS), because they lack the Fc portion of the immunoglobulin molecule. In the present review, we summarized data on recombinant antibody fragments evaluated as immunotherapeutics in preclinical models of PD and discussed their potential for developing therapeutic and preventive protocols for patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Manoutcharian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
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7
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Khalil B, Linsenmeier M, Smith CL, Shorter J, Rossoll W. Nuclear-import receptors as gatekeepers of pathological phase transitions in ALS/FTD. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:8. [PMID: 38254150 PMCID: PMC10804745 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders on a disease spectrum that are characterized by the cytoplasmic mislocalization and aberrant phase transitions of prion-like RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The common accumulation of TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43), fused in sarcoma (FUS), and other nuclear RBPs in detergent-insoluble aggregates in the cytoplasm of degenerating neurons in ALS/FTD is connected to nuclear pore dysfunction and other defects in the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery. Recent advances suggest that beyond their canonical role in the nuclear import of protein cargoes, nuclear-import receptors (NIRs) can prevent and reverse aberrant phase transitions of TDP-43, FUS, and related prion-like RBPs and restore their nuclear localization and function. Here, we showcase the NIR family and how they recognize cargo, drive nuclear import, and chaperone prion-like RBPs linked to ALS/FTD. We also discuss the promise of enhancing NIR levels and developing potentiated NIR variants as therapeutic strategies for ALS/FTD and related neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Khalil
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, U.S.A
| | - Miriam Linsenmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, U.S.A
| | - Courtney L Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, U.S.A
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Track, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, U.S.A
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, U.S.A..
| | - Wilfried Rossoll
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, U.S.A..
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8
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Nejatollahi F, Nadimi E, Noorafshan A, Moazen S, Alizadeh AM, Khalighfard S, Sahebkar A. Reduced Tumor Volume and Increased Necrosis of Human Breast Tumor Xenograft in Mice Pretreated by a Cocktail of Three Specific Anti-HER2 scFvs. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2024; 25:409-418. [PMID: 38018211 DOI: 10.2174/0113892037269645231031095145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to assess the effects of a cocktail comprising three specific anti- HER2 scFvs on breast tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model and to evaluate quantitative changes in the tumor using stereological analysis. METHODS Three specific anti-HER2 phage antibodies were produced from a scFv-library using phage display technology. The cell binding capacities of the antibodies were assessed via FACS analysis. Soluble forms of the antibodies were prepared by infecting HB2151-E. coli cells and purified using a centrifugal ultrafiltration method. The purification process was evaluated by SDSPAGE analysis. Two forms of scFv cocktails were prepared, soluble scFv and phage-scFv cocktail, which contained an equal amount/phage of each of the three antibodies. Inbred female BALB/c mice were pretreated with 5 and 20 mg/kg of the soluble scFv cocktail and 1011 phage-scFv cocktail/ kg. The mice were then injected with 2×106 SKBR-3 human breast cancer cells. Total tumor, inflammatory and non-inflammatory volumes were estimated using the Cavalieri principle after preparing photomicrograph slides. RESULTS The anti-HER2 scFvs showed significantly higher binding to SKBR-3 cells compared to the isotype control. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the high purification of the scFvs. Stereological analysis revealed that the group pretreated with 20 mg/kg of the soluble scFv cocktail exhibited the highest reductions in total tumor volume, non-inflammatory volume, and inflammatory volume, with reductions of 73%, 78%, and 72%, respectively, compared to PBS-pretreated mice (P-value < 0.0001). The volumetric ratio of necrotic tissue to total tumor volume increased by 2.2-fold and 2- fold in the 20 mg/kg of soluble scFv cocktail and phage-scFv cocktail groups, respectively, compared to the PBS-treated mice (P-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION Pre-treatment with a 20 mg/kg anti-HER2 scFv cocktail resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volume and increased necrotic area in a human breast cancer xenograft model, indicating the remarkable anti-tumor effect of the cocktail in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foroogh Nejatollahi
- Recombinant Antibody Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Nadimi
- Recombinant Antibody Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Noorafshan
- Department of Neuroscience, City University in Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Setareh Moazen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | | | - Solmaz Khalighfard
- Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kumar A, Madni ZK, Chaturvedi S, Salunke DM. Recombinant human scFv antibody fragments against phospholipase A2 from Naja naja and Echis carinatus snake venoms: In vivo neutralization and mechanistic insights. Mol Immunol 2024; 165:55-67. [PMID: 38154407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Snake envenomation results in a range of clinical sequelae, and widely used animal-based conventional antivenoms exhibit several limitations including the adverse immunological effects in human snake bite victims. Therefore, human monoclonal anti-snake venom antibodies or fragments can be an alternate therapy for overcoming the existing limitations. We developed venom-neutralizing humanized scFv antibodies and analyzed biochemical mechanisms associated with the inhibition of toxicity. Tomlinson I and J human scFv antibody libraries were screened against Naja naja and Echis carinatus venoms, and seven unique scFv antibodies were obtained. Further, specific toxins of snake venom interacting with each of these scFvs were identified, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was found to be prominently captured by the phage-anchored scFv antibodies. Our study indicated PLA2 to be one of the abundant toxins in Naja naja and Echis carinatus venom samples. The scFvs binding to PLA2 were used to perform in vivo survival assay using the mouse model and in vitro toxin inhibition assays. scFv N194, which binds to acidic PLA2, protected 50% of mice treated with Naja naja venom. Significant prolongation of survival time and 16% survival were observed in Echis carinatus venom-challenged mice treated with scFv E113 and scFv E10, respectively. However, a combination comprised of an equal amount of two scFvs, E113 and E10, both interacting with basic PLA2, exhibited synergistically enhanced survival of 33% in Echis carinatus venom-challenged mice. No such synergistically enhanced survival was observed in the case of combinatorial treatment with anti-Naja naja scFvs, N194, and N248. These scFvs demonstrated partial inhibition of venom-induced myotoxicity, and E113 also inhibited hemolysis by 50%, which corroborates the enhanced survival during combinatorial treatment in Echis carinatus venom-challenged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Zaid Kamal Madni
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shivam Chaturvedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dinakar M Salunke
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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10
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Poltash ML, Srzentić K, Beil E, Gorre E, Damoc E, Mahan AD, Nanda H, Chowdhury P. Elucidating the Mechanism of Multispecific Antibody Aggregation through Subunit Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2654-2661. [PMID: 37922506 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Multispecific antibody constructs are quickly becoming more common constructs in biopharmaceuticals to improve specificity and efficacy. While the advent of this technology has led to improved therapeutics, its development has challenged the analytical tools through which these therapeutics are characterized. Moreover, new critical quality attributes, such as aggregation, have challenged the approaches to characterization even further. Herein, we describe a novel native subunit analysis using IdeS and IgdE analyzed by native size exclusion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to interrogate the mechanism of aggregation in a multispecific antibody. Digestion by IdeS and IdgE allows for the retention and detection of noncovalent interactions thereafter. Aggregation was localized to single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) wherein a domain swapping mechanism between VH1/VL2 and VH2/VL1 occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Poltash
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | | | - Eric Beil
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Elsa Gorre
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eugen Damoc
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andrew D Mahan
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Partha Chowdhury
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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11
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Wang C, Feng Y, Patel D, Xie H, Lv Y, Zhao H. The role of CD47 in non-neoplastic diseases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22905. [PMID: 38125492 PMCID: PMC10731077 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a 50 kDa five-spanning membrane receptor that plays a crucial role in multiple cellular processes, including myeloid cell activation, neutrophils transmigration, vascular remodeling, leukocyte adhesion and trans-endothelial migration. Recent studies have revealed that CD47 is a highly expressed anti-phagocytic signal in several types of cancer, and therefore, blocking of CD47 has shown an effective therapeutic potential in cancer immunotherapy. In addition, CD47 has been found to be involved in a complex interplay with microglia and other types of cells, and increasing evidence indicates that CD47 can be targeted as part of immune modulatory strategies for non-neoplastic diseases as well. In this review, we focus on CD47 and its role in non-neoplastic diseases, including neurological disorders, atherosclerosis and autoimmune diseases. In addition, we discuss the major challenges and potential remedies associated with CD47-SIRPα-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Emergency, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Deepali Patel
- School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Hongwei Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Yaqing Lv
- Department of Outpatient, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266005, China
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12
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Ledo AM, Dimke T, Tschantz WR, Rowlands D, Growcott E. The role of airway mucus and diseased pulmonary epithelium on the absorption of inhaled antibodies. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123519. [PMID: 37852310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled antibody therapy for the treatment of respiratory diseases is a promising strategy to maximize pulmonary exposure and reduce side effects associated with parenteral administration. However, the development of inhaled antibodies is often challenging due to a poor understanding of key mechanisms governing antibody absorption and clearance in healthy and diseased pulmonary epithelium. Here, we utilize well established Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell (HBEC) models grown at air-liquid interface to study the absorption process of antibodies and antibody fragments. With these cellular models, we recapitulate the morphology and function of healthy and diseased pulmonary epithelium, and incorporate the mucosal barrier to enable the investigation of both cellular permeability as well as mucodiffusion. We studied the saturation of antibody transport across the HBEC barriers and estimated the impact of disease-like epithelial barriers on antibody paracellular transport. Additionally, we identified a potential role of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-independent and target-mediated transcytosis in the transport of Fragment antigen-binding (Fab) and F(ab)2 antibody fragments. Lastly, our models were able to pinpoint an impaired antibody diffusion across mucus gels. These mechanistic cellular models are promising in vitro tools to inform Physiologically-based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) computational models for dose prediction toward de-risking the development of inhaled biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Martinez Ledo
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Thomas Dimke
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - William R Tschantz
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - David Rowlands
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Ellena Growcott
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
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13
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Balendran S, Tam C, Ku M. T-Cell Engaging Antibodies in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma-An Update. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6737. [PMID: 37959202 PMCID: PMC10647650 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel cellular immunotherapies such as T-cell engaging antibodies (TCEAbs) are changing the landscape of treatment for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), especially in the relapsed/refractory (R/R) setting. TCEAbs harness the power of the host immune system to induce killing of tumor cells by binding to both the tumor antigen and the T-cell receptor. Since the approval of blinatumomab for R/R acute lymphoblastic leukemia, there has been significant development in novel TCEAbs. Many of these novel TCEAbs have shown promising effectiveness in R/R DLBCL, with favorable response rates including complete remissions, even in heavily pretreated patients. There are unique therapy-related toxicities with TCEAbs, namely cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity (ICANS), and it is important to both recognize and manage these side effects appropriately. This review examines the development and mechanism of action of these TCEAbs, and the available published data from clinical trials. Their role in the treatment of DLBCL, the management of therapy-related adverse events, and the mechanisms of resistance will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Ku
- St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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14
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Byun KT, Kim B, Cho J, Lee I, Lee MG, Park D, Kang TB, Won HS, Kim CG. Development of an Anti-HER2 Single-Chain Variable Antibody Fragment Construct for High-Yield Soluble Expression in Escherichia coli and One-Step Chromatographic Purification. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1508. [PMID: 37892190 PMCID: PMC10605039 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is recognized as a highly versatile scaffold of recombinant antibody fragment molecules, its overexpression in Escherichia coli often leads to the formation of inclusion bodies. To address this issue, we devised and tested four different constructs, named v21, v22, v23 and v24, for producing anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) scFv. Among them, the v24 construct obtained from N-terminal fusion of maltose-binding protein (MBP) and subsequent tobacco etch virus protease (TEV) was identified as the most efficient construct for the production of anti-HER2 scFv. Aided by an MBP tag, high-yield soluble expression was ensured and soluble scFv was liberated in cells via autonomous proteolytic cleavage by endogenously expressed TEV. The isolated scFv containing a C-terminal hexahistidine tag was purified through a one-step purification via nickel-affinity chromatography. The purified scFv exhibited a strong (nanomolar Kd) affinity to HER2 both in vitro and in cells. Structural and functional stabilities of the scFv during storage for more than one month were also assured. Given the great utility of anti-HER2 scFv as a basic platform for developing therapeutic and diagnostic agents for cancers, the v24 construct and methods presented in this study are expected to provide a better manufacturing system for producing anti-HER2 scFv with various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Tae Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.T.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.T.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Junmin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.T.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Inbeom Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.T.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Myung Gu Lee
- Konkukbio Inc., Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsun Park
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Bong Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.T.B.); (B.K.)
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.T.B.); (B.K.)
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Gil Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea; (K.T.B.); (B.K.)
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15
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Lü P, Qiu S, Pan Y, Shi S, Yu Q, Yu F, Miao L, Wang H, Chen K. Discovery of an Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor Domain Antibody from a Phage Library and Analysis of Its Inhibitory Effects in SKOV3 Cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2023; 38:572-579. [PMID: 34529926 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2021.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which binds to the EGF receptor, plays an important role in the occurrence and development of inflammation in various diseases. HB-EGF mediates the progression of ovarian cancer and is associated with disease prognosis. Thus, a specific humanized antibody to HB-EGF with high affinity is important. Methods: In this study, a humanized domain antibody (VH) against HB-EGF was discovered through phage display technology. The domain antibody was expressed in HB2151 cells and purified from the supernatant using protein L, and were used to test the its effect in invasion and migration of ovarian cancer SKOV3. Results: A domain antibody against HB-EGF was discovered, with a dissociation constant of ∼30 nM. Functional assays indicated that the domain antibody inhibited the functions of HB-EGF in promoting invasion and migration of SKOV3 cells. Conclusions: The selected domain antibody is a potential tool for developing novel drugs or therapies to combat ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lü
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Songlin Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ye Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shenyan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Huiying Wang
- Jiangsu Well Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changzhou, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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16
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Zhao Y, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Trifunctional Dibromomaleimide Reagents Built Around A Lysine Scaffold Deliver Site-selective Dual-modality Antibody Conjugation. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300356. [PMID: 37548625 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and application of a selection of trifunctional reagents for the dual-modality modification of native, solvent accessible disulfide bonds in trastuzumab. The reagents were developed from the dibromomaleimide (DBM) platform with two orthogonal clickable functional groups built around a lysine core. We also describe the development of an aryl diselenide additive which enables antibody disulfide reduction in 4 minutes and a rapid overall reduction-bridging-double click sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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17
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Takeda H, Ozawa T, Zenke H, Ohnuki Y, Umeda Y, Zhou W, Tomoda H, Takechi A, Narita K, Shimizu T, Miyakawa T, Ito Y, Sawasaki T. VNAR development through antigen immunization of Japanese topeshark ( Hemitriakis japanica). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1265582. [PMID: 37771574 PMCID: PMC10522858 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1265582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The VNAR (Variable New Antigen Receptor) is the smallest single-domain antibody derived from the variable domain of IgNAR of cartilaginous fishes. Despite its biomedical and diagnostic potential, research on VNAR has been limited due to the difficulties in obtaining and maintaining immune animals and the lack of research tools. In this study, we investigated the Japanese topeshark as a promising immune animal for the development of VNAR. This shark is an underutilized fishery resource readily available in East Asia coastal waters and can be safely handled without sharp teeth or venomous stingers. The administration of Venus fluorescent protein to Japanese topesharks markedly increased antigen-specific IgM and IgNAR antibodies in the blood. Both the phage-display library and the yeast-display library were constructed using RNA from immunized shark splenocytes. Each library was enriched by biopanning, and multiple antigen-specific VNARs were acquired. The obtained antibodies had affinities of 1 × 10-8 M order and showed high plasticity, retaining their binding activity even after high-temperature or reducing-agent treatment. The dissociation rate of a low-affinity VNAR was significantly improved via dimerization. These results demonstrate the potential utility of the Japanese topeshark for the development of VNAR. Furthermore, we conducted deep sequencing analysis to reveal the quantitative changes in the CDR3-coding sequences, revealing distinct enrichment bias between libraries. VNARs that were primarily enriched in the phage display had CDR3 coding sequences with fewer E. coli rare codons, suggesting translation machinery on the selection and enrichment process during biopanning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Center for Advanced Antibody Drug Development, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Zenke
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yoh Ohnuki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuri Umeda
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Wei Zhou
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Honoka Tomoda
- Fisheries Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Iyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takechi
- Fisheries Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Iyo, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Narita
- Fisheries Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Iyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Shimizu
- Fisheries Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Iyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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18
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Sou SN, Harris CL, Williams R, Kozub D, Zurlo F, Patel YD, Kallamvalli Illam Sankaran P, Daramola O, Brown A, James DC, Hatton D, Dunn S, Gibson SJ. CHO synthetic promoters improve expression and product quality of biotherapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3348. [PMID: 37114854 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
When expressing complex biotherapeutic proteins, traditional expression plasmids and methods may not always yield sufficient levels of high-quality product. High-strength viral promoters commonly used for recombinant protein (rProtein) production in mammalian cells allow for maximal expression, but provide limited scope to alter their transcription dynamics. However, synthetic promoters designed to provide tunable transcriptional activity offer a plasmid engineering approach to more precisely regulate product quality, yield or to reduce product related contaminants. We substituted the viral promoter CMV with synthetic promoters that offer different transcriptional activities to express our gene of interest in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Stable pools were established and the benefits of regulating transgene transcription on the quality of biotherapeutics were examined in stable pool fed-batch overgrow experiments. Specific control of gene expression of the heavy chain (HC):light chain (LC) of a Fab, and the ratio between the two HCs in a Duet mAb reduced levels of aberrant protein contaminants; and the controlled expression of the helper gene XBP-1s improved expression of a difficult-to-express mAb. This synthetic promoter technology benefits applications that require custom activity. Our work highlights the advantages of employing synthetic promoters for production of more complex rProteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Nga Sou
- BioPharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire L Harris
- BioPharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Dorota Kozub
- BioPharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fabio Zurlo
- BioPharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yash D Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Adam Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Diane Hatton
- BioPharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Dunn
- BioPharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Garcia-Calvo E, García-García A, Rodríguez S, Takkinen K, Martín R, García T. Production and Characterization of Novel Fabs Generated from Different Phage Display Libraries as Probes for Immunoassays for Gluten Detection in Food. Foods 2023; 12:3274. [PMID: 37685207 PMCID: PMC10486584 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluten is the main fraction of wheat proteins. It is widely used in the food industry because of the properties that are generated in the dough, but it is also able to trigger diseases like allergies, autoimmunity processes (such as celiac disease), and intolerances in sensitized persons. The most effective therapy for these diseases is the total avoidance of gluten in the diet because it not only prevents damage but also enhances tissue healing. To ensure the absence of gluten in food products labeled as gluten-free, accurate detection systems, like immunoassays, are required. In this work, four recombinant Fab antibody fragments, selected by phage display technology, were produced and tested for specificity and accuracy against gluten in experimental flour mixtures and commercial food products. A high-affinity probe (Fab-C) was identified and characterized. An indirect ELISA test was developed based on Fab-C that complied with the legal detection limits and could be applied in the assessment of gluten-free diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Garcia-Calvo
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Aina García-García
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Santiago Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Kristiina Takkinen
- Biosensors Team, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Rosario Martín
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Teresa García
- Departamento de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.G.-C.); (S.R.); (R.M.); (T.G.)
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20
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De Fauw K, Umelo IA, Teng X, Vlyminck S, Rivera G, Brigé A, Delangle A. Theoretical charge plots as a tool for targeted and accelerated ion exchange chromatography method development of NANOBODY Ⓡ molecules. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464137. [PMID: 37356365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
NANOBODYⓇ molecules are an innovative class of biotherapeutics based on heavy chain only VHH immunoglobulins. Much like canonical antibodies, they are prone to the formation of charge variants and other post-translational modifications, which can potentially impact their critical quality attributes. Therefore, establishing high-resolution product-specific methods, such as IEX chromatography, is essential for evaluating the purity of these molecules. However, due to the lower surface charge of NANOBODYⓇ molecules, their charge-based elution behavior can differ considerably from that of classical antibodies, resulting in a more extensive method development set-up for these smaller molecules. Using an initial pH screening gradient based on theoretical protein charge plots, we investigated the IEX retention behavior of eight NANOBODYⓇ molecules with a wide range of pI values (pI 5.0 to 10.0). Our findings reveal that the charge-based chromatographic behavior of NANOBODYⓇ molecules cannot be solely attributed to the isoelectric point (pI) of the protein. Rather, a molecule-specific charge threshold was identified as a critical parameter for NANOBODYⓇ molecule retention. Furthermore, the protein charge plot also showed that NANOBODYⓇ molecule elution can be characterized by a charge plateau where the net charge of the protein remains constant over a certain pH range (∼ pH 5.5 to pH 8.0), further challenging the paradigm that elution pH and pI are fixed values. The application of this theoretical approach using protein charge plots to define NANOBODYⓇ molecule charge threshold and charge plateau parameters, can reduce overall IEX method development turnaround time by at least 2-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken De Fauw
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Ijeoma A Umelo
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Xia Teng
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Silke Vlyminck
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Gustavo Rivera
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Ann Brigé
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Aurélie Delangle
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
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21
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Alves-Mondini C, Beltramino M, Jiacomini IG, Karim-Silva S, Dos Santos Antunes N, de Moura J, Aubrey N, Billiald P, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Alvarenga LM, Becker-Finco A. Identification of a common epitope in knottins and phospholipases D present in Loxosceles sp venom by a monoclonal antibody. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125588. [PMID: 37399872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
In the Americas and specially in Brazil, the Loxosceles intermedia, Loxosceles gaucho and Loxosceles laeta are the three most medically relevant brown spider species, and whose bites can lead to the condition known as loxoscelism. Here, we report the development of a tool capable of identifying a common epitope amongst Loxosceles sp. venom's toxins. A murine monoclonal antibody (LmAb12) and its recombinant fragments (scFv12P and diabody12P) have been produced and characterized. This antibody and its recombinant constructs were able to recognize proteins of Loxosceles spider venoms with specificity. The scFv12P variant was also able to detect low concentrations of Loxosceles venom in a competitive ELISA assay, displaying potential as a venom identification tool. The primary antigenic target of LmAb12 is a knottin, a venom neurotoxin, that has a shared identity of 100 % between the L. intermedia and L. gaucho species and high similarity to L. laeta. Furthermore, we observed LmAb12 was able to partially inhibit in vitro hemolysis, a cellular event typically induced by the Loxosceles sp. venoms. Such behavior might be due to LmAb12 cross-reactivity between the antigenic target of LmAb12 and the venom's dermonecrotic toxins, the PLDs, or even the existence of synergism between these two toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Alves-Mondini
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Martina Beltramino
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Isabella Gizzi Jiacomini
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Université de Tours - INRA, UMR 1282, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours Cedex, France
| | - Sabrina Karim-Silva
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Dos Santos Antunes
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Moura
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Aubrey
- Université de Tours - INRA, UMR 1282, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Billiald
- LVTS, INSERM UMR S1148, Paris & Université Paris-Saclay, School of Pharmacy, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Larissa M Alvarenga
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Becker-Finco
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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22
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Alanko I, Sandberg R, Brockmann E, de Haas CJC, van Strijp JAG, Lamminmäki U, Salo‐Ahen OMH. Isolation and functional analysis of phage-displayed antibody fragments targeting the staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1371. [PMID: 37642487 PMCID: PMC10350561 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces numerous virulence factors that manipulate the immune system, helping the bacteria avoid phagocytosis. In this study, we are investigating three immune evasion molecules called the staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins 1, 5, and 10 (SSL1, SSL5, and SSL10). All three SSLs inhibit vital host immune processes and contribute to S. aureus immune evasion. This study aimed to identify single-chain variable fragment (scFvs) antibodies from synthetic antibody phage libraries, which can recognize either of the three SSLs and could block the interaction between the SSLs and their respective human targets. The antibodies were isolated after three rounds of panning against SSL1, SSL5, and SSL10, and their ability to bind to the SSLs was studied using a time-resolved fluorescence-based immunoassay. We successfully obtained altogether 44 unique clones displaying binding activity to either SSL1, SSL5, or SSL10. The capability of the SSL-recognizing scFvs to inhibit the SSLs' function was tested in an MMP9 enzymatic activity assay, a P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 competitive binding assay, and an IgG1-mediated phagocytosis assay. We could show that one scFv was able to inhibit SSL1 and maintain MMP9 activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, the structure of this inhibiting scFv was modeled and used to create putative scFv-SSL1-complex models by protein-protein docking. The complex models were subjected to a 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation to assess the possible binding mode of the antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Alanko
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory (Pharmacy) & Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory (Biochemistry) TurkuÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Rebecca Sandberg
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory (Pharmacy) & Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory (Biochemistry) TurkuÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | | | - Carla J. C. de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Department of Life TechnologiesUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Outi M. H. Salo‐Ahen
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory (Pharmacy) & Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory (Biochemistry) TurkuÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
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23
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Pakula RJ, Scott PJH. Applications of radiolabeled antibodies in neuroscience and neuro-oncology. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:269-285. [PMID: 37322805 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool in medicine and drug development, allowing for non-invasive imaging and quantitation of biological processes in live organisms. Targets are often probed with small molecules, but antibody-based PET is expanding because of many benefits, including ease of design of new antibodies toward targets, as well as the very strong affinities that can be expected. Application of antibodies to PET imaging of targets in the central nervous system (CNS) is a particularly nascent field, but one with tremendous potential. In this review, we discuss the growth of PET in imaging of CNS targets, present the promises and progress in antibody-based CNS PET, explore challenges faced by the field, and discuss questions that this promising approach will need to answer moving forward for imaging and perhaps even radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Pakula
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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24
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Rodríguez-Nava C, Ortuño-Pineda C, Illades-Aguiar B, Flores-Alfaro E, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Parra-Rojas I, Del Moral-Hernández O, Vences-Velázquez A, Cortés-Sarabia K, Alarcón-Romero LDC. Mechanisms of Action and Limitations of Monoclonal Antibodies and Single Chain Fragment Variable (scFv) in the Treatment of Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1610. [PMID: 37371712 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are among the most effective tools for detecting tumor-associated antigens. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved more than 36 therapeutic antibodies for developing novel alternative therapies that have significant success rates in fighting cancer. However, some functional limitations have been described, such as their access to solid tumors and low interaction with the immune system. Single-chain variable fragments (scFv) are versatile and easy to produce, and being an attractive tool for use in immunotherapy models. The small size of scFv can be advantageous for treatment due to its short half-life and other characteristics related to the structural and functional aspects of the antibodies. Therefore, the main objective of this review was to describe the current situation regarding the mechanisms of action, applications, and limitations of monoclonal antibodies and scFv in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Rodríguez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ortuño-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | | | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
| | - Luz Del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citopatología e Histoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39070, Mexico
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25
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Khilji SK, Op 't Hoog C, Warschkau D, Lühle J, Goerdeler F, Freitag A, Seeberger PH, Moscovitz O. Smaller size packs a stronger punch - Recent advances in small antibody fragments targeting tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens. Theranostics 2023; 13:3041-3063. [PMID: 37284439 PMCID: PMC10240822 DOI: 10.7150/thno.80901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attached to proteins, lipids, or forming long, complex chains, glycans represent the most versatile post-translational modification in nature and surround all human cells. Unique glycan structures are monitored by the immune system and differentiate self from non-self and healthy from malignant cells. Aberrant glycosylations, termed tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), are a hallmark of cancer and are correlated with all aspects of cancer biology. Therefore, TACAs represent attractive targets for monoclonal antibodies for cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, due to the thick and dense glycocalyx as well as the tumour micro-environment, conventional antibodies often suffer from restricted access and limited effectiveness in vivo. To overcome this issue, many small antibody fragments have come forth, showing similar affinity with better efficiency than their full-length counterparts. Here we review small antibody fragments against specific glycans on tumour cells and highlight their advantages over conventional antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Khan Khilji
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Op 't Hoog
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David Warschkau
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jost Lühle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Goerdeler
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Freitag
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oren Moscovitz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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26
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Qian L, Lin X, Gao X, Khan RU, Liao JY, Du S, Ge J, Zeng S, Yao SQ. The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37186942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shubo Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544
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27
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Funeh CN, Bridoux J, Ertveldt T, De Groof TWM, Chigoho DM, Asiabi P, Covens P, D'Huyvetter M, Devoogdt N. Optimizing the Safety and Efficacy of Bio-Radiopharmaceuticals for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051378. [PMID: 37242621 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise delivery of cytotoxic radiation to cancer cells through the combination of a specific targeting vector with a radionuclide for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) has proven valuable for cancer care. TRT is increasingly being considered a relevant treatment method in fighting micro-metastases in the case of relapsed and disseminated disease. While antibodies were the first vectors applied in TRT, increasing research data has cited antibody fragments and peptides with superior properties and thus a growing interest in application. As further studies are completed and the need for novel radiopharmaceuticals nurtures, rigorous considerations in the design, laboratory analysis, pre-clinical evaluation, and clinical translation must be considered to ensure improved safety and effectiveness. Here, we assess the status and recent development of biological-based radiopharmaceuticals, with a focus on peptides and antibody fragments. Challenges in radiopharmaceutical design range from target selection, vector design, choice of radionuclides and associated radiochemistry. Dosimetry estimation, and the assessment of mechanisms to increase tumor uptake while reducing off-target exposure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprine Neba Funeh
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/K.001, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jessica Bridoux
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/K.001, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Ertveldt
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/K.001, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dora Mugoli Chigoho
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/K.001, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Parinaz Asiabi
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/K.001, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Covens
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/K.001, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'Huyvetter
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/K.001, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Laboratory for In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103/K.001, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Valadan R, Dabiri M, Tehrani M, Hashemi Tabar G, Rafiei A. A cell-based subtractive panning strategy for selection of conformation-specific single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) against dimerization domain of EGFR. J Immunol Methods 2023; 515:113456. [PMID: 36898519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Overexpression of EGFR, a member of the ErbB receptor family, has been observed in several cancers and causes resistance to therapeutic antibodies, such as Herceptin. In this study, we produced a recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against the EGFR dimerization domain. METHODS The recombinant scFv was generated using a cell-based subtractive panning strategy. Subtractive panning was performed on a genetically engineered, VERO/EGFR, cells as well as a triple-negative breast cancer, MDA-MB-468, cells. Phage cell-ELISA was used to monitor the binding of the selected scFvs to the dimerization domain of EGFR. Inhibition of EGFR and HER2 dimerization by the produced scFvs were finally evaluated using the dimerization inhibition test and the expression of apoptosis-related genes were measured using the quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS PCR fingerprinting results showed a uniform digestion pattern following the third round of panning that confirmed the success of subtractive panning. Moreover, cell-ELISA validated the reactivity of the produced scFvs to EGFR following stimulation with EGF. Dimerization inhibition test showed the capacity of the scFvs to inhibit EGFR and HER2 dimerization. Investigation of apoptosis-related genes showed that treatment with the scFv antibody caused increased Bax and decreased Bcl2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Directed HER2 targeting was shown to be effective enough to block the functional domain of the cell receptor and its intracellular signaling pathway. The subtractive panning strategy used in this study could control the process of directed selection of specific antibodies against the dimerization domain of EGFR. Selected antibodies might then be functionally tested for antitumor effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mina Dabiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tehrani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hashemi Tabar
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran..
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29
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Calcium-dependent affinity ligands for the purification of antibody fragments at neutral pH. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1694:463902. [PMID: 36871527 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The emerging formats of antibody fragments for biotherapeutics suffer from inadequate purification methods, delaying the advances of innovative therapies. One of the top therapeutic candidates, the single-chain variable fragment (scFv), requires the development of individual purification protocols dependent on the type of scFv. The available approaches that are based on selective affinity chromatography but do not involve the use of a purification tag, such as Protein L and Protein A chromatography, require acidic elution buffers. These elution conditions can cause the formation of aggregates and thereby greatly compromise the yield, which can be a major problem for scFvs that are generally unstable molecules. Due to the costly and time-consuming production of biological drugs, like antibody fragments, we have engineered novel purification ligands that elute the scFvs in a calcium-dependent manner. The developed ligands are equipped with new, selective binding surfaces and were shown to efficiently elute all captured scFv at neutral pH with the use of a calcium chelator. Further, two of three ligands were proven not to bind to the CDRs of the scFv, indicating potential for use as generic affinity ligands to a range of different scFvs. Multimerization and optimization of the most promising ligand led to a 3-fold increase in binding capacity for the hexamer compared to the monomer, in addition to highly selective and efficient purification of a scFv with >95% purity in a single purification step. This calcium-dependent ligand could revolutionize the scFv industry, greatly facilitating the purification procedure and improving the quality of the final product.
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30
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Chow MYT, Pan HW, Seow HC, Lam JKW. Inhalable neutralizing antibodies - promising approach to combating respiratory viral infections. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:85-97. [PMID: 36566131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies represent an exciting class of therapeutics against respiratory viral infections. Notwithstanding their specificity and affinity, the conventional parenteral administration is suboptimal in delivering antibodies for neutralizing activity in the airways due to the poor distribution of macromolecules to the respiratory tract. Inhaled therapy is a promising approach to overcome this hurdle in a noninvasive manner, while advances in antibody engineering have led to the development of unique antibody formats which exhibit properties desirable for inhalation. In this Opinion, we examine the major challenges surrounding the development of inhaled antibodies, identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed and provide strategies from a drug delivery perspective to enhance the efficacy and safety of neutralizing antibodies against respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y T Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Harry W Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Han Cong Seow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jenny K W Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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31
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Pirkalkhoran S, Grabowska WR, Kashkoli HH, Mirhassani R, Guiliano D, Dolphin C, Khalili H. Bioengineering of Antibody Fragments: Challenges and Opportunities. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020122. [PMID: 36829616 PMCID: PMC9952581 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody fragments are used in the clinic as important therapeutic proteins for treatment of indications where better tissue penetration and less immunogenic molecules are needed. Several expression platforms have been employed for the production of these recombinant proteins, from which E. coli and CHO cell-based systems have emerged as the most promising hosts for higher expression. Because antibody fragments such as Fabs and scFvs are smaller than traditional antibody structures and do not require specific patterns of glycosylation decoration for therapeutic efficacy, it is possible to express them in systems with reduced post-translational modification capacity and high expression yield, for example, in plant and insect cell-based systems. In this review, we describe different bioengineering technologies along with their opportunities and difficulties to manufacture antibody fragments with consideration of stability, efficacy and safety for humans. There is still potential for a new production technology with a view of being simple, fast and cost-effective while maintaining the stability and efficacy of biotherapeutic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Pirkalkhoran
- School of Biomedical Science, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Guiliano
- School of Life Science, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Colin Dolphin
- School of Biomedical Science, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
| | - Hanieh Khalili
- School of Biomedical Science, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Correspondence:
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32
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Kilgore R, Chu W, Bhandari D, Fischler D, Carbonell RG, Crapanzano M, Menegatti S. Development of peptide affinity ligands for the purification of polyclonal and monoclonal Fabs from recombinant fluids. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463701. [PMID: 36502645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engineered multi-specific monoclonal antibodies (msAbs) and antibody fragments offer valuable therapeutic options against metabolic disorders, aggressive cancers, and viral infections. The advancement in molecular design and recombinant expression of these next-generation drugs, however, is not equaled by the progress in downstream bioprocess technology. The purification of msAbs and fragments requires affinity adsorbents with orthogonal biorecognition of different portions of the antibody structure, namely its Fc (fragment crystallizable) and Fab (fragment antigen-binding) regions or the CH1-3 and CL chains. Current adsorbents rely on protein ligands that, while featuring high binding capacity and selectivity, need harsh elution conditions and suffer from high cost, limited biochemical stability, and potential release of immunogenic fragments. Responding to these challenges, we undertook the de novo discovery of peptide ligands that target different regions of human Fab and enable product release under mild conditions. The ligands were discovered by screening a focused library of 12-mer peptides against a feedstock comprising human Fab and Chinese hamster ovary host cell proteins (CHO HCPs). The identified ligands were evaluated via binding studies as well as molecular docking simulations, returning excellent values of binding capacity (Qmax ∼ 20 mg of Fab per mL of resin) and dissociation constant (KD = 2.16·10-6 M). Selected ligand FRWNFHRNTFFP and commercial Protein L ligands were further characterized by measuring the dynamic binding capacity (DBC10%) at different residence times (RT) and performing the purification of polyclonal and monoclonal Fabs from CHO-K1 cell culture fluids. The peptide ligand featured DBC10% ∼ 6-16 mg/mL (RT of 2 min) and afforded values of yield (93-96%) and purity (89-96%) comparable to those provided by Protein L resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kilgore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Wenning Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Dipendra Bhandari
- LigaTrap Technologies, 1791 Varsity Dr., Suite 150, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - David Fischler
- LigaTrap Technologies, 1791 Varsity Dr., Suite 150, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Ruben G Carbonell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Michael Crapanzano
- LigaTrap Technologies, 1791 Varsity Dr., Suite 150, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; LigaTrap Technologies, 1791 Varsity Dr., Suite 150, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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Abstract
Phage display has been applied successfully for the rapid isolation of monoclonal antibodies against various targets including infectious diseases, autoantigens, cancer markers, and even small molecules. The main component in any phage display experiment is the availability of an antibody library to carry out the selection process of target-specific antibodies through an iterative process termed as biopanning. To generate human antibody libraries, the antibody repertoire can be obtained from human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) or directly from cell-sorted B-cell populations. The choice of antibody isotype is dictated by the nature of the library. Naïve libraries would utilize IgM repertoires, whereas the IgG repertoire is commonly used for immune libraries. Antibody genes are amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and paired in a combinatorial fashion to expand the diversity of the cloned library repertoire. The protocol here describes the use of a two-step cloning method that can be applied for the construction of either a naïve or immune human antibody library in Fab format followed by the subsequent panning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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Nur A, Schubert M, Lai JY, Hust M, Choong YS, Isa WYHW, Lim TS. Antibody Phage Display. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2702:3-12. [PMID: 37679612 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3381-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of antibodies has transcended across many areas of work but mainly as a research tool, for diagnostic and for therapeutic applications. Antibodies are immunoproteins from vertebrates that have the unique property of specifically binding foreign molecules and distinguish target antigens. This property allows antibodies to effectively protect the host from infections. Apart from the hybridoma technology using transgenic animals, antibody phage display is commonly considered the gold standard technique for the isolation of human monoclonal antibodies. The concept of antibody phage display surrounds the ability to display antibody fragments on the surface of M13 bacteriophage particles with the corresponding gene packaged within the particle. A repetitive in vitro affinity based selection process permits the enrichment of target specific binders. This process of recombinant human monoclonal antibody generation also enables additional engineering for various applications. This makes phage display an indispensable technique for antibody development and engineering activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Nur
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Maren Schubert
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Departments Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Departments Biotechnology and Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yee Siew Choong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yus Haniff Wan Isa
- School of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Center, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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35
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Russell P, Esser L, Hagemeyer CE, Voelcker NH. The potential impact of nanomedicine on COVID-19-induced thrombosis. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:11-22. [PMID: 36536042 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Extensive reports of pulmonary embolisms, ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarctions caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as a significantly increased long-term risk of cardiovascular diseases in COVID-19 survivors, have highlighted severe deficiencies in our understanding of thromboinflammation and the need for new therapeutic options. Due to the complexity of the immunothrombosis pathophysiology, the efficacy of treatment with conventional anti-thrombotic medication is questioned. Thrombolytics do appear efficacious, but are hindered by severe bleeding risks, limiting their use. Nanomedicine can have profound impact in this context, protecting delicate (bio)pharmaceuticals from degradation en route and enabling delivery in a targeted and on demand manner. We provide an overview of the most promising nanocarrier systems and design strategies that may be adapted to develop nanomedicine for COVID-19-induced thromboinflammation, including dual-therapeutic approaches with antiviral and immunosuppressants. Resultant targeted and side-effect-free treatment may aid greatly in the fight against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peije Russell
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Esser
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph E Hagemeyer
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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36
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Bridge T, Sachdeva A. Engineering Homogeneous Photoactive Antibody Fragments. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2676:21-40. [PMID: 37277622 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3251-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded site-specifically incorporated noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) have been used to modulate properties of several proteins. Here, we describe a procedure for engineering photoactive antibody fragments that bind to their target antigen only after irradiation with 365 nm light. The procedure starts with identification of tyrosine residues in antibody fragments that are important for antibody-antigen binding and thus targets for replacement with photocaged tyrosine (pcY). This is followed by cloning of plasmids and expression of pcY-containing antibody fragments in E. coli. Finally, we describe a cost-effective and biologically-relevant method for measuring the binding affinity of photoactive antibody fragments to antigens expressed on the surface of live cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bridge
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Amit Sachdeva
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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37
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Mesquita BS, Fens MHAM, Di Maggio A, Bosman EDC, Hennink WE, Heger M, Oliveira S. The Impact of Nanobody Density on the Targeting Efficiency of PEGylated Liposomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314974. [PMID: 36499301 PMCID: PMC9741042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly modified with tumor-targeting moieties that recognize proteins overexpressed on the extracellular membrane to increase their specific interaction with target cells. Nanobodies (Nbs), the variable domain of heavy chain-only antibodies, are a robust targeting ligand due to their small size, superior stability, and strong binding affinity. For the clinical translation of targeted Nb-NPs, it is essential to understand how the number of Nbs per NP impacts the receptor recognition on cells. To study this, Nbs targeting the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET-Nbs) were conjugated to PEGylated liposomes at a density from 20 to 800 per liposome and their targeting efficiency was evaluated in vitro. MET-targeted liposomes (MET-TLs) associated more profoundly with MET-expressing cells than non-targeted liposomes (NTLs). MET-TLs with approximately 150-300 Nbs per liposome exhibited the highest association and specificity towards MET-expressing cells and retained their targeting capacity when pre-incubated with proteins from different sources. Furthermore, a MET-Nb density above 300 Nbs per liposome increased the interaction of MET-TLs with phagocytic cells by 2-fold in ex vivo human blood compared to NTLs. Overall, this study demonstrates that adjusting the MET-Nb density can increase the specificity of NPs towards their intended cellular target and reduce NP interaction with phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara S. Mesquita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H. A. M. Fens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessia Di Maggio
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda D. C. Bosman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314041, China
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.O.)
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.O.)
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Hambach J, Mann AM, Bannas P, Koch-Nolte F. Targeting multiple myeloma with nanobody-based heavy chain antibodies, bispecific killer cell engagers, chimeric antigen receptors, and nanobody-displaying AAV vectors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1005800. [PMID: 36405759 PMCID: PMC9668101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are well suited for constructing biologics due to their high solubility. We generated nanobodies directed against CD38, a tumor marker that is overexpressed by multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies. We then used these CD38-specific nanobodies to construct heavy chain antibodies, bispecific killer cell engagers (BiKEs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells, and nanobody-displaying AAV vectors. Here we review the utility of these nanobody-based constructs to specifically and effectively target CD38-expressing myeloma cells. The promising results of our preclinical studies warrant further clinical studies to evaluate the potential of these CD38-specific nanobody-based constructs for treatment of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Marei Mann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bannas
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Friedrich Koch-Nolte,
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Chrzastek A, Thanasi IA, Irving JA, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Dual reactivity disulfide bridging reagents; enabling new approaches to antibody fragment bioconjugation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11533-11539. [PMID: 36320392 PMCID: PMC9555722 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04531a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bridging, also known as disulfide stapling, is a powerful strategy for the construction of site-selective protein bioconjugates. Here we describe the first examples of a new class of such reagents, containing a 'stable-labile' design. These dual-reactive reagents are designed to form a stable bond to one cysteine and a labile bond to the second; resulting in a robust attachment to the protein with one end of the bridge, whilst the other end serves as a reactive handle for subsequent bioconjugation. By incorporating thioesters into these bridges, we demonstrate that they are primed for native chemical ligation (NCL) with N-terminal cysteines; offering an alternative to the requirement for C-terminal thioesters for use in such ligations. Alternatively, the use of hydrazine as the ligating nucleophile enables a separate cargo to be attached to each cysteine residue, which are exploited to insert variably cleavable linkers. These methodologies are demonstrated on an antibody fragment, and serve to expand the scope of disulfide bridging strategies whilst offering a convenient route to the construction of multifunctional antibody fragment conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Chrzastek
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
| | - Ioanna A Thanasi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
| | - James A Irving
- UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London WC1E 6JF London UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
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40
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Tingey M, Schnell SJ, Yu W, Saredy J, Junod S, Patel D, Alkurdi AA, Yang W. Technologies Enabling Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Imaging of mRNA. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193079. [PMID: 36231040 PMCID: PMC9564294 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient nature of RNA has rendered it one of the more difficult biological targets for imaging. This difficulty stems both from the physical properties of RNA as well as the temporal constraints associated therewith. These concerns are further complicated by the difficulty in imaging endogenous RNA within a cell that has been transfected with a target sequence. These concerns, combined with traditional concerns associated with super-resolution light microscopy has made the imaging of this critical target difficult. Recent advances have provided researchers the tools to image endogenous RNA in live cells at both the cellular and single-molecule level. Here, we review techniques used for labeling and imaging RNA with special emphases on various labeling methods and a virtual 3D super-resolution imaging technique.
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Muñoz-López P, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Becerra-Báez EI, Fraga-Pérez K, Flores-Martínez LF, Mateos-Chávez AA, Luria-Pérez R. Single-Chain Fragment Variable: Recent Progress in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174206. [PMID: 36077739 PMCID: PMC9455005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recombinant antibody fragments have shown remarkable potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the fight against cancer. The single-chain fragment variable (scFv) that contains the complete antigen-binding domains of a whole antibody, has several advantages such as a high specificity and affinity for antigens, a low immunogenicity, and the proven ability to penetrate tumor tissues and diffuse. This review provides an overview of the current studies on the principle, generation, and applications of scFvs, particularly in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, and underscores their potential use in clinical trials. Abstract Cancer remains a public health problem worldwide. Although conventional therapies have led to some excellent outcomes, some patients fail to respond to treatment, they have few therapeutic alternatives and a poor survival prognosis. Several strategies have been proposed to overcome this issue. The most recent approach is immunotherapy, particularly the use of recombinant antibodies and their derivatives, such as the single-chain fragment variable (scFv) containing the complete antigen-binding domains of a whole antibody that successfully targets tumor cells. This review describes the recent progress made with scFvs as a cancer diagnostic and therapeutic tool, with an emphasis on preclinical approaches and their potential use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Muñoz-López
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Elayne Irene Becerra-Báez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Karla Fraga-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Flores-Martínez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Armando Alfredo Mateos-Chávez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Doctor Márquez 162, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(55)-5228-9917 (ext. 4401)
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42
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Lu F, Zhang F, Qian J, Huang T, Chen L, Huang Y, Wang B, Cui L, Guo S. Preparation and application of a specific single-chain variable fragment against artemether. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 220:115020. [PMID: 36049377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Artemether, an artemisinin derivative, is a component of the commonly used artemisinin-based combination therapy, artemether-lumefantrine. In this study, we cloned the VH and VL genes of a cell line (mAb 2G12E1) producing a monoclonal antibody specific to artemether, and used to construct a recombinant DNA of single-chain variable fragment (scFv). The scFv was constructed into prokaryotic expression vectors pET32a (+), pET22b (+), pGEX-2T, and pMAL-p5x, respectively. However, only the pMAL-p5x/scFv could be induced to express soluble scFv with comparable sensitivity and specificity to that of mAb 2G12E1. Based on the anti-artemether scFv, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was developed. The 50% of inhibition concentration (IC50) value and the working range based on IC20 to IC80 were 4.33 ng mL-1 and 1.05-22.65 ng mL-1, respectively. The artemether content in different drugs were determined by the developed icELISA, and the results were consistent to those determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The anti-artemether scFv prepared in the current study could be a valuable genetically engineered antibody applied for artemether monitoring and specific binding mechanism studying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 529020 Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fa Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 529020 Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingqi Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 529020 Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 529020 Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yilin Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 529020 Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Suqin Guo
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 529020 Jiangmen, Guangdong, China.
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43
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Computation-Aided Design of Albumin Affibody-Inserted Antibody Fragment for the Prolonged Serum Half-Life. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091769. [PMID: 36145517 PMCID: PMC9500697 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) have been recognized as promising agents in cancer therapy. However, short serum half-life of scFvs often limits clinical application. Fusion to albumin affibody (ABD) is an effective and convenient half-life extension strategy. Although one terminus of scFv is available for fusion of ABD, it is also frequently used for fusion of useful moieties such as small functional proteins, cytokines, or antibodies. Herein, we investigated the internal linker region for ABD fusion instead of terminal region, which was rarely explored before. We constructed two internally ABD-inserted anti-HER2 4D5scFv (4D5-ABD) variants, which have short (4D5-S-ABD) and long (4D5-L-ABD) linker length respectively. The model structures of these 4D5scFv and 4D5-ABD variants predicted using the deep learning-based protein structure prediction program (AlphaFold2) revealed high similarity to either the original 4D5scFv or the ABD structure, implying that the functionality would be retained. Designed 4D5-ABD variants were expressed in the bacterial expression system and characterized. Both 4D5-ABD variants showed anti-HER2 binding affinity comparable with 4D5scFv. Binding affinity of both 4D5-ABD variants against albumin was also comparable. In a pharmacokinetic study in mice, the 4D5-ABD variants showed a significantly prolonged half-life of 34 h, 114 times longer than that of 4D5scFv. In conclusion, we have developed a versatile scFv platform with enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles with an aid of deep learning-based structure prediction.
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Lu H, Jin Y, Yang H, Tao Z, Chen J, Chen S, Feng Y, Xin H, Lu X. A trimeric immunoglobin G-binding domain outperforms recombinant protein G and protein L as a ligand for fragment antigen-binding purification. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Martinez BI, Mousa GA, Fleck K, MacCulloch T, Diehnelt CW, Stephanopoulos N, Stabenfeldt SE. Uncovering temporospatial sensitive TBI targeting strategies via in vivo phage display. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5047. [PMID: 35867794 PMCID: PMC9307250 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a barrier to advancing diagnostics and therapeutics, including targeted drug delivery. We used a unique discovery pipeline to identify novel targeting motifs that recognize specific temporal phases of TBI pathology. This pipeline combined in vivo biopanning with domain antibody (dAb) phage display, next-generation sequencing analysis, and peptide synthesis. We identified targeting motifs based on the complementarity-determining region 3 structure of dAbs for acute (1 day post-injury) and subacute (7 days post-injury) post-injury time points in a preclinical TBI model (controlled cortical impact). Bioreactivity and temporal sensitivity of the targeting motifs were validated via immunohistochemistry. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry indicated that the acute TBI targeting motif recognized targets associated with metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas the subacute TBI motif was largely associated with neurodegenerative processes. This pipeline successfully discovered temporally specific TBI targeting motif/epitope pairs that will serve as the foundation for the next-generation targeted TBI therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana I. Martinez
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gergey Alzaem Mousa
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kiera Fleck
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Tara MacCulloch
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Institute Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chris W. Diehnelt
- Biodesign Institute Center for Innovations in Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nicholas Stephanopoulos
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Institute Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah E. Stabenfeldt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Morris NM, Blee JA, Hauert S. Developing a computational pharmacokinetic model of systemic snakebite envenomation and antivenom treatment. Toxicon 2022; 215:77-90. [PMID: 35716719 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is responsible for over 100,000 deaths and 400,000 cases of disability annually, most of which are preventable through access to safe and effective antivenoms. Snake venom toxins span a wide molecular weight range, influencing their absorption, distribution, and elimination within the body. In recent years, a range of scaffolds have been applied to antivenom development. These scaffolds similarly span a wide molecular weight range and subsequently display diverse pharmacokinetic behaviours. Computational simulations represent a powerful tool to explore the interplay between these varied antivenom scaffolds and venoms, to assess whether a pharmacokinetically optimal antivenom exists. The purpose of this study was to establish a computational model of systemic snakebite envenomation and treatment, for the quantitative assessment and comparison of conventional and next-generation antivenoms. A two-compartment mathematical model of envenomation and treatment was defined and the system was parameterised using existing data from rabbits. Elimination and biodistribution parameters were regressed against molecular weight to predict the dynamics of IgG, F(ab')2, Fab, scFv, and nanobody antivenoms, spanning a size range of 15-150 kDa. As a case study, intramuscular envenomation by Naja sumatrana (equatorial spitting cobra) and its treatment using Fab, F(ab')2, and IgG antivenoms was simulated. Variable venom dose tests were applied to visualise effective antivenom dose levels. Comparisons to existing antivenoms and experimental rescue studies highlight the large dose reductions that could result from recombinant antivenom use. This study represents the first comparative in silico model of snakebite envenomation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Morris
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, Ada Lovelace Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TW, UK.
| | - Johanna A Blee
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, Ada Lovelace Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TW, UK.
| | - Sabine Hauert
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, Ada Lovelace Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TW, UK.
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Han X, Ortines R, Mukherjee I, Kanipakala T, Kort T, Sherchand SP, Liao G, Mednikov M, Chenine AL, Aman MJ, Nykiforuk CL, Adhikari RP. Hyperimmune Targeting Staphylococcal Toxins Effectively Protect Against USA 300 MRSA Infection in Mouse Bacteremia and Pneumonia Models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893921. [PMID: 35655774 PMCID: PMC9152286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has been acquiring multiple drug resistance and has evolved into superbugs such as Methicillin/Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA/VRSA) and, consequently, is a major cause of nosocomial and community infections associated with high morbidity and mortality for which no FDA-approved vaccines or biotherapeutics are available. Previous efforts targeting the surface-associated antigens have failed in clinical testing. Here, we generated hyperimmune products from sera in rabbits against six major S. aureus toxins targeted by an experimental vaccine (IBT-V02) and demonstrated significant efficacy for an anti-virulence passive immunization strategy. Extensive in vitro binding and neutralizing titers were analyzed against six extracellular toxins from individual animal sera. All IBT-V02 immunized animals elicited the maximum immune response upon the first boost dose against all pore-forming vaccine components, while for superantigen (SAgs) components of the vaccine, second and third doses of a boost were needed to reach a plateau in binding and toxin neutralizing titers. Importantly, both anti-staphylococcus hyperimmune products consisting of full-length IgG (IBT-V02-IgG) purified from the pooled sera and de-speciated F(ab')2 (IBT-V02-F(ab')2) retained the binding and neutralizing titers against IBT-V02 target toxins. F(ab')2 also exhibited cross-neutralization titers against three leukotoxins (HlgAB, HlgCB, and LukED) and four SAgs (SEC1, SED, SEK, and SEQ) which were not part of IBT-V02. F(ab')2 also neutralized toxins in bacterial culture supernatant from major clinical strains of S. aureus. In vivo efficacy data generated in bacteremia and pneumonia models using USA300 S. aureus strain demonstrated dose-dependent protection by F(ab')2. These efficacy data confirmed the staphylococcal toxins as viable targets and support the further development effort of hyperimmune products as a potential adjunctive therapy for emergency uses against life-threatening S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Han
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Roger Ortines
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ipsita Mukherjee
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Thomas Kort
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Grant Liao
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Mark Mednikov
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Agnes L Chenine
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Cory L Nykiforuk
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rajan P Adhikari
- Integrated Biotherapeutics Inc. (IBT), Rockville, MD, United States
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48
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Wu SY, Wu FG, Chen X. Antibody-Incorporated Nanomedicines for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109210. [PMID: 35142395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based cancer therapy, one of the most significant therapeutic strategies, has achieved considerable success and progress over the past decades. Nevertheless, obstacles including limited tumor penetration, short circulation half-lives, undesired immunogenicity, and off-target side effects remain to be overcome for the antibody-based cancer treatment. Owing to the rapid development of nanotechnology, antibody-containing nanomedicines that have been extensively explored to overcome these obstacles have already demonstrated enhanced anticancer efficacy and clinical translation potential. This review intends to offer an overview of the advancements of antibody-incorporated nanoparticulate systems in cancer treatment, together with the nontrivial challenges faced by these next-generation nanomedicines. Diverse strategies of antibody immobilization, formats of antibodies, types of cancer-associated antigens, and anticancer mechanisms of antibody-containing nanomedicines are provided and discussed in this review, with an emphasis on the latest applications. The current limitations and future research directions on antibody-containing nanomedicines are also discussed from different perspectives to provide new insights into the construction of anticancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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49
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Fiebig D, Bogen JP, Carrara SC, Deweid L, Zielonka S, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Streamlining the Transition From Yeast Surface Display of Antibody Fragment Immune Libraries to the Production as IgG Format in Mammalian Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:794389. [PMID: 35620472 PMCID: PMC9127228 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.794389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast-surface display (YSD) is commonly applied to screen Fab immune or naïve libraries for binders of predefined target molecules. However, reformatting of isolated variants represents a time-intensive bottleneck. Herein, we present a novel approach to facilitate a lean transition from antibody screening using YSD Fab libraries to the production of full-length IgG antibodies in Expi293-F cells. In this study, utilizing Golden Gate Cloning (GGC) and a bidirectional promoter system, an exemplary Fab-displaying YSD library was generated based on immunised transgene rats. After subsequent screening for antigen-specific antibody candidates by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), the Fab-encoding genes were subcloned into a bidirectional mammalian expression vector, exhibiting CH2-CH3 encoding genes, in a GGC-mediated, PCR-free manner. This novel, straightforward and time-saving workflow allows the VH/VL pairing to be preserved. This study resulted in antibody variants exhibiting suitable biophysical properties and covered a broad VH diversity after two rounds of FACS screening, as revealed by NGS analysis. Ultimately, we demonstrate that the implication of such a gene transfer system streamlines antibody hit discovery efforts, allowing the faster characterisation of antibodies against a plethora of targets that may lead to new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fiebig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratories, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan P Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratories, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefania C Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratories, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Deweid
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratories, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Björn Hock
- Ferring Biologics Innovation Centre, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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50
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Merkuleva YA, Shcherbakov DN, Ilyichev AA. Methods to Produce Monoclonal Antibodies for the Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 48:256-272. [PMID: 35637780 PMCID: PMC9134727 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A viral threat can arise suddenly and quickly turn into a major epidemic or pandemic. In such a case, it is necessary to develop effective means of therapy and prevention in a short time. Vaccine development takes decades, and the use of antiviral compounds is often ineffective and unsafe. A quick response may be the use of convalescent plasma, but a number of difficulties associated with it forced researchers to switch to the development of safer and more effective drugs based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In order to provide protection, such drugs must have a key characteristic-neutralizing properties, i.e., the ability to block viral infection. Currently, there are several approaches to produce mAbs in the researchers' toolkit, however, none of them may serve as a gold standard. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of the method depends both on the characteristics of the virus and on time constraints and technical challenges. This review provides a comparative analysis of modern methods to produce neutralizing mAbs and describes current trends in the design of antibodies for therapy and prevention of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu. A. Merkuleva
- Vector State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk oblast Russia
| | - D. N. Shcherbakov
- Vector State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk oblast Russia
| | - A. A. Ilyichev
- Vector State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk oblast Russia
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