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Hernández-García S, García-Cano B, Martínez-Rodríguez P, Henarejos-Escudero P, Gandía-Herrero F. Olive oil tyrosols reduce α-synuclein aggregation in vitro and in vivo after ingestion in a Caenorhabditis elegans Parkinson's model. Food Funct 2024; 15:7214-7223. [PMID: 38817211 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01663g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the neurodegenerative motor disorder with the highest incidence worldwide. Among other factors, Parkinson's disease is caused by the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in a patient's brain. In this work, five molecules present in the diet are proposed as possible nutraceuticals to prevent and/or reduce the formation of α-synuclein oligomers that lead to Parkinson's disease. The olive oil polyphenols tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol (HT), hydroxytyrosol acetate (HTA) and dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) besides vitamin C were tested using a cellular model of α-synuclein aggregation and a Caenorhabditis elegans Parkinson's disease animal model. Levodopa was included in the assays as the main drug prescribed to treat the disease as well as dopamine, its direct metabolite. HTA and DOPAC completely hindered α-synuclein aggregation in vitro, while dopamine reduced the aggregation by 28.7%. The Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) showed that HTA had the highest permeability through brain lipids among the compounds tested. Furthermore, the C. elegans Parkinson's disease model made it possible to assess the chosen compounds in vivo. The more effective substances in vivo were DOPAC and HTA which reduced the αS aggregation inside the animals by 79.2% and 76.2%, respectively. Moreover, dopamine also reduced the aggregates by 67.4% in the in vivo experiment. Thus, the results reveal the potential of olive oil tyrosols as nutraceuticals against α-synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Beatriz García-Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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2
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Hernández-García S, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Henarejos-Escudero P, Martínez-Rodríguez P, Gandía-Herrero F. Exploring in the classroom the relationship between alcohol intake and behavioral disorders through an animal model. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 52:474-479. [PMID: 38501696 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has profound effects on behavior, such as impaired judgment, addiction or even death. It is estimated that alcohol contributes to around three million deaths worldwide, 13.5% of them in young people with ages between 20 and 39 years. Consequently, it is necessary to raise awareness among college and high school students of the risk related to alcohol drinking. The small nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an animal widely used as a model organism to study nearly all aspects of Biochemistry. It is a powerful tool to test the potential bioactivity and molecular mechanisms of natural compounds and drugs in vivo. Therefore, it is an interesting topic to include in an undergraduate course of Biotechnology, Biochemistry or Biology students among other scientific vocations. C. elegans is also used as a neurobiological model to evaluate substances' neurotoxicity and behavioral effects. The proposed experiment introduces students to the handling of this preclinical model and to the evaluation of behavioral alterations induced by chemicals in scientific research. The effects of different doses of ethanol on C. elegans behavior are studied using a versatile chemotaxis assay. This laboratory experiment is suitable for an undergraduate course. The practical session can be used in the global strategies of information and awareness of educational centres to mitigate the impact of alcohol abuse among students, both in formal courses or in Science fairs or exhibitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Alejandra Guerrero-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Calabrese EJ, Nascarella M, Pressman P, Hayes AW, Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Calabrese V, Agathokleous E. Hormesis determines lifespan. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102181. [PMID: 38182079 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
This paper addresses how long lifespan can be extended via multiple interventions, such as dietary supplements [e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, sulforaphane, complex phytochemical mixtures (e.g., Moringa, Rhodiola)], pharmaceutical agents (e.g., metformin), caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, exercise and other activities. This evaluation was framed within the context of hormesis, a biphasic dose response with specific quantitative features describing the limits of biological/phenotypic plasticity for integrative biological endpoints (e.g., cell proliferation, memory, fecundity, growth, tissue repair, stem cell population expansion/differentiation, longevity). Evaluation of several hundred lifespan extending agents using yeast, nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), multiple insect and other invertebrate and vertebrate models (e.g., fish, rodents), revealed they responded in a manner [average (mean/median) and maximum lifespans] consistent with the quantitative features [i.e., 30-60% greater at maximum (Hormesis Rule)] of the hormetic dose response. These lifespan extension features were independent of biological model, inducing agent, endpoints measured and mechanism. These findings indicate that hormesis describes the capacity to extend life via numerous agents and activities and that the magnitude of lifespan extension is modest, in the percentage, not fold, range. These findings have important implications for human aging, genetic diseases/environmental stresses and lifespan extension, as well as public health practices and long-term societal resource planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences; University of Massachusetts, Morrill I - Room N344, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Marc Nascarella
- Mass College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University; School of Arts and Sciences, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Pressman
- University of Maine, 5728 Fernald Hall, Room 201, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management; College of Public Health; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gaurav Dhawan
- Sri Guru Ram Das (SGRD) University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, India
| | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology; Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology; Nanjing 210044, China
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de Oliveira Pereira FS, Oliveira de Souza ME, Viçozzi GP, Caurio AC, Pinton S, Denardin CC, Haas SE, Gasparotto Denardin EL, Ávila DS. Bougainvillea glabra Choisy bracts extract in free and liposomal forms reduce hyperplasia induced by let-60gain-of-function in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202300865. [PMID: 38180793 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the toxicological and antiproliferative effects of B. glabra Choisy bract extract (BGCE) in its free and loaded into liposomes forms administered to C. elegans mutants with let-60 gain-of-function (gf). Our results demonstrated that the concentration up to 75 μg CAE/mL of BGCE was safe for the worms. Notably, we developed BGCE-loaded liposomes to extend the pharmacological window up to 100 μg CAE/mL without toxicity. In addition, the extract and liposomes reduced the number and area of the multivulva formed in let-60 gf mutants. There was also an increase in the apoptotic signaling in the germline cells and increased longevity mediated through DAF-16 nuclear translocation with GST-4 activation in the treated animals. Our findings demonstrated that the BGCE-loaded liposomes possess antitumoral effects due to the activation of the apoptotic signaling and DAF-16 nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Eduarda Oliveira de Souza
- Research Group in Toxicology and Biochemistry in Caenorhabditis elegans, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pedroso Viçozzi
- Research Group in Toxicology and Biochemistry in Caenorhabditis elegans, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Castro Caurio
- Physicochemical Studies and Natural Products Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Pinton
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Casagrande Denardin
- Research Group in Toxicology and Biochemistry in Bioactive Compounds, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Research Group in Toxicology and Biochemistry in Caenorhabditis elegans, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
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Srivastava V, Gross E. Mitophagy-promoting agents and their ability to promote healthy-aging. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1811-1846. [PMID: 37650304 PMCID: PMC10657188 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The removal of damaged mitochondrial components through a process called mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) is essential for the proper function of the mitochondrial network. Hence, mitophagy is vital for the health of all aerobic animals, including humans. Unfortunately, mitophagy declines with age. Many age-associated diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, are characterized by the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and oxidative damage. Therefore, activating the mitophagy process with small molecules is an emerging strategy for treating multiple aging diseases. Recent studies have identified natural and synthetic compounds that promote mitophagy and lifespan. This article aims to summarize the existing knowledge about these substances. For readers' convenience, the knowledge is presented in a table that indicates the chemical data of each substance and its effect on lifespan. The impact on healthspan and the molecular mechanism is reported if known. The article explores the potential of utilizing a combination of mitophagy-inducing drugs within a therapeutic framework and addresses the associated challenges of this strategy. Finally, we discuss the process that balances mitophagy, i.e. mitochondrial biogenesis. In this process, new mitochondrial components are generated to replace the ones cleared by mitophagy. Furthermore, some mitophagy-inducing substances activate biogenesis (e.g. resveratrol and metformin). Finally, we discuss the possibility of combining mitophagy and biogenesis enhancers for future treatment. In conclusion, this article provides an up-to-date source of information about natural and synthetic substances that activate mitophagy and, hopefully, stimulates new hypotheses and studies that promote healthy human aging worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijigisha Srivastava
- Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12271, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einav Gross
- Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12271, Jerusalem, Israel
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Lu H, Sun L, Tong S, Jiang F, Chen L, Wang Y. Latilactobacillus curvatus FFZZH5L isolated from pickled cowpea enhanced antioxidant activity in Caenorhabditis elegans by upregulating the level of glutathione S-transferase. Food Funct 2023; 14:8646-8660. [PMID: 37672003 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03093h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Latilactobacillus curvatus is a potential probiotic that possesses beneficial health properties and fermentation traits; however, the extent of understanding of the antioxidant activities of L. curvatus is limited. This study investigates the antioxidant activities of a new L. curvatus FFZZH5L strain. The strain exhibits broad tolerance to acids, bases and salts and demonstrated good adaption to the gastrointestinal environment, with a survival rate of 45% after 24 h of treatment in artificial gastrointestinal juice. Moreover, L. curvatus FFZZH5L exhibits inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, with a self-aggregation rate of 34.8% and a co-aggregation rate of 82.2%. In vitro, the DPPH radical scavenging ability and GSH-px enzyme activity of L. curvatus FFZZH5L reach 64.27% and 15.95 U mL-1, respectively. Treatment of C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L in vivo significantly extended the organism's lifespan. Furthermore, the activity of SOD, GSH-px and T-AOC was increased by 33.6%, 43.4% and 58.3%, respectively. Feeding C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L decreased the MDA, lipofuscin and ROS levels by 9%-36.4%. L. curvatus FFZZH5L effectively protected C. elegans against juglone-induced oxidative stress damage and led to a significant increase in the organism's survival under heat stress. The RT-qPCR analysis suggests that feeding C. elegans with L. curvatus FFZZH5L upregulates the expression levels of antioxidant-related genes including glutathione S-transferase 4 (gst-4), gst-1, gst-10, sod-3, sod-5, and sod-10 in C. elegans. Our investigation confirms the probiotic and antioxidant properties of L. curvatus, indicating its potential application in functional foods and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengqian Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Liangyin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Sijia Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
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Cheng Y, Hou BH, Xie GL, Shao YT, Yang J, Xu C. Transient inhibition of mitochondrial function by chrysin and apigenin prolong longevity via mitohormesis in C. elegans. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 203:24-33. [PMID: 37023934 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Mild inhibition of mitochondrial function leads to longevity. Genetic disruption of mitochondrial respiratory components either by mutation or RNAi greatly extends the lifespan in yeast, worms, and drosophila. This has given rise to the idea that pharmacologically inhibiting mitochondrial function would be a workable strategy for postponing aging. Toward this end, we used a transgenic worm strain that expresses the firefly luciferase enzyme widely to evaluate compounds by tracking real-time ATP levels. We identified chrysin and apigenin, which reduced ATP production and increased the lifespan of worms. Mechanistically, we discovered that chrysin and apigenin transiently inhibit mitochondrial respiration and induce an early ROS, and the lifespan-extending effect is dependent on transient ROS formation. We also show that AAK-2/AMPK, DAF-16/FOXO, and SKN-1/NRF-2 are required for chrysin or apigenin-mediated lifespan extension. Temporary increases in ROS levels trigger an adaptive response in a mitohormetic way, thereby increasing oxidative stress capacity and cellular metabolic adaptation, finally leading to longevity. Thus, chrysin and apigenin represent a class of compounds isolated from natural products that delay senescence and improve age-related diseases by inhibiting mitochondrial function and shed new light on the function of additional plant-derived polyphenols in enhancing health and delaying aging. Collectively, this work provides an avenue for pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial function and the mechanism underlining their lifespan-extending properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bing-Hao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Gui-Lin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ya-Ting Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Moliner C, Núñez S, Cásedas G, Valero MS, Dias MI, Barros L, López V, Gómez-Rincón C. Flowers of Allium cepa L. as Nutraceuticals: Phenolic Composition and Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030720. [PMID: 36978968 PMCID: PMC10045179 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Allium cepa L., commonly known as onion, is one of the most-consumed vegetables. The benefits of the intake of its bulb are well studied and are related to its high polyphenol content. The flowers of onions are also edible; however, there are no studies about their biological properties. Our aim was to determine the polyphenolic profile and assess the antioxidant and anti-obesity capacity of an ethanolic extract from fresh flowers of A. cepa. The phenolic constituents were identified through LC-DAD-ESI/MSn. For the anti-obesity potential, the inhibitory activity against digestive enzymes was measured. Several in vitro assays were carried out to determine the antioxidant capacity. A Caenorhabditis elegans model was used to evaluate the effect of the extract on stress resistance and fat accumulation. For the first time, kaempferol and isorhamnetin glucosides were identified in the flowers. The extract reduced fat accumulation in the nematode and had a high lipase and α- glucosidase inhibitory activity. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the extract increased the survival rate of C. elegans exposed to lethal oxidative stress. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were enhanced by the extract. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the antioxidant and anti-obesity activity of onion flowers and their potential use as functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Moliner
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Núñez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cásedas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Sofía Valero
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Inês Dias
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Víctor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-976-060-100
| | - Carlota Gómez-Rincón
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
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9
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The Regulatory Effect of Phytochemicals on Chronic Diseases by Targeting Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020236. [PMID: 36829795 PMCID: PMC9952802 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox balance is essential to maintain the body's normal metabolism. Once disrupted, it may lead to various chronic diseases, such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, aging, etc. Oxidative stress can cause or aggravate a series of pathological processes. Inhibition of oxidative stress and related pathological processes can help to ameliorate these chronic diseases, which have been found to be associated with Nrf2 activation. Nrf2 activation can not only regulate the expression of a series of antioxidant genes that reduce oxidative stress and its damage, but also directly regulate genes related to the above-mentioned pathological processes to counter the corresponding changes. Therefore, targeting Nrf2 has great potential for the prevention or treatment of chronic diseases, and many natural phytochemicals have been reported as Nrf2 activators although the defined mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This review article focuses on the possible mechanism of Nrf2 activation by natural phytochemicals in the prevention or treatment of chronic diseases and the regulation of oxidative stress. Moreover, the current clinical trials of phytochemical-originated drug discovery by targeting the Nrf2-ARE pathway were also summarized; the outcomes or the relationship between phytochemicals and chronic diseases prevention are finally analyzed to propose the future research strategies and prospective.
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Xu P, Chen Q, Chen X, Qi H, Yang Y, Li W, Yang X, Gunawan A, Chen S, Zhang H, Shen HM, Huang D, Kennedy B, Xu L, Wu Z. Morusin and mulberrin extend the lifespans of yeast and C. elegans via suppressing nutrient-sensing pathways. GeroScience 2022; 45:949-964. [PMID: 36462128 PMCID: PMC9886792 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with lifespan extension activity are rare, although increasing research efforts have been invested in this field to find ways to extend healthy lifespan. By applying a yeast-based high-throughput assay to identify the chronological lifespan extension activity of mulberry extracts rapidly, we demonstrated that a group of prenylated flavones, particularly morusin and mulberrin, could extend the chronological lifespan of budding yeast via a nutrient-dependent regime by at least partially targeting SCH9. Their antiaging activity could be extended to C. elegans by promoting its longevity, dependent on the full functions of genes akt-1 or akt-2. Moreover, additional benefits were observed from morusin- and mulberrin-treated worms, including increased reproduction without the influence of worm health (pumping rate, pumping decline, and reproduction span). In the human HeLa cell model, morusin and mulberrin inhibited the phosphorylation of p70S6K1, promoted autophagy, and slowed cell senescence. The molecular docking study showed that mulberrin and morusin bind to the same pocket of p70S6K1. Collectively, our findings open up a potential class of prenylated flavones performing their antiaging activity via nutrient-sensing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingkang Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117542 Singapore ,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan St, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Qimin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117542 Singapore
| | - Xiaoman Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117542 Singapore ,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan St, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Hao Qi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuyan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117542 Singapore ,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan St, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117542 Singapore
| | - Amelia Gunawan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117542 Singapore
| | - Shuoyu Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117542 Singapore
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Dejian Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117542, Singapore. .,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan St, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Ziyun Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Bioactive potential and spectroscopical characterization of a novel family of plant pigments betalains derived from dopamine. Food Res Int 2022; 162:111956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Food-Grade Quercetin-Loaded Nanoemulsion Ameliorates Effects Associated with Parkinson's Disease and Cancer: Studies Employing a Transgenic C. elegans Model and Human Cancer Cell Lines. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071378. [PMID: 35883869 PMCID: PMC9312062 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A nanosized food-grade quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion (QNE) system comprising capmul MCM NF (oil) and cremophor RH 40 (surfactant) was developed using a high-speed homogenization technique. The developed QNE was studied for its significant neuroprotective (anti-Parkinsonism) and cytotoxicity (anticancer) effects against Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) strains and human cancer cells, respectively. HR-TEM studies revealed that the QNE was spherical with a mean globule size of ~50 nm. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies results demonstrated that QNE was amorphous. In vivo results show that QNE potentially reduced the α-Syn aggregation, increased mitochondrial and fat content, and improved the lifespan in transgenic C. elegans strain NL5901. QNE significantly downregulated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in wild-type C. elegans strain N2. In vitro results of the MTT assay show that QNE significantly exhibited chemotherapeutic effects in all treated human cancer cells in an order of cytotoxicity: HeLa cells > A549 cells > MIA PaCa-2 cells, based on the IC50 values at 24 h. Conclusively, the QNE showed improved solubility, targetability, and neuroprotective effects against the PD-induced C. elegans model, and also cytotoxicity against human cancer cells and could be potentially used as an anti-Parkinson’s or anticancer agent.
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13
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Ulvan inhibits α-synuclein fibrillation and disrupts the mature fibrils: In vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:580-591. [PMID: 35561861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Herein, the inhibitory effect of ulvan on α-syn fibrillogenesis was studied using thioflavin T fluorescence and atomic force microscope assays. It is shown that ulvan could inhibit α-syn fibrillogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Based on the circular dichroism results, it is found that ulvan delays greatly the conformational transition from its initial random coil to β-sheet rich structure. The protective effect of ulvan against celllular death induced by α-syn aggregates was investigated by MTT colorimetric and cellular staining methods. It is found that ulvan protects greatly PC12 cells from α-syn fibril-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, ulvan disaggregates preformed α-syn fibrils and reduces cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Thereafter, the inhibitory effects of ulvan against α-syn fibrillogenesis were probed using Caenorhabditis elegans model NL5901 expressing human α-syn. It is found that ulvan extends the lifespan of NL5901 and recovers the lipid deposition by reducing the accumulation of α-syn. Finally, the molecular interactions between ulvan and α-syn pentamer was also explored using molecular docking. These findings suggest that ulvan can be pursued as a novel candidate drug for treatment of PD.
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14
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Hussain Y, Khan H, Alam W, Aschner M, Abdullah, Alsharif KF, Saso L. Flavonoids Targeting the mTOR Signaling Cascades in Cancer: A Potential Crosstalk in Anti-Breast Cancer Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4831833. [PMID: 35795855 PMCID: PMC9252758 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4831833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women, with triple-negative breast cancer being the most lethal and aggressive form. Conventional therapies, such as radiation, surgery, hormonal, immune, gene, and chemotherapy, are widely used, but their therapeutic efficacy is limited due to adverse side effects, toxicities, resistance, recurrence, and therapeutic failure. Many molecules have been identified and investigated as potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer, with a focus on various signaling pathways. Flavonoids are a versatile class of phytochemicals that have been used in cancer treatment to overcome issues with traditional therapies. Cell proliferation, growth, apoptosis, autophagy, and survival are all controlled by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Flavonoids target mTOR signaling in breast cancer, and when this signaling pathway is regulated or deregulated, various signaling pathways provide potential therapeutic means. The role of various flavonoids as phytochemicals in targeting mTOR signaling pathways in breast cancer is highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Hussain
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Bashir Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer” Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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15
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Urbizo-Reyes U, Kim KH, Reddivari L, Anderson JM, Liceaga AM. Oxidative Stress Protection by Canary Seed ( Phalaris canariensis L.) Peptides in Caco-2 Cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122415. [PMID: 35745145 PMCID: PMC9227596 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During oxidative stress, degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s, and certain cancers are likely to develop. Recent research on canary seed (Phalaris canariensis) peptides has demonstrated the high in vitro antioxidant potential. Thus, this study aimed to assess the cellular and in vivo antioxidant capacity of a low-molecular-weight (<3 kDa) canary seed peptide fraction (CSPF) using Caco-2 cells and the Caenorhabditis elegans model. The results show that the CSPF had no cytotoxicity effect on Caco-2 cells at any tested concentration (0.3−2.5 mg/mL). Additionally, the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) of the CSPF was concentration-dependent, and the highest activity achieved was 80% by the CSPF at 2.5 mg/mL. Similarly, incubation with the CSPF significantly mitigated the acute and chronic oxidative damage, extending the lifespan of the nematodes by 88 and 61%, respectively. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the CSPF reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to safe levels after sub-lethal doses of pro-oxidant paraquat. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the CSPF increased the expression of oxidative-stress-response-related gene GST-4. Overall, these results show that the CSPFs relied on GST-4 upregulation and scavenging of free radicals to confer oxidative stress protection and suggest that a CSPF can be used as a natural antioxidant in foods for health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Urbizo-Reyes
- Protein Chemistry and Bioactive Peptides Laboratory, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (K.-H.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (K.-H.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Lavanya Reddivari
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (K.-H.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Joseph M. Anderson
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Andrea M. Liceaga
- Protein Chemistry and Bioactive Peptides Laboratory, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (K.-H.K.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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McIntyre RL, Liu YJ, Hu M, Morris BJ, Willcox BJ, Donlon TA, Houtkooper RH, Janssens GE. Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical activation of FOXO3 for healthy longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101621. [PMID: 35421606 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Life expectancy has increased substantially over the last 150 years. Yet this means that now most people also spend a greater length of time suffering from various age-associated diseases. As such, delaying age-related functional decline and extending healthspan, the period of active older years free from disease and disability, is an overarching objective of current aging research. Geroprotectors, compounds that target pathways that causally influence aging, are increasingly recognized as a means to extend healthspan in the aging population. Meanwhile, FOXO3 has emerged as a geroprotective gene intricately involved in aging and healthspan. FOXO3 genetic variants are linked to human longevity, reduced disease risks, and even self-reported health. Therefore, identification of FOXO3-activating compounds represents one of the most direct candidate approaches to extending healthspan in aging humans. In this work, we review compounds that activate FOXO3, or influence healthspan or lifespan in a FOXO3-dependent manner. These compounds can be classified as pharmaceuticals, including PI3K/AKT inhibitors and AMPK activators, antidepressants and antipsychotics, muscle relaxants, and HDAC inhibitors, or as nutraceuticals, including primary metabolites involved in cell growth and sustenance, and secondary metabolites including extracts, polyphenols, terpenoids, and other purified natural compounds. The compounds documented here provide a basis and resource for further research and development, with the ultimate goal of promoting healthy longevity in humans.
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17
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Mora I, Arola L, Caimari A, Escoté X, Puiggròs F. Structured Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Improvement of Cognitive Function during Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3472. [PMID: 35408832 PMCID: PMC8998232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the human lifespan has increased in the past century owing to advances in medicine and lifestyle, the human healthspan has not kept up the same pace, especially in brain aging. Consequently, the role of preventive health interventions has become a crucial strategy, in particular, the identification of nutritional compounds that could alleviate the deleterious effects of aging. Among nutrients to cope with aging in special cognitive decline, the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have emerged as very promising ones. Due to their neuroinflammatory resolving effects, an increased status of DHA and EPA in the elderly has been linked to better cognitive function and a lower risk of dementia. However, the results from clinical studies do not show consistent evidence and intake recommendations for old adults are lacking. Recently, supplementation with structured forms of EPA and DHA, which can be derived natural forms or targeted structures, have proven enhanced bioavailability and powerful benefits. This review summarizes present and future perspectives of new structures of ω-3 LCPUFAs and the role of "omic" technologies combined with the use of high-throughput in vivo models to shed light on the relationships and underlying mechanisms between ω-3 LCPUFAs and healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Mora
- Brudy Technology S.L., 08006 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Francesc Puiggròs
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain
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18
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Gea-González A, Hernández-García S, Henarejos-Escudero P, Martínez-Rodríguez P, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Polyphenols from traditional Chinese medicine and Mediterranean diet are effective against Aβ toxicity in vitro and in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Funct 2022; 13:1206-1217. [PMID: 35018947 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential of naturally occurring polyphenols as nutraceuticals to prevent and/or treat Alzheimer's disease is studied. Five structurally related flavones and four tyrosols were tested in vitro in human amyloid-β peptide aggregation assays. The most promising compounds were two flavones, scutellarein and baicalein, and two tyrosols hydroxytyrosol and hydroxytyrosol acetate. These compounds caused a dose-dependent reduction of Aβ-peptide aggregation up to 90% for the flavones and 100% for the tyrosols, at concentrations of 83.3 μM and 33.3 mM, respectively. The IC50 value obtained for scutellarein was 22.5 μM, and was slightly higher for baicalein, 25.9 μM, while for hydroxytyrosol and hydroxytyrosol acetate they were 0.57 mM and 0.62 mM. Given these results, the compounds were selected to conduct in vivo assays with the Caenorhabditis elegans animal model of Alzheimer's disease. The amyloid anti-aggregation ability of these polyphenols was demonstrated in in vivo aggregation assays in which 1 mM hydroxytyrosol reduced the amyloid plaques in the mutant strain CL2331 by 43%. The neuroprotective effect was evaluated in chemotaxis experiments carried out with transgenic strain CL2355 that expresses the human amyloid-β peptide in the neurons. The chemotaxis index was improved by 240% when the neuron-impaired animals were treated with 1 mM hydroxytyrosol. The results indicate that the four molecules would be viable candidates to develop nutraceuticals that interfere in amyloid-β peptide aggregation and, consequently, prevent and/or treat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gea-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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