1
|
Chindo BA, Yakubu MI, Jimoh AA, Waziri PM, Abdullahi I, Ayuba GI, Becker A. Ficus platyphylla alleviates seizure severity and neurobehavioral comorbidities in pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats via modulation of oxidative stress. Brain Res 2024; 1838:148994. [PMID: 38729331 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
PTZ kindling induces oxidative stress, neuronal cell degeneration, and neurobehavioral alterations in rodents that mimic neuropsychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy, which could be initiated or aggravated by some antiepileptic drugs. Here, we investigated the effects of the methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla (FP) on severity scores for seizures, neuronal cell degeneration, and neurobehavioral alterations in rats kindled with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and probed the involvement of oxidative stress in these ameliorative effects of FP. FP (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated seizure severity, neuronal cell degeneration, depressive behaviors, cognitive dysfunctions, and oxidative stress in rats kindled with PTZ (42.5 mg/kg, i.p.). The findings from this study give additional insights into the potential values of FP in the treatment of persistent epilepsy and major neuropsychiatric comorbidities via modulation of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.
| | - Musa I Yakubu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Abdulfatai A Jimoh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Peter M Waziri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Idris Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Godwin I Ayuba
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai P, Li W, Xu Y, Wang H. Drp1 and neuroinflammation: Deciphering the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 198:106561. [PMID: 38857809 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are closely intertwined with the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Recent studies have elucidated profound alterations in mitochondrial dynamics across a spectrum of neurological disorders. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) emerges as a pivotal regulator of mitochondrial fission, with its dysregulation disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis and fueling neuroinflammation, thereby exacerbating disease severity. In addition to its role in mitochondrial dynamics, DRP1 plays a crucial role in modulating inflammation-related pathways. This review synthesizes important functions of DRP1 in the central nervous system (CNS) and the impact of epigenetic modification on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The intricate interplay between neuroinflammation and DRP1 in microglia and astrocytes, central contributors to neuroinflammation, is expounded upon. Furthermore, the use of DRP1 inhibitors to influence the activation of microglia and astrocytes, as well as their involvement in processes such as mitophagy, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and calcium ion transport in CNS-mediated neuroinflammation, is scrutinized. The modulation of microglia to astrocyte crosstalk by DRP1 and its role in inflammatory neurodegeneration is also highlighted. Overall, targeting DRP1 presents a promising avenue for ameliorating neuroinflammation and enhancing the therapeutic management of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wuhao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ye Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China..
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ogunsuyi OB, Ogunruku OO, Umar HI, Oboh G. Effect of curcumin-donepezil combination on spatial memory, astrocyte activation, and cholinesterase expressions in brain of scopolamine-treated rats. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:864. [PMID: 39073463 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study investigated the effect of co-administration of curcumin and donepezil on several markers of cognitive function (such as spatial memory, astrocyte activation, cholinesterase expressions) in the brain cortex and hippocampus of scopolamine-treated rats. METHOD AND RESULTS For seven consecutive days, a pre-treatment of curcumin (50 mg/kg) and/or donepezil (2.5 mg/kg) was administered. On the seventh day, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was administered to elicit cognitive impairment, 30 min before memory test was conducted. This was followed by evaluating changes in spatial memory, cholinesterase, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities, as well as nitric oxide (NO) level were determined. Additionally, RT-qPCR for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cholinesterase gene expressions was performed in the brain cortex and hippocampus. Also, GFAP immunohistochemistry of the brain tissues for neuronal injury were performed in the brain cortex and hippocampus. In comparison to the control group, rats given scopolamine had impaired memory, higher levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and ADA activities, as well as elevated markers of oxidative stress. In addition to enhanced GFAP immunoreactivity, there was also overexpression of the GFAP and BChE genes in the brain tissues. The combination of curcumin and donepezil was, however, observed to better ameliorate these impairments in comparison to the donepezil-administered rat group. CONCLUSION Hence, this evidence provides more mechanisms to support the hypothesis that the concurrent administration of curcumin and donepezil mitigates markers of cognitive dysfunction in scopolamine-treated rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Babatunde Ogunsuyi
- Department of Biomedical Technology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
- Drosophila Research Lab, Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
| | | | - Haruna Isiyaku Umar
- Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Drosophila Research Lab, Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang LP, Sri Hari A, Day BJ, Patel M. Pharmacological elevation of glutathione inhibits status epilepticus-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative injury. Redox Biol 2024; 73:103168. [PMID: 38714094 PMCID: PMC11087235 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a major endogenous antioxidant, and its depletion has been observed in several brain diseases including epilepsy. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that dimercaprol (DMP) can elevate GSH via post-translational activation of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate limiting GSH biosynthetic enzyme and inhibit neuroinflammation in vitro. Here we determined 1) the role of cysteamine as a new mechanism by which DMP increases GSH biosynthesis and 2) its ability to inhibit neuroinflammation and neuronal injury in the rat kainate model of epilepsy. DMP depleted cysteamine in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in a cell free system. To guide the in vivo administration of DMP, its pharmacokinetic profile was determined in the plasma, liver, and brain. The results confirmed DMP's ability to cross the blood-brain-barrier. Treatment of rats with DMP (30 mg/kg) depleted cysteamine in the liver and hippocampus that was associated with increased GCL activity in these tissues. GSH levels were significantly increased (20 %) in the hippocampus 1 h after 30 mg/kg DMP administration. Following DMP (30 mg/kg) administration once daily, a marked attenuation of GSH depletion was seen in the SE model. SE-induced inflammatory markers including cytokine release, microglial activation, and neuronal death were significantly attenuated in the hippocampus with DMP treatment. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of restoring redox status with rescue of GSH depletion by DMP in post epileptogenic insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ashwini Sri Hari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brian J Day
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80202, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rahmati-Dehkordi F, Khanifar H, Najari N, Tamtaji Z, Talebi Taheri A, Aschner M, Shafiee Ardestani M, Mirzaei H, Dadgostar E, Nabavizadeh F, Tamtaji OR. Therapeutic Potential of Fingolimod on Psychological Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04199-5. [PMID: 38918332 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders pose a significant global health burden, highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Fingolimod (FTY720), a common drug to treat multiple sclerosis, has shown promising efficacy against various neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Fingolimod exerts its neuroprotective effects by targeting multiple cellular and molecular processes, such as apoptosis, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and autophagy. By modulating Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor activity, a key regulator of immune cell trafficking and neuronal function, it also affects synaptic activity and strengthens memory formation. In the hippocampus, fingolimod decreases glutamate levels and increases GABA levels, suggesting a potential role in modulating synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. Taken together, fingolimod has emerged as a promising neuroprotective agent for neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Its broad spectrum of cellular and molecular effects, including the modulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, autophagy, and synaptic plasticity, provides a comprehensive therapeutic approach for these debilitating conditions. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action of fingolimod and optimize its use in the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rahmati-Dehkordi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Khanifar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahre-kord University of Medical Sciences, Shahre-kord, Iran
| | - Nazanin Najari
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Tamtaji
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani
- Department of Radio Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taskin S, Ozsoy S, Cakir Z. Benefits of Combining Antiepileptic Drugs with Vitamin B12 on Redox Balance: Penicillin-Induced Experimental Epilepsy Model. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:1271-1277. [PMID: 38883417 PMCID: PMC11180459 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s459870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose A combination of antiepileptic drugs and antioxidants may be an effective treatment by restoring the disrupted redox balance and reducing oxidative stress exposure to neurons. This study aims to evaluate the effects of valproate and vitamin B12 on oxidative stress in an experimental epilepsy model induced by penicillin when administered alone or in combination. Patients and Methods 35 male Wistar rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into five groups, which were saline group, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg Vit B12 groups and Sodium valproate group Sodium valproate + Vit B12 group. The epileptic activity was induced by 500 IU of penicillin injection. Sodium valproate and Vitamin B12 were administered 30 min after penicillin administration. Electrocorticogram recordings were taken for 2 hours post-treatment and serum parameters were assessed for oxidative stress markers using spectrophotometric method. Results There is statistically significant difference between the groups in total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index value (p=0.013; p˂0.001; p˂0.001, respectively). The valproate+vitamin B12 group showed elevated total thiol and native thiol levels, along with reduced disulphide levels, resulting in the lowest OSI value. Conclusion These findings suggest the combined treatment effectively reduces oxidative stress. This study provides valuable insights into the antioxidant properties of valproate and vitamin B12, positioning them as potential agents for managing epilepsy. Understanding the efficacy and reliability of antioxidant strategies in epilepsy management could contribute significantly to advancements in epilepsy therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Taskin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Seyma Ozsoy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ziya Cakir
- Vocational Higher School of Health Services, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Lima AMDL, de Lima Rosa G, Guzzo EFM, Padilha RB, de Araujo MC, da Silva RC, Coitinho AS, Van Der Sand ST. Effect of prednisolone in a kindling model of epileptic seizures in rats on cytokine and intestinal microbiota diversity. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 155:109800. [PMID: 38657485 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Epileptic seizures can be initiated and facilitated by inflammatory mechanisms. As the dysregulation of the immune system would be involved in epileptogenesis, it is suggested that anti-inflammatory medications could impact epileptic seizures. These medications could potentially have a side effect by altering the structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota. These changes can disrupt microbial homeostasis, leading to dysbiosis and potentially exacerbating intestinal inflammation. We hypothesize that prednisolone may affect the development of epileptic seizures, potentially influencing the diversity of the intestinal microbiota and the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of prednisolone treatment on epileptic seizures and investigate the effect of this drug on the bacterial diversity of the intestinal microbiota and markers of inflammatory processes in intestinal tissue. We used Male Wistar rat littermates (n = 31, 90-day-old) divided into four groups: positive control treated with 2 mg/kg of diazepam (n = 6), negative control treated with 0.9 g% sodium chloride (n = 6), and the remaining two groups were subjected to treatment with prednisolone, with one receiving 1 mg/kg (n = 9) and the other 5 mg/kg (n = 10). All administrations were performed intraperitoneally (i.p.) over 14 days. To induce the chronic model of epileptic seizures, we administered pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) 25 mg/kg i.p. on alternate days. Seizure latency (n = 6 - 10) and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations from intestinal samples were measured by ELISA (n = 6 per group), and intestinal microbiota was evaluated with intergenic ribosomal RNA (rRNA) spacer (RISA) analysis (n = 6 per group). The prednisolone treatment demonstrated an increase in the latency time of epileptic seizures and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations compared to controls. There was no statistically significant difference in intestinal microbiota diversity between the different treatments. However, there was a strong positive correlation between microbial diversity and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations. The administration of prednisolone yields comparable results to diazepam on increasing latency between seizures, exhibiting promise for its use in clinical studies. Although there were no changes in intestinal microbial diversity, the increase in the TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines in intestinal tissue may be linked to immune system signaling pathways involving the intestinal microbiota. Additional research is necessary to unravel the intricacies of these pathways and to understand their implications for clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Muliterno Domingues Lourenço de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Lima Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson Fernando Müller Guzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bremm Padilha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Milena Conci de Araujo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Simon Coitinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Sueli Teresinha Van Der Sand
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tabassum S, Shorter S, Ovsepian SV. Analysis of the action mechanisms and targets of herbal anticonvulsants highlights opportunities for therapeutic engagement with refractory epilepsy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:761-771. [PMID: 38653825 PMCID: PMC11106186 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous and recurring seizures. It poses significant therapeutic challenges due to diverse etiology, pathobiology, and pharmacotherapy-resistant variants. The anticonvulsive effects of herbal leads with biocompatibility and toxicity considerations have attracted much interest, inspiring mechanistic analysis with the view of their use for engagement of new targets and combination with antiseizure pharmacotherapies. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the key molecular players and putative action mechanisms of the most common antiepileptic herbals demonstrated in tissue culture and preclinical models. From the review of the literature, it emerges that their effects are mediated via five distinct mechanisms: (1) reduction of membrane excitability through inhibition of cation channels, (2) improvement of mitochondrial functions with antioxidant effects, (3) enhancement in synaptic transmission mediated by GABAA receptors, (4) improvement of immune response with anti-inflammatory action, and (5) suppression of protein synthesis and metabolism. While some of the primary targets and action mechanisms of herbal anticonvulsants (1, 3) are shared with antiseizure pharmacotherapies, herbal leads also engage with distinct mechanisms (2, 4, and 5), suggesting new drug targets and opportunities for their integration with antiseizure medications. Addressing outstanding questions through research and in silico modeling should facilitate the future use of herbals as auxiliary therapy in epilepsy and guide the development of treatment of pharmacoresistant seizures through rigorous trials and regulatory approval.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Tabassum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Susan Shorter
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 0177, Republic of Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ali NH, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alnaaim SA, Hetta HF, Saad HM, Batiha GES. A Mutual Nexus Between Epilepsy and α-Synuclein: A Puzzle Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04204-6. [PMID: 38703341 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a specific neuronal protein that regulates neurotransmitter release and trafficking of synaptic vesicles. Exosome-associated α-Syn which is specific to the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Therefore, this review aimed to elucidate the possible link between α-Syn and epilepsy, and how it affects the pathophysiology of epilepsy. A neurodegenerative protein such as α-Syn is implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies revealed that upregulation of α-Syn induces progressive neuronal dysfunctions through induction of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and inhibition of autophagy in a vicious cycle with subsequent development of severe epilepsy. In addition, accumulation of α-Syn in epilepsy could be secondary to the different cellular alterations including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and progranulin (PGN), and failure of the autophagy pathway. However, the mechanism of α-Syn-induced-epileptogenesis is not well elucidated. Therefore, α-Syn could be a secondary consequence of epilepsy. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted to confirm this causal relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Jabir Ibn Hayyan Medical University, Al-Ameer Qu, P.O. Box 13, Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Saud A Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Feng J, Zhuo S, Liu D, Peng H, Guo D, Li N, Sun H, Zhang C, Zhao J. H 2S inhibits LiCl/pilocarpine-induced seizures and promotes neuroprotection by regulating TRPV2 expression via the AC3/cAMP/PKA pathway. Neurochem Int 2024; 174:105677. [PMID: 38290616 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent and atypical neuronal discharges, resulting in transient dysfunction within the brain. The protective role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in epilepsy has been elucidated by recent studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To investigate this, the concentration of H2S was measured by spectrophotometry and a fluorescent probe in LiCl/Pilocarpine (LiCl/Pilo)-induced seizures in rats. The localization of proteins was examined using immunofluorescence. Electroencephalogram and behavioral tests were employed to evaluate the occurrence of seizures. Neuropathological changes in the hippocampus were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining, Nissl staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Through proteomics and bioinformatics analysis, we identified the differential proteins in the hippocampus of rats following H2S intervention. Protein changes were detected through western blotting. The results showed that H2S treatment significantly alleviated seizures and minimized post-seizures neurological damage in rats. Proteomics analysis revealed adenylate cyclase 3 (AC3) as a protein potentially targeted by H2S. Moreover, the AC3 activator forskolin reversed the downregulation effect of H2S on the AC3/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)/transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) signaling pathway. In conclusion, H2S targets and downregulates the expression of AC3, thereby modulating the AC3/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway to regulate the expression of TRPV2 in LiCl/Pilo-induced seizures, ultimately leading to seizure inhibition and neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jigao Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Hainan General Hospital), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shenghua Zhuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Dayuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Dachuang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Hainan General Hospital), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Caicai Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Jiannong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Hainan General Hospital), Haikou, Hainan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Huang P, Cheng Q, Ding H. Luteolin ameliorates pentetrazole-induced seizures through the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Epilepsy Res 2024; 201:107321. [PMID: 38382229 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy represents a prevalent neurological disorder in the population, and the existing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) often fail to adequately control seizures. Inflammation is recognized as a pivotal factor in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Luteolin, a natural flavonoid extract, possesses anti-inflammatory properties and exhibits promising neuroprotective activity. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the antiepileptic effects of luteolin remain elusive. In this study, we established a rat model of epilepsy using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) to induce seizures. A series of behavioral experiments were conducted to assess behavioral abilities and cognitive function. Histological techniques, including HE staining, Nissl staining, and TUNEL staining, were employed to assess hippocampal neuronal damage. Additionally, Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and ELISA were utilized to analyze the expression levels of proteins involved in the TLR4/IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway, transcription levels of apoptotic factors, and levels of inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Luteolin exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in seizure severity, prolonged the latency period of seizures, and shortened seizure duration. Furthermore, luteolin prevented hippocampal neuronal damage in PTZ-induced epileptic rats and partially restored behavioral function and learning and memory abilities. Lastly, PTZ kindling activated the TLR4/IκBα/NF-κB pathway, leading to elevated levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, which were attenuated by luteolin. Luteolin exerted anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activities in the PTZ-induced epileptic model. Its mechanism was associated with the inhibition of the TLR4/IκBα/NF-κB pathway, alleviating the immune-inflammatory response in the post-epileptic hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Cheng
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No.68, Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, PR China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No.185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Puxin Huang
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No.185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Qingzhou Cheng
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, No.68, Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, PR China.
| | - Hong Ding
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, No.185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nonato DTT, Aragão GF, Craveiro RMCB, Pereira MG, Vasconcelos SMM, Wong DVT, Júnior RCPL, Soares PMG, Lima MADS, Assreuy AMS, Chaves EMC. Polysaccharide-rich extract of Genipa americana leaves protects seizures and oxidative stress in the mice model of pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116212. [PMID: 38364734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides have biological activities in the brain and those obtained from Genipa americana leaves present antioxidant and anticonvulsant effects in the mice model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced acute seizures. This study aimed to evaluate the polysaccharide-rich extract of Genipa americana leaves (PRE-Ga) in the models of acute seizures and chronic epilepsy (kindling) induced by PTZ. In the acute seizure model, male Swiss mice (25-35 g) received PRE-Ga (1 or 9 mg/kg; intraperitoneal- IP), alone or associated with diazepam (0.01 mg/kg), 30 min before induction of seizures with PTZ (70 mg/kg; IP). In the chronic epilepsy model, seizures were induced by PTZ (40 mg/kg) 30 min after treatment and in alternated days up to 30 days and evaluated by video. Brain areas (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum) were assessed for inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Diazepam associated to PRE-Ga (9 mg/kg; i.p.) increased the latency of seizures in acute (222.4 ± 47.57 vs. saline: 62.00 ± 4.709 s) and chronic models (6.267 ± 0.502 vs. saline: 4.067 ± 0.407 s). In hippocampus, PRE-Ga (9 mg/kg) inhibited TNF-α (105.9 ± 5.38 vs. PTZ: 133.5 ± 7.62 pmol/g) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (473.6 ± 60.51) in the chronic model. PTZ increased glial fibrillar acid proteins (GFAP) and Iba-1 in hippocampus, which was reversed by PRE-Ga (GFAP: 1.9 ± 0.23 vs PTZ: 3.1 ± 1.3 and Iba-1: 2.2 ± 0.8 vs PTZ: 3.2 ± 1.4). PRE-Ga presents neuroprotector effect in the mice model of epilepsy induced by pentylenetetrazole reducing seizures, gliosis, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gislei Frota Aragão
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Gonçalves Pereira
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Deysi Viviana Tenazoa Wong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Marcos Gomes Soares
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Sampaio Assreuy
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Edna Maria Camelo Chaves
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Armstrong OJ, Neal ES, Vidovic D, Xu W, Borges K. Transient anticonvulsant effects of time-restricted feeding in the 6-Hz mouse model. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 151:109618. [PMID: 38184948 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intermittent fasting enhances neural bioenergetics, is neuroprotective, and elicits antioxidant effects in various animal models. There are conflicting findings on seizure protection, where intermittent fasting regimens often cause severe weight loss resembling starvation which is unsustainable long-term. Therefore, we tested whether a less intensive intermittent fasting regimen such as time-restricted feeding (TRF) may confer seizure protection. METHODS Male CD1 mice were assigned to either ad libitum-fed control, continuous 8 h TRF, or 8 h TRF with weekend ad libitum food access (2:5 TRF) for one month. Body weight, food intake, and blood glucose levels were measured. Seizure thresholds were determined at various time points using 6-Hz and maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) tests. Protein levels and mRNA expression of genes, enzyme activity related to glucose metabolism, as well as mitochondrial dynamics were assessed in the cortex and hippocampus. Markers of antioxidant defence were evaluated in the plasma, cortex, and liver. RESULTS Body weight gain was similar in the ad libitum-fed and TRF mouse groups. In both TRF regimens, blood glucose levels did not change between the fed and fasted state and were higher during fasting than in the ad libitum-fed groups. Mice in the TRF group had increased seizure thresholds in the 6-Hz test on day 15 and on day 19 in a second cohort of 2:5 TRF mice, but similar seizure thresholds at other time points compared to ad libitum-fed mice. Continuous TRF did not alter MEST seizure thresholds on day 28. Mice in the TRF group showed increased maximal activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the cortex, which was accompanied by increased protein levels of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 in the cortex and hippocampus. There were no other major changes in protein or mRNA levels associated with energy metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics in the brain, nor markers of antioxidant defence in the brain, liver, or plasma. CONCLUSIONS Both continuous and 2:5 TRF regimens transiently increased seizure thresholds in the 6-Hz model at around 2 weeks, which coincided with stability of blood glucose levels during the fed and fasted periods. Our findings suggest that the lack of prolonged anticonvulsant effects in the acute electrical seizure models employed may be attributed to only modest metabolic and antioxidant adaptations found in the brain and liver. Our findings underscore the potential therapeutic value of TRF in managing seizure-related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Armstrong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Skerman Building 65, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elliott S Neal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Skerman Building 65, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Diana Vidovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Building 181, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Weizhi Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Skerman Building 65, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Skerman Building 65, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gupta R, Soni D, Upadhayay S, Dhureja M, Kumar P. Impact of noscapine on halting the progression of pentylenetetrazole induced kindling epilepsy in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:984-991. [PMID: 37724453 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is caused by an excessive recurrent excitatory neuronal firing, characterized by motor, psychomotor, and sensory impairments. Current therapies fail to produce 100% outcomes because of the complexity of the disease, poor diagnosis, and upsurge to drug-resistant epilepsy. The study repurposed the drug 'noscapine' mainly known for its anti-tussive properties. For the management of epilepsy and its associated secondary complications. To confirm the effect of noscapine, adult mice were injected with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (35 mg/kg i.p.) on an alternate day for 29 days to induce epilepsy. Animals were pretreated with noscapine in three doses (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg i.p.) for 33 days. Various behavioural assessments like the open field test, Morris water maze, and tail suspension test were performed to observe animals' locomotor activity, spatial memory, and anxiety-depressive behaviour. On the 34th day, animals were sacrificed, and brains were removed for biochemical estimations. Prolonged PTZ treatment reduced locomotor, learning activity, and increased anxiety-depressive behaviour, which was further confirmed by reduced antioxidant levels such as reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase because of increased oxido-nitrosative stress, that is, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite in the brain. In comparison, noscapine pretreatment attenuated PTZ-induced behavioural and biochemical changes in the animals. The results indicate that noscapine ameliorates the oxido-nitrosative stress. However, studies indicate that oxido-nitrosative stress is a significant concern for the GABAergic neurons and promotes the disease progression. Further studies are required to explore the molecular mechanism of noscapine, which might be a practical approach as a newer antiepileptic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishav Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Divya Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Shubham Upadhayay
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Maanvi Dhureja
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nazarinia D, Moslehi A, Hashemi P. (-)-α-bisabolol exerts neuroprotective effects against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats by targeting inflammation and oxidative stress. Physiol Behav 2023; 272:114351. [PMID: 37714321 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder which is accompanied with behavioral and psychiatric alternations. Current evidences have shown that (-)-α-bisabolol (BSB) possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in several animal studies. Here, we conducted present study to evaluate its neuroprotective effects against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats. We used fifty male rats and they were randomly assigned into 5 groups control, BSB100, PTZ, BSB50 + PTZ, BSB100 + PTZ. The animals intraperitoneally received PTZ (45 mg/kg) for ten consecutive days to induce epilepsy model. BSB in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg was administrated orally one hour before PTZ administration for ten days. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test was carried out to assess anxiety-like behavior. The seizure intensity was evaluated according to modifies Racine's convulsion scale (RCS). Y-maze and passive avoidance were utilized to assess working memory and aversive memory. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress factors were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neuronal cell loss in the hilar region was assessed using Nissl staining. Results showed that PTZ-treated rats had more seizure intensity, anxiety-like behavior, memory deficits, higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and oxidative markers. Pre-treatment with BSB 100 significantly inhibited seizure intensity, anxiety-like behavior, and memory deficits; reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MDA oxidative markers. Collectively, outcome of this work shows that BSB at the dose of 100 mg/kg may exert neuroprotective effects by mitigating seizures, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, and ameliorates memory and anxiety disorders in the PTZ-induced seizure rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donya Nazarinia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.
| | - Ahmadreza Moslehi
- Student Research Committee, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Paria Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, KurdistanUniversity of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alnaaim SA, Al‐kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Ali NH, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. New insights on the potential anti-epileptic effect of metformin: Mechanistic pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3953-3965. [PMID: 37737447 PMCID: PMC10747420 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Epilepsy is observed as a well-controlled disease by anti-epileptic agents (AEAs) in about 69%. However, 30%-40% of epileptic patients fail to respond to conventional AEAs leading to an increase in the risk of brain structural injury and mortality. Therefore, adding some FDA-approved drugs that have an anti-seizure activity to the anti-epileptic regimen is logical. The anti-diabetic agent metformin has anti-seizure activity. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the anti-seizure activity of metformin was not entirely clarified. Henceforward, the objective of this review was to exemplify the mechanistic role of metformin in epilepsy. Metformin has anti-seizure activity by triggering adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling and inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways which are dysregulated in epilepsy. In addition, metformin improves the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which has a neuroprotective effect. Hence, metformin via induction of BDNF can reduce seizure progression and severity. Consequently, increasing neuronal progranulin by metformin may explain the anti-seizure mechanism of metformin. Also, metformin reduces α-synuclein and increases protein phosphatase 2A (PPA2) with modulation of neuroinflammation. In conclusion, metformin might be an adjuvant with AEAs in the management of refractory epilepsy. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saud A. Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of MedicineKing Faisal UniversityHofufSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fawcett J, Davis S, Manford M. Further advances in epilepsy. J Neurol 2023; 270:5655-5670. [PMID: 37458794 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, one of us reviewed advances in epilepsy (Manford in J Neurol 264:1811-1824, 2017). The current paper brings that review up to date and gives a slight change in emphasis. Once again, the story is of evolution rather than revolution. In recognition that most of our current medications act on neurotransmitters or ion channels, and not on the underlying changes in connectivity and pathways, they have been renamed as antiseizure (ASM) medications rather than antiepileptic drugs. Cenobamate is the one newly licensed medication for broader use in focal epilepsy but there have been a number of developments for specific disorders. We review new players and look forward to new developments in the light of evolving underlying science. We look at teratogenicity; old villains and new concerns in which clinicians play a vital role in explaining and balancing the risks. Medical treatment of status epilepticus, long without evidence, has benefitted from high-quality trials to inform practice; like buses, several arriving at once. Surgical treatment continues to be refined with improvements in the pre-surgical evaluation of patients, especially with new imaging techniques. Alternatives including stereotactic radiotherapy have received further focus and targets for palliative stimulation techniques have grown in number. Individuals' autonomy and quality of life continue to be the subject of research with refinement of what clinicians can do to help persons with epilepsy (PWE) achieve control. This includes seizure management but extends to broader considerations of human empowerment, needs and desires, which may be aided by emerging technologies such as seizure detection devices. The role of specialist nurses in improving that quality has been reinforced by specific endorsement from the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fawcett
- Department of Neurology, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK
| | - Sarah Davis
- Department of Neurology, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK
| | - Mark Manford
- Department of Neurology, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Movahedpour A, Taghvaeefar R, Asadi‐Pooya A, Karami Y, Tavasolian R, Khatami SH, Soltani Fard E, Taghvimi S, Karami N, Rahimi Jaberi K, Taheri‐Anganeh M, Ghasemi H. Nano-delivery systems as a promising therapeutic potential for epilepsy: Current status and future perspectives. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3150-3159. [PMID: 37452477 PMCID: PMC10580365 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder caused by aberrant neuronal electrical activity. Antiseizure medications (ASMs) are the first line of treatment for people with epilepsy (PWE). However, their effectiveness may be limited by their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), among many other potential underpinnings for drug resistance in epilepsy. Therefore, there is a need to overcome this issue and, hopefully, improve the effectiveness of ASMs. Recently, synthetic nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have received attention for improving the effectiveness of ASMs due to their ability to cross the BBB. Furthermore, exosomes have emerged as a promising generation of drug delivery systems because of their potential benefits over synthetic nanoparticles. In this narrative review, we focus on various synthetic nanoparticles that have been studied to deliver ASMs. Furthermore, the benefits and limitations of each nano-delivery system have been discussed. Finally, we discuss exosomes as potentially promising delivery tools for treating epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali‐Akbar Asadi‐Pooya
- Epilepsy Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy CenterThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yousof Karami
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar University of KermanKermanIran
| | - Ronia Tavasolian
- Department of Clinical Science and NutritionUniversity of ChesterChesterUK
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Elahe Soltani Fard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced TechnologiesShahrekord University of Medical SciencesShahrekordIran
| | - Sina Taghvimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
| | - Neda Karami
- TU Wien, Institute of Solid State ElectronicsViennaAustria
| | - Khojaste Rahimi Jaberi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and TechnologiesShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mortaza Taheri‐Anganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research InstituteUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rajput A, Sharma P, Kumar N, Singh H, Singh T, Singh S, Singh Bedi PM, Singh B, Arora S, Kaur S. Anticonvulsant potential of Grewia tiliaefolia in pentylenetetrazole induced epilepsy: insights from in vivo and in silico studies. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2355-2367. [PMID: 37436587 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition, impacts millions of individuals globally and remains a significant contributor to both illness and mortality. Available antiepileptic drugs have serious side effects which warrants to explore different medicinal plants used for the management of epilepsy reported in Traditional Indian Medicinal System (TIMS). Therefore, we explored the antiepileptic potential of the Grewia tiliaefolia (Tiliaeceae) which is known for its neuroprotective properties. Aerial parts of G. tiliaefolia were subjected to extraction with increasing order of polarity viz. hexane, chloroform and methanol. Antioxidant potential of hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of G. tiliaefolia was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay, reducing power assay (RPA) and DNA nicking assay. Additionally, quantitative antioxidant assays were also conducted to quantify total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). As revealed by in vitro assays, methanol extract was found to contain more phenolic content. Hence, the methanol extract was further explored for its anticonvulsant potential in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced acute seizures in mice. The methanol extract (400 mg/kg) significantly increased the latency to occurrence of myoclonic jerks and generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS). Additionally, it also reduced duration and seizure severity score associated with GTCS. The Grewia tiliaefolia methanol extract was further screened by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) for presence of polyphenolic compounds, among which gallic acid and kaempferol were present in higher amount and were further analysed by in silico study to predict their possible binding sites and type of interactions these compounds show with gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor and glutamate α amino-3- hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (Glu-AMPA) receptor. It was revealed that gallic acid and kaempferol had shown agonistic interaction for GABA receptor and antagonistic interaction for Glu-AMPA receptor. We concluded that G. tiliaefolia showed anticonvulsant potential possibly because of gallic acid and kaempferol possibly mediated through GABA and Glu-AMPA receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Rajput
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Palvi Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Hasandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Sharabjit Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Balbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| | - Sarabjit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang W, Liu R, Yin X, Wu K, Yan Z, Wang X, Fan G, Tang Z, Li Y, Jiang H. Novel Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Bioimaging and Evaluating Superoxide Anion Fluctuations in Ferroptosis-Mediated Epilepsy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12240-12246. [PMID: 37556358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-regulated, caspase-mediated pathway of cell death that is associated with the excessive aggregation of lipid-reactive oxygen species and is extensively involved in the evolution of many diseases, including epilepsy. The superoxide anion (O2•-), as the primary precursor of ROS, is closely related to ferroptosis-mediated epilepsy. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a highly effective and convenient method for the real-time dynamic monitoring of O2•- during the ferroptosis process in epilepsy for the diagnosis and therapy of ferroptosis-mediated epilepsy. Nevertheless, no probes for detecting O2•- in ferroptosis-mediated epilepsy have been reported. Herein, we systematically conceptualized and developed a novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe, NIR-FP, for accurately tracking the fluctuation of O2•- in ferroptosis-mediated epilepsy. The probe showed exceptional sensitivity and outstanding selectivity toward O2•-. In addition, the probe has been utilized effectively to bioimage and evaluate endogenous O2•- variations in three types of ferroptosis-mediated epilepsy models (the kainic acid-induced chronic epilepsy model, the pentylenetetrazole-induced acute epilepsy model, and the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model). The above applications illustrated that NIR-FP could serve as a reliable and suitable tool for guiding the accurate diagnosis and therapy of ferroptosis-mediated epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhi Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Experimental Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhixin Tang
- Experimental Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yunlun Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Haiqiang Jiang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Taiwo RO, Sandouka S, Saadi A, Kovac S, Shekh-Ahmad T. Sestrin 3 promotes oxidative stress primarily in neurons following epileptic seizures in rats. Neuropharmacology 2023:109670. [PMID: 37482179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy affects approximately 1% of the global population, with 30% of patients experiencing uncontrolled seizures despite treatment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Sestrins are stress-inducible proteins that regulate the ROS response. In particular, Sestrin 3 (SESN3) has been implicated in ROS accumulation and the regulation of proconvulsant genes. To investigate the role of SESN3 in epilepsy, we studied its involvement in rat models of acute seizures and temporal lobe epilepsy. Our results showed that downregulation of SESN3 reduced the oxidative stress induced by seizure activity in neuronal cultures. After acute seizure activity, SESN3 protein levels temporarily increased as early as 3 h after the seizure, whereas kainic acid-induced status epilepticus led to a significant and persistent increase in SESN3 protein levels in the cortex and hippocampus for up to 2 weeks post-status epilepticus. In the chronic epilepsy phase, when spontaneous seizures emerge, SESN3 protein expression is significantly increased in both regions 6 and 12 weeks after status epilepticus. Interestingly, immunohistochemical staining showed a predominant increase in the oxidative stress marker 8-OHdG in neurons in both regions after an acute seizure, whereas following status epilepticus, the marker was detected in both neurons and astrocytes. Our findings suggest that SESN3 may contribute to the development and establishment of epilepsy, and could be a potential therapeutic target for more effective treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda Olowe Taiwo
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Sereen Sandouka
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Aseel Saadi
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Corrales-Hernández MG, Villarroel-Hagemann SK, Mendoza-Rodelo IE, Palacios-Sánchez L, Gaviria-Carrillo M, Buitrago-Ricaurte N, Espinosa-Lugo S, Calderon-Ospina CA, Rodríguez-Quintana JH. Development of Antiepileptic Drugs throughout History: From Serendipity to Artificial Intelligence. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1632. [PMID: 37371727 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive narrative review of the history of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and their development over time. Firstly, it explores the significant role of serendipity in the discovery of essential AEDs that continue to be used today, such as phenobarbital and valproic acid. Subsequently, it delves into the historical progression of crucial preclinical models employed in the development of novel AEDs, including the maximal electroshock stimulation test, pentylenetetrazol-induced test, kindling models, and other animal models. Moving forward, a concise overview of the clinical advancement of major AEDs is provided, highlighting the initial milestones and the subsequent refinement of this process in recent decades, in line with the emergence of evidence-based medicine and the implementation of increasingly rigorous controlled clinical trials. Lastly, the article explores the contributions of artificial intelligence, while also offering recommendations and discussing future perspectives for the development of new AEDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Corrales-Hernández
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Kurt Villarroel-Hagemann
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | | | - Leonardo Palacios-Sánchez
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Mariana Gaviria-Carrillo
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | | | - Santiago Espinosa-Lugo
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Carlos-Alberto Calderon-Ospina
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
- Research Group in Applied Biomedical Sciences (UR Biomed), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Jesús Hernán Rodríguez-Quintana
- Fundacion CardioInfantil-Instituto de Cardiologia, Calle 163a # 13B-60, Bogotá 111156, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi, Calle 24 # 29-45, Bogotá 111411, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ramirez JM, Carroll MS, Burgraff N, Rand CM, Weese-Mayer DE. A narrative review of the mechanisms and consequences of intermittent hypoxia and the role of advanced analytic techniques in pediatric autonomic disorders. Clin Auton Res 2023; 33:287-300. [PMID: 37326924 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-023-00958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of autonomic functions are typically characterized by disturbances in multiple organ systems. These disturbances are often comorbidities of common and rare diseases, such as epilepsy, sleep apnea, Rett syndrome, congenital heart disease or mitochondrial diseases. Characteristic of many autonomic disorders is the association with intermittent hypoxia and oxidative stress, which can cause or exaggerate a variety of other autonomic dysfunctions, making the treatment and management of these syndromes very complex. In this review we discuss the cellular mechanisms by which intermittent hypoxia can trigger a cascade of molecular, cellular and network events that result in the dysregulation of multiple organ systems. We also describe the importance of computational approaches, artificial intelligence and the analysis of big data to better characterize and recognize the interconnectedness of the various autonomic and non-autonomic symptoms. These techniques can lead to a better understanding of the progression of autonomic disorders, ultimately resulting in better care and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Michael S Carroll
- Data Analytics and Reporting, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Autonomic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Burgraff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Casey M Rand
- Division of Autonomic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Autonomic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Madireddy S, Madireddy S. Therapeutic Strategies to Ameliorate Neuronal Damage in Epilepsy by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050784. [PMID: 37239256 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder involving spontaneous and recurring seizures that affects 50 million individuals globally. Because approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy do not respond to drug therapy, the development of new therapeutic strategies against epilepsy could be beneficial. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are frequently observed in epilepsy. Additionally, neuroinflammation is increasingly understood to contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also recognized for its contributions to neuronal excitability and apoptosis, which can lead to neuronal loss in epilepsy. This review focuses on the roles of oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, NAPDH oxidase, the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation in the development of epilepsy. We also review the therapies used to treat epilepsy and prevent seizures, including anti-seizure medications, anti-epileptic drugs, anti-inflammatory therapies, and antioxidant therapies. In addition, we review the use of neuromodulation and surgery in the treatment of epilepsy. Finally, we present the role of dietary and nutritional strategies in the management of epilepsy, including the ketogenic diet and the intake of vitamins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. By reviewing available interventions and research on the pathophysiology of epilepsy, this review points to areas of further development for therapies that can manage epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi Madireddy
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jin Y, Ren L, Jing X, Wang H. Targeting ferroptosis as novel therapeutic approaches for epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1185071. [PMID: 37124220 PMCID: PMC10133701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1185071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures resulting from excessive synchronous discharge of neurons in the brain. As one of the most common complications of many neurological diseases, epilepsy is an expensive and complex global public health issue that is often accompanied by neurobehavioral comorbidities, such as abnormalities in cognition, psychiatric status, and social-adaptive behaviors. Recurrent or prolonged seizures can result in neuronal damage and cell death; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the epilepsy-induced damage to neurons remain unclear. Ferroptosis, a novel type of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, is involved in the pathophysiological progression of epilepsy. Emerging studies have demonstrated pharmacologically inhibiting ferroptosis can mitigate neuronal damage in epilepsy. In this review, we briefly describe the core molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and the roles they play in contributing to epilepsy, highlight emerging compounds that can inhibit ferroptosis to treat epilepsy and associated neurobehavioral comorbidities, and outline their pharmacological beneficial effects. The current review suggests inhibiting ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for epilepsy and associated neurobehavioral comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzi Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jing
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Voronkova KV, Alieva AM, Nikitin IG, Musina GM, Surskaya EV, Zaitseva OS, Mashkevich NG, Gomonova LV, Petrukhin AS. [The role of the phenosanic acid in the combined treatment of patients with epilepsy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:151-157. [PMID: 36843473 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2023123021151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most studied chronic neurological disorders in the world. Despite significant progress in epilepsy research, some patients continue to experience recurrent seizures. It has been proven that oxidative stress plays an important role in epilepsy. Targeting oxidative stress may provide a novel therapeutic intervention to attenuate epileptogenesis as well as cognitive and psychiatric impairment in patients with epilepsy. One of the promising directions in the search for new strategies for the treatment of epilepsy is the combined use of antiepileptic drugs with antioxidants that affect the pathogenetic links of this disease. The new Russian antiepileptic drug fenosanoic acid (Dibufelon) has an anticonvulsant effect due to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation of brain cells and the reconstruction of cell membranes. This mechanism of action also paves the way for an increase in the effectiveness of co-administered drugs with phenosanoic acid. The effect of the drug on the cognitive and mental functions of patients, the regression of asthenia phenomena is also observed. The clinical efficacy and safety of the combination of this drug with other antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy has been demonstrated in experimental and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K V Voronkova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Petrovsky Russian Scientific Center for Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Alieva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Nikitin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G M Musina
- Medical Center NORIS, Sterlitamak, Russia
| | - E V Surskaya
- Petrovsky Russian Scientific Center for Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - O S Zaitseva
- Petrovsky Russian Scientific Center for Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - N G Mashkevich
- Petrovsky Russian Scientific Center for Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Gomonova
- Petrovsky Russian Scientific Center for Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Petrukhin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Akyüz E, Saleem QH, Sari Ç, Auzmendi J, Lazarowski A. Enlightening the mechanism of ferroptosis in epileptic heart. Curr Med Chem 2023; 31:CMC-EPUB-129729. [PMID: 36815654 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230223103524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological degenerative disease with a high incidence, affecting all age groups. Refractory Epilepsy (RE) occurs in approximately 30-40% of cases with a higher risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Recent studies have shown that spontaneous seizures developed in epilepsy can be related to an increase in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen derivatives (ROS) production. Increasing ROS concentration causes lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, destruction of nuclear genetic material, enzyme inhibition, and cell death by a mechanism known as "ferroptosis" (Fts). Inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) induces Fts, while oxidative stress is linked with increased intracellular free iron (Fe+2) concentration. Fts is also a non-apoptotic programmed cell death mechanism, where a hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-141) dependent hypoxic stress-like condition appears to occur with accumulation of iron and cytotoxic ROS in affected cells. Assuming convulsive crises as hypoxic stress, repetitive convulsive/hypoxic stress can be an effective inducer of the "epileptic heart" (EH), which is characterized by altered autonomic function and a high risk of malignant or fatal bradycardia. We previously reported that experimental recurrent seizures induce cardiomyocyte Fts associated with SUDEP. Furthermore, several genes related to Fts and hypoxia have recently been identified in acute myocardial infarction. An emerging theme from recent studies indicates that inhibition of GPX4 through modulating expression or activities of the xCT antiporter system (SLC7A11) governs cell sensitivity to oxidative stress from ferroptosis. Furthermore, during hypoxia, an increased expression of stress transcriptional factor ATF3 can promote Fts induced by erastin in a HIF-141-dependent manner. We propose that inhibition of Fts with ROS scavengers, iron chelators, antioxidants, and transaminase inhibitors could provide a therapeutic effect in epilepsy and improve the prognosis of SUDEP risk by protecting the heart from ferroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enes Akyüz
- University of Health Sciences, Faculty of International Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Qamar Hakeem Saleem
- University of Health Sciences, Faculty of International Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Sari
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jerónimo Auzmendi
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institute for Research in Physiopathology and Clinical Biochemistry (INFIBIOC), Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Lazarowski
- Institute for Research in Physiopathology and Clinical Biochemistry (INFIBIOC), Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang MT, Chou IC, Wang HS. Role of vitamins in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 139:109062. [PMID: 36577336 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that presents as recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Pharmacotherapy is the main treatment for epilepsy, but at least 30% of patients with epilepsy have pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Therefore, non-pharmacological treatments are still required. In addition to electrophysiological aberrations contributing to epileptogenesis and pathophysiology in epilepsy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic derangement have been investigated as drug targets in the treatment of epilepsy. Vitamins have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, which can be beneficial for the treatment of epilepsy. Herein, we comprehensively review the role of vitamins in epilepsy. Certain epilepsies are vitamin-dependent or vitamin-responsive. Most studies on vitamins in epilepsy are of low evidence level or limited to animal studies. Nevertheless, vitamin supplementation should be considered in epilepsy therapy. Additionally, certain anti-seizure medications may alter the serum levels of certain vitamins. Monitoring the serum levels of vitamins and supplementing vitamins when needed are suggested during the follow-up of patients with epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tao Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - I-Ching Chou
- Division of Pediatrics Neurology, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Shyong Wang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zuccarini M, Pruccoli L, Balducci M, Giuliani P, Caciagli F, Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P. Influence of Guanine-Based Purines on the Oxidoreductive Reactions Involved in Normal or Altered Brain Functions. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031172. [PMID: 36769818 PMCID: PMC9917437 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain is homeostatically controlled and contributes to normal neural functions. Inefficiency of control mechanisms in brain aging or pathological conditions leads to ROS overproduction with oxidative neural cell damage and degeneration. Among the compounds showing therapeutic potential against neuro-dysfunctions induced by oxidative stress are the guanine-based purines (GBPs), of which the most characterized are the nucleoside guanosine (GUO) and the nucleobase guanine (GUA), which act differently. Indeed, the administration of GUO to in vitro or in vivo models of acute brain injury (ischemia/hypoxia or trauma) or chronic neurological/neurodegenerative disorders, exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, decreasing the production of reactive radicals and improving mitochondrial function via multiple molecular signals. However, GUO administration to rodents also causes an amnesic effect. In contrast, the metabolite, GUA, could be effective in memory-related disorders by transiently increasing ROS production and stimulating the nitric oxide/soluble guanylate cyclase/cGMP/protein kinase G cascade, which has long been recognized as beneficial for cognitive function. Thus, it is worth pursuing further studies to ascertain the therapeutic role of GUO and GUA and to evaluate the pathological brain conditions in which these compounds could be more usefully used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Letizia Pruccoli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Martina Balducci
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu X, Zhang L, Cao Y, Jia H, Li X, Li F, Zhang S, Zhang J. Neuroinflammation of traumatic brain injury: Roles of extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1088827. [PMID: 36741357 PMCID: PMC9889855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1088827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of neurological disorder or death, with a heavy burden on individuals and families. While sustained primary insult leads to damage, subsequent secondary events are considered key pathophysiological characteristics post-TBI, and the inflammatory response is a prominent contributor to the secondary cascade. Neuroinflammation is a multifaceted physiological response and exerts both positive and negative effects on TBI. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as messengers for intercellular communication, are involved in biological and pathological processes in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injuries. The number and characteristics of EVs and their cargo in the CNS and peripheral circulation undergo tremendous changes in response to TBI, and these EVs regulate neuroinflammatory reactions by activating prominent receptors on receptor cells or delivering pro- or anti-inflammatory cargo to receptor cells. The purpose of this review is to discuss the possible neuroinflammatory mechanisms of EVs and loading in the context of TBI. Furthermore, we summarize the potential role of diverse types of cell-derived EVs in inflammation following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoran Jia
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanjian Li
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Jianning Zhang, ; Shu Zhang,
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Jianning Zhang, ; Shu Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vezzani A, Ravizza T, Bedner P, Aronica E, Steinhäuser C, Boison D. Astrocytes in the initiation and progression of epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:707-722. [PMID: 36280704 PMCID: PMC10368155 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy affects ~65 million people worldwide. First-line treatment options include >20 antiseizure medications, but seizure control is not achieved in approximately one-third of patients. Antiseizure medications act primarily on neurons and can provide symptomatic control of seizures, but do not alter the onset and progression of epilepsy and can cause serious adverse effects. Therefore, medications with new cellular and molecular targets and mechanisms of action are needed. Accumulating evidence indicates that astrocytes are crucial to the pathophysiological mechanisms of epilepsy, raising the possibility that these cells could be novel therapeutic targets. In this Review, we discuss how dysregulation of key astrocyte functions - gliotransmission, cell metabolism and immune function - contribute to the development and progression of hyperexcitability in epilepsy. We consider strategies to mitigate astrocyte dysfunction in each of these areas, and provide an overview of how astrocyte activation states can be monitored in vivo not only to assess their contribution to disease but also to identify markers of disease processes and treatment effects. Improved understanding of the roles of astrocytes in epilepsy has the potential to lead to novel therapies to prevent the initiation and progression of epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Peter Bedner
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Glyceryl triacetate feeding in mice increases plasma acetate levels but has no anticonvulsant effects in acute electrical seizure models. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 137:108964. [PMID: 36343532 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetate has been shown to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. It is oxidized by astrocytes and can thus provide auxiliary energy to the brain in addition to glucose. Therefore, we hypothesized that it may protect against seizures, which is investigated here by feeding glyceryl triacetate (GTA), to provide high amounts of acetate without raising sodium or acid levels. METHOD CD1 male mice were fed controlled diets with or without GTA for up to three weeks. Body weights, blood glucose levels, plasma short-chain fatty acid levels, and other hematological parameters were monitored. Seizure thresholds were determined in 6 Hz and maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) tests. Antioxidant capacities were evaluated in the cerebral cortex and plasma using a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. RESULTS Body weight gain was similar with both diets with and without GTA in two experiments. Glyceryl triacetate-fed groups showed 2-3- and 1.6-fold increased acetate and propionate levels in plasma, respectively. Glucose levels were unaltered in blood collected from the tail tip but increased in trunk blood. No differences were found in the activity of cerebral cortex acetyl-CoA synthetase. In the 6 Hz threshold test, seizure thresholds were lower by 3 mA and 2.4 mA after 8 and 14 days, respectively, in the GTA compared to the control diet-fed group, but showed no difference on day 16, showing that GTA has small, but inconsistent proconvulsant effects in this model. In MEST tests, a slightly increased seizure threshold (1 mA) was found on day 19 in the GTA-fed group, but not in another experiment on day 21. There were no differences in antioxidant capacity in plasma or cortex between the two groups. CONCLUSION Glyceryl triacetate feeding showed no antioxidant effects nor beneficial changes in acute electrical seizure threshold mouse models, despite its ability to increase plasma acetate levels.
Collapse
|
33
|
Alcohol Withdrawal Is an Oxidative Stress Challenge for the Brain: Does It Pave the Way toward Severe Alcohol-Related Cognitive Impairment? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102078. [PMID: 36290801 PMCID: PMC9598168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use is a leading cause of mortality, brain morbidity, neurological complications and minor to major neurocognitive disorders. Alcohol-related neurocognitive disorders are consecutive to the direct effect of chronic and excessive alcohol use, but not only. Indeed, patients with severe alcohol use disorders (AUD) associated with pharmacological dependence suffer from repetitive events of alcohol withdrawal (AW). If those AW are not managed by adequate medical and pharmacological treatment, they may evolve into severe AW, or be complicated by epileptic seizure or delirium tremens (DT). In addition, we suggest that AW favors the occurrence of Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) in patients with known or unknown thiamine depletion. We reviewed the literature on oxidative stress as a core mechanism in brain suffering linked with those conditions: AW, epileptic seizure, DT and WE. Thus, we propose perspectives to further develop research projects aiming at better identifying oxidative stress brain damage related to AW, assessing the effect of repetitive episodes of AW, and their long-term cognitive consequences. This research field should develop neuroprotective strategies during AW itself or during the periwithdrawal period. This could contribute to the prevention of severe alcohol-related brain damage and cognitive impairments.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hong H, Lu X, Lu Q, Huang C, Cui Z. Potential therapeutic effects and pharmacological evidence of sinomenine in central nervous system disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1015035. [PMID: 36188580 PMCID: PMC9523510 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1015035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine is a natural compound extracted from the medicinal plant Sinomenium acutum. Its supplementation has been shown to present benefits in a variety of animal models of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury (TBI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), epilepsy, depression, multiple sclerosis, morphine tolerance, and glioma. Therefore, sinomenine is now considered a potential agent for the prevention and/or treatment of CNS disorders. Mechanistic studies have shown that inhibition of oxidative stress, microglia- or astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis are common mechanisms for the neuroprotective effects of sinomenine. Other mechanisms, including activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), induction of autophagy in response to inhibition of protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element-binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), may also mediate the anti-glioma and neuroprotective effects of sinomenine. Sinomenine treatment has also been shown to enhance dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2)-mediated nuclear translocation of αB-crystallin (CRYAB) in astrocytes, thereby suppressing neuroinflammation via inhibition of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3). In addition, sinomenine supplementation can suppress N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx and induce γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor-mediated Cl− influx, each of which contributes to the improvement of morphine dependence and sleep disturbance. In this review, we outline the pharmacological effects and possible mechanisms of sinomenine in CNS disorders to advance the development of sinomenine as a new drug for the treatment of CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Hong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiming Cui,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Moradi Jafari A, Hassanpourezatti M. Influence of methadone on the anticonvulsant efficacy of valproate sodium gabapentin against maximal electroshock seizure in mice by regulation of brain MDA TNF-α. Front Neurol 2022; 13:920107. [PMID: 36081867 PMCID: PMC9445582 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.920107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methadone is the most frequently used opioid therapy worldwide, with controversial effects on oxidative stress homeostasis. This study investigated the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) co-administration of methadone (0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg) and valproate sodium (300 mg/kg) or gabapentin (50 mg/kg) in the mice maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure model. The adverse effect of drugs was assessed using the chimney test. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured in mice brains after a single seizure. Administration of methadone alone resulted in a significant reduction in the duration of hind limb extension (HLE) than that in the control group. Methadone pretreatment at doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg i.p. decreased, and at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg i.p. had an increasing effect on anticonvulsant efficacy of gabapentin. Pretreatment with all doses of methadone significantly decreased the valproate anticonvulsive efficacy. At doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg i.p. methadone per se increased brain MDA levels after MES-induced seizure. Administration of methadone (0.3 mg/kg i.p.) enhanced and at 3 mg/kg decreased gabapentin effect on brain MDA level, but their co-treatment did not lead to further increase in MDA. Methadone at 0.3–3 mg/kg enhanced the effect of sodium valproate on MDA levels in the brain, but at all doses significantly potentiated its effect on brain TNF-α levels. The drugs did not produce any side effects on motor coordination in experimental animals. In conclusion, methadone showed different effects on anticonvulsant actions of gabapentin and valproate through regulation of brain levels of MDA and TNF-α.
Collapse
|
36
|
Fabisiak T, Patel M. Crosstalk between neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:976953. [PMID: 36035987 PMCID: PMC9399352 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.976953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of both neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of epilepsy have begun to receive considerable attention in recent years. However, these concepts are predominantly studied as separate entities despite the evidence that neuroinflammatory and redox-based signaling cascades have significant crosstalk. Oxidative post-translational modifications have been demonstrated to directly influence the function of key neuroinflammatory mediators. Neuroinflammation can further be controlled on the transcriptional level as the transcriptional regulators NF-KB and nrf2 are activated by reactive oxygen species. Further, neuroinflammation can induce the increased expression and activity of NADPH oxidase, leading to a highly oxidative environment. These factors additionally influence mitochondria function and the metabolic status of neurons and glia, which are already metabolically stressed in epilepsy. Given the implication of this relationship to disease pathology, this review explores the numerous mechanisms by which neuroinflammation and oxidative stress influence one another in the context of epilepsy. We further examine the efficacy of treatments targeting oxidative stress and redox regulation in animal and human epilepsies in the literature that warrant further investigation. Treatment approaches aimed at rectifying oxidative stress and aberrant redox signaling may enable control of neuroinflammation and improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhao F, Xiao K, Wu C. Glucose-PEG2000-DSPE modified carbamazepine nano system alleviated cell apoptosis and oxidative stress in epilepsy. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:671-683. [PMID: 35428408 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2061714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Investigations on the effects of newly constructed glucose-PEG2000-DSPE modified carbamazepine nano system on oxidative stress damage and cell apoptosis in epilepsy. The nano system was constructed by egg yolk lecithin, cholesterol, GLUPEG2000-DSPE, and carbamazepine as per the molar ratio of 95:20:5:6.35. The particle size, zeta potential, and release rate of carbamazepine was determined using a microscope and a microplate reader. The cells toxicity was detected for determine the optimal concentration of carbamazepine nano system. Cell uptake, cell apoptosis ratio and ROS level was determined by flow cytometry analysis. The in vivo studies were performed using male Wistar rats. H&E staining was employed for histological evaluation. Immunofluorescence was utilized for measure the expression level of GLUT1. ELISA assay was obtained for detecting the levels of SOD, GSH-Px and MDA. The results shown the average particle size was 108.57 ± 3.42 nm, and the mean zeta potential was -52.75 ± 1.48 mV. The modified carbamazepine liposomes exhibited higher release rate. Cell uptake indicated that carbamazepine nano system could be successfully internalized into cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the carbamazepine nano system dramatically decreased cell apoptosis rate and downregulated ROS level. Moreover, carbamazepine nano system improved histological status, increased GLUT1 expression and decreased oxidative stress in vivo. In conclusion, glucose-PEG2000-DSPE modified carbamazepine nano system ameliorated cell apoptosis and oxidative stress damage in epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kun Xiao
- Transfusion Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chengsi Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim S, Park S, Choi TG, Kim SS. Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Epilepsy and Potential Benefits of Probiotics and Prebiotics: Targeting “Health” of Epileptic Patients. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142982. [PMID: 35889939 PMCID: PMC9322917 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The WHO’s definition of health transcends the mere absence of disease, emphasizing physical, mental, and social well-being. As this perspective is being increasingly applied to the management of chronic diseases, research on gut microbiota (GM) is surging, with a focus on its potential for persistent and noninvasive dietary therapeutics. In patients with epilepsy (PWE), a chronic lack of seizure control along with often neglected psychiatric comorbidities greatly disrupt the quality of life. Evidence shows that GM-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may impact seizure susceptibility through modulating (1) excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters, (2) oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and (3) psychosocial stress. These functions are also connected to shared pathologies of epilepsy and its two most common psychiatric consequences: depression and anxiety. As the enhancement of SCFA production is enabled through direct administration, as well as probiotics and prebiotics, related dietary treatments may exert antiseizure effects. This paper explores the potential roles of SCFAs in the context of seizure control and its mental comorbidities, while analyzing existing studies on the effects of pro/prebiotics on epilepsy. Based on currently available data, this study aims to interpret the role of SCFAs in epileptic treatment, extending beyond the absence of seizures to target the health of PWE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Kim
- Department of Preliminary Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Siyeon Park
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.G.C.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0287 (T.G.C.); +82-2-961-0524 (S.S.K.)
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.G.C.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0287 (T.G.C.); +82-2-961-0524 (S.S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang S, Qi X. The Putative Role of Astaxanthin in Neuroinflammation Modulation: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:916653. [PMID: 35814201 PMCID: PMC9263351 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.916653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a protective mechanism against insults from exogenous pathogens and endogenous cellular debris and is essential for reestablishing homeostasis in the brain. However, excessive prolonged neuroinflammation inevitably leads to lesions and disease. The use of natural compounds targeting pathways involved in neuroinflammation remains a promising strategy for treating different neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Astaxanthin, a natural xanthophyll carotenoid, is a well known antioxidant. Mounting evidence has revealed that astaxanthin is neuroprotective and has therapeutic potential by inhibiting neuroinflammation, however, its functional roles and underlying mechanisms in modulating neuroinflammation have not been systematically summarized. Hence, this review summarizes recent progress in this field and provides an update on the medical value of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin modulates neuroinflammation by alleviating oxidative stress, reducing the production of neuroinflammatory factors, inhibiting peripheral inflammation and maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Mechanistically, astaxanthin scavenges radicals, triggers the Nrf2-induced activation of the antioxidant system, and suppresses the activation of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. With its good biosafety and high bioavailability, astaxanthin has strong potential for modulating neuroinflammation, although some outstanding issues still require further investigation.
Collapse
|