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Baroi AM, Fierascu I, Ghizdareanu AI, Trica B, Fistos T, Matei (Brazdis) RI, Fierascu RC, Firinca C, Sardarescu ID, Avramescu SM. Green Approach for Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties from Grapevine Waste Extracts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4212. [PMID: 38673798 PMCID: PMC11050308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to study the possibilities of developing silver nanoparticles using natural extracts of grape pomace wastes originating from the native variety of Fetească Neagră 6 Șt. This study focused on investigating the influence of grape pomace extract obtained by two different extraction methods (classical temperature extraction and microwave-assisted extraction) in the phytosynthesis process of metal nanoparticles. The total phenolic content of the extracts was assessed using the spectrophotometric method with the Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent, while the identification and quantification of specific components were conducted through high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), along with assessing their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacteria. The data collected from the experiments indicated that the nanoparticles were formed in a relatively short period of time (96 h) and, for the experimental variant involving the use of a 1:1 ratio (v/v, grape pomace extract: silver nitrate) for the nanoparticle phytosynthesis, the smallest crystallite sizes (from X-ray diffraction-4.58 nm and 5.14 nm) as well as spherical or semispherical nanoparticles with the lowest average diameters were obtained (19.99-23 nm, from TEM analysis). The phytosynthesis process was shown to enhance the antioxidant properties (determined using the DPPH assay) and the antimicrobial potential (tested against Gram-positive strains) of the nanoparticles, as evidenced by comparing their properties with those of the parent extracts; at the same time, the nanoparticles exhibited a selectivity in action, being active against the Staphylococcus aureus strain while presenting no antimicrobial potential against the Enterococcus faecalis strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Maria Baroi
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd., 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd., 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andra-Ionela Ghizdareanu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Bogdan Trica
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Toma Fistos
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Roxana Ioana Matei (Brazdis)
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Radu Claudiu Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristina Firinca
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry–ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (A.-I.G.); (B.T.); (T.F.); (R.I.M.); (R.C.F.); (C.F.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91–95 Spl. Independenței, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Daniela Sardarescu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Research and Development Institute for Biotechnology in Horticulture, Bucharet-Pitesti Str., 117715 Stefanesti, Romania
| | - Sorin Marius Avramescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Centre for Environmental Protection and Waste Management (PROTMED), University of Bucharest, 91–95 Spl. Independenței, Sect. 5, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
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Iannuzzo F, Cicatiello AG, Sagliocchi S, Schiano E, Nappi A, Miro C, Stornaiuolo M, Mollica A, Tenore GC, Dentice M, Novellino E. Therapeutic Effect of an Ursolic Acid-Based Nutraceutical on Neuronal Regeneration after Sciatic Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:902. [PMID: 38255977 PMCID: PMC10815361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries lead to severe functional impairments and long recovery times, with limited effectiveness and accessibility of current treatments. This has increased interest in natural bioactive compounds, such as ursolic acid (UA). Our study evaluated the effect of an oleolyte rich in UA from white grape pomace (WGPO) on neuronal regeneration in mice with induced sciatic nerve resection, administered concurrently with the induced damage (the WGPO group) and 10 days prior (the PRE-WGPO group). The experiment was monitored at two-time points (4 and 10 days) after injury. After 10 days, the WGPO group demonstrated a reduction in muscle atrophy, evidenced by an increased number and diameter of muscle fibers and a decreased Atrogin-1 and Murf-1 expression relative to the denervated control. It was also observed that 85.7% of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) were fully innervated, as indicated by the colocalization of α-bungarotoxin and synaptophysin, along with the significant modulation of Oct-6 and S-100. The PRE-WGPO group showed a more beneficial effect on nerve fiber reformation, with a significant increase in myelin protein zero and 95.2% fully innervated NMJs, and a pro-hypertrophic effect in resting non-denervated muscles. Our findings suggest WGPO as a potential treatment for various conditions that require the repair of nerve and muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortuna Iannuzzo
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Annunziata Gaetana Cicatiello
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.C.); (S.S.); (A.N.); (C.M.)
| | - Serena Sagliocchi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.C.); (S.S.); (A.N.); (C.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Schiano
- Healthcare Food Research Center, Inventia Biotech s.r.l., S. S. Sannitica, 81020 Caserta, Italy; (E.S.); (E.N.)
| | - Annarita Nappi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.C.); (S.S.); (A.N.); (C.M.)
| | - Caterina Miro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.C.); (S.S.); (A.N.); (C.M.)
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 59, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.S.); (G.C.T.)
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 59, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.S.); (G.C.T.)
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (A.G.C.); (S.S.); (A.N.); (C.M.)
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Healthcare Food Research Center, Inventia Biotech s.r.l., S. S. Sannitica, 81020 Caserta, Italy; (E.S.); (E.N.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy
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Smeriglio A, Ingegneri M, Germanò MP, Miori L, Battistini G, Betuzzi F, Malaspina P, Trombetta D, Cornara L. Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Monarda didyma L. Growing in Trentino (Northern Italy) for Cosmeceutical Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:112. [PMID: 38202420 PMCID: PMC10780350 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Monarda didyma L. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal and aromatic herb native to eastern North America and now is also cultivated in Northern Italy, which shows terminal heads of bright scarlet-red flowers, subtended by a whorl of red-tinged leafy bracts. Starting from 2018, M. didyma flowering tops have been included in the Belfrit List of botanicals. However, to date studies on the crude extract of this plant are still lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate the morphological and anatomical features of the flowering tops and the phytochemical profile of their ethanolic and hydroglyceric extracts (EE and HGE, respectively). HGE was the richest in total phenols (105.75 ± 5.91 vs. 64.22 ± 3.45 mg/100 mL) and especially in flavonoids (71.60 ± 5.09 vs. 47.70 ± 1.27 mg/100 mL), as confirmed also by LC-DAD-ESI-MS. Fifty-three polyphenols were identified and quantified. Even if they showed a common polyphenolic profile, EE and HGE showed quantitative differences. Flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins were the most expressed metabolites in HGE, whereas flavonols were the most expressed metabolites in EE. These features confer to HGE the highest antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic properties, detected by several in vitro and in vivo assays, highlighting a promising use of this plant extract for skincare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (M.I.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Mariarosaria Ingegneri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (M.I.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (M.I.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Luigi Miori
- Areaderma S.r.l., Via per Trento 16, 38042 Baselga di Pinè, Italy; (L.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Giulia Battistini
- Areaderma S.r.l., Via per Trento 16, 38042 Baselga di Pinè, Italy; (L.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Federica Betuzzi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy; (F.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Paola Malaspina
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy; (F.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (M.I.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Laura Cornara
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy; (F.B.); (L.C.)
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Butt Z, Aamir M, Aziz S, Akhtar J, Afaq A, Naseer S, Wali Q, Nadeem M, Jabeen U. Green synthesis of Cu-Mn co-incorporated ZnO nanoparticles for antibacterial and photocatalytic applications. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1132-1143. [PMID: 37477113 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effect of bimetallic co-incorporated metal oxides have gained enormous attention due to their unique optoelectronic properties. Herein, we present the green synthesis of ZnO, Cu-incorporated ZnO, Mn-incorporated ZnO, and Cu-Mn co-incorporated nanoparticles (ZnO NPs, CuZnO NPs, MnZnO NPs, MnCuZnO NPs) for antimicrobial and photocatalytic reduction applications using corn silk extract and industrial metal wastes. The as-synthesized NPs were characterized by using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powdered x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CuZnO, MnZnO, and MnCuZnO NPs efficiently inhibited bacterial culture growth. The photocatalytic reduction activity of as-synthesized NPs against the different concentrations of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in water was also investigated. CuZnO and MnCuZnO nanoparticles were to be efficient photocatalysts for reducing 4-NP into 4-aminophenol (4-AP). RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Green synthesis of nanomaterials by agricultural and industrial wastes Cu and Mn co-incorporated ZnO NPs have shown good photocatalysis and antimicrobial activities Green approach for waste conversion to value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Butt
- Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, (AJK), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, (AJK), Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Aziz
- Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, (AJK), Pakistan
| | - Javeed Akhtar
- Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, (AJK), Pakistan
| | - Adil Afaq
- Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, (AJK), Pakistan
| | - Sania Naseer
- Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, (AJK), Pakistan
| | - Qamar Wali
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Jabeen
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Pakistan
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5
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Serra M, Casas A, Teixeira JA, Barros AN. Revealing the Beauty Potential of Grape Stems: Harnessing Phenolic Compounds for Cosmetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11751. [PMID: 37511513 PMCID: PMC10380576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Grape stems have emerged as a promising natural ingredient in the cosmetics industry due to their abundance of phenolic compounds, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds have shown great potential in promoting skin health, fighting signs of aging, and shielding against environmental stressors. With high concentrations of resveratrol, flavonoids, and tannins, grape stems have garnered attention from cosmetic scientists. Research has indicated that phenolic compounds extracted from grape stems possess potent antioxidant abilities, effectively combating free radicals that accelerate aging. Moreover, these compounds have demonstrated the capacity to shield the skin from UV damage, boost collagen production, and enhance skin elasticity. Cosmetic formulations incorporating grape stem extracts have displayed promising results in addressing various skin concerns, including reducing wrinkles, fine lines, and age spots, leading to a more youthful appearance. Additionally, grape stem extracts have exhibited anti-inflammatory properties, soothing irritated skin and diminishing redness. Exploring the potential of grape stem phenolic compounds for cosmetics paves the way for sustainable and natural beauty products. By harnessing the beauty benefits of grape stems, the cosmetics industry can provide effective and eco-friendly solutions for consumers seeking natural alternatives. Ongoing research holds the promise of innovative grape stem-based formulations that could revolutionize the cosmetics market, fully unlocking the potential of these extraordinary botanical treasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Serra
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, São Félix da Marinha, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Casas
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, São Félix da Marinha, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - José António Teixeira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Novo Barros
- Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, São Félix da Marinha, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Paprocka M, Dancewicz K, Kordan B, Damszel M, Sergiel I, Biesaga M, Mroczek J, Arroyo Garcia RA, Gabryś B. Probing behavior of Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae on three species of grapevines with analysis of grapevine leaf anatomy and allelochemicals. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2022.2162615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Paprocka
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - K. Dancewicz
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - B. Kordan
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - M. Damszel
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - I. Sergiel
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - M. Biesaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. Mroczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R. A. Arroyo Garcia
- CSIC-INIA (CPGP) Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Gabryś
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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Ren Y, Li J, Liu J, Zhang Z, Song Y, Fan D, Liu M, Zhang L, Xu Y, Guo D, He J, Song S, Gao Z, Ma C. Functional Differences of Grapevine Circular RNA Vv-circPTCD1 in Arabidopsis and Grapevine Callus under Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2332. [PMID: 37375960 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) serve as covalently closed single-stranded RNAs and have been proposed to influence plant development and stress resistance. Grapevine is one of the most economically valuable fruit crops cultivated worldwide and is threatened by various abiotic stresses. Herein, we reported that a circRNA (Vv-circPTCD1) processed from the second exon of the pentatricopeptide repeat family gene PTCD1 was preferentially expressed in leaves and responded to salt and drought but not heat stress in grapevine. Additionally, the second exon sequence of PTCD1 was highly conserved, but the biogenesis of Vv-circPTCD1 is species-dependent in plants. It was further found that the overexpressed Vv-circPTCD1 can slightly decrease the abundance of the cognate host gene, and the neighboring genes are barely affected in the grapevine callus. Furthermore, we also successfully overexpressed the Vv-circPTCD1 and found that the Vv-circPTCD1 deteriorated the growth during heat, salt, and drought stresses in Arabidopsis. However, the biological effects on grapevine callus were not always consistent with those of Arabidopsis. Interestingly, we found that the transgenic plants of linear counterpart sequence also conferred the same phenotypes as those of circRNA during the three stress conditions, no matter what species it is. Those results imply that although the sequences are conserved, the biogenesis and functions of Vv-circPTCD1 are species-dependent. Our results indicate that the plant circRNA function investigation should be conducted in homologous species, which supports a valuable reference for further plant circRNA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junpeng Li
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yue Song
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dongying Fan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Minying Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dinghan Guo
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Juan He
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shiren Song
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Sharafan M, Malinowska MA, Ekiert H, Kwaśniak B, Sikora E, Szopa A. Vitis vinifera (Vine Grape) as a Valuable Cosmetic Raw Material. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051372. [PMID: 37242614 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review refers to botanical, ecological and phytochemical characteristics of Vitis vinifera L. (vine grape)-a species, the valuable properties of which are widely exploited in the food industry and in recent times in medicine as well as in phytocosmetology. The general characteristic of V. vinifera, followed by the chemical composition and biological activities of different extracts obtained from the plant (fruit, skin, pomace, seed, leaf and stem extracts), are provided. A concise review of the extraction conditions of grape metabolites and the methods of their analysis are also presented. The biological activity of V. vinifera is determined by the presence of high contents of polyphenols, mainly flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol), catechin derivatives, anthocyanins and stilbenoids (e.g., trans-resveratrol, trans-ε-viniferin). The review pays particular attention to the application of V. vinifera in cosmetology. It has been proven that V. vinifera possesses strong cosmetological-related properties, such as anti-ageing properties, anti-inflammatory properties and skin-whitening properties. Moreover, a review of studies on V. vinifera biological activities, which are of particular interest for dermatologic problems, are disclosed. Furthermore, the work also emphasises the importance of biotechnological studies on V. vinifera. The last part of the review is addressed to the safety of the use of V. vinifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sharafan
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena A Malinowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Kwaśniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Sikora
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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9
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Musto G, Schiano E, Iannuzzo F, Tenore GC, Novellino E, Stornaiuolo M. Genotoxicity Assessment of Nutraceuticals Extracted from Thinned Nectarine (Prunus persica L.) and Grape Seed (Vitis Vinifera L.) Waste Biomass. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061171. [PMID: 36981098 PMCID: PMC10048668 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agri-food by-products represent a considerable portion of the waste produced in the world and especially when incorrectly disposed of, contribute to air, soil, and water pollution. Recently, recycling of food waste has proven to be an attractive area of research for pharmaceutical companies, that use agri-food by-products (leaves, bark, roots, seeds, second-best vegetables) as alternative raw material for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Developers and producers are however, advised to assess the safety of nutraceuticals obtained from biowaste that, in virtue of its chemical complexity, could undermine the overall safety of the final products. Here, in compliance with EFSA regulations, we use the Ames test (OECD 471) and the micronucleus test (OECD 487) to assess the mutagenicity of two nutraceuticals obtained from food waste. The first consists of grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.) that have undergone a process of food-grade depolymerization of proanthocyanidins to release more bioavailable flavan-3-ols. The second nutraceutical product consists of thinned nectarines (Prunus persica L. var nucipersica) containing abscisic acid and polyphenols. The results presented here show that these products are, before as well as after metabolization, non-mutagenic, up to the doses of 5 mg and 100 μg per plate for the Ames and micronucleus test, respectively, and can be thus considered genotoxically safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Musto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Schiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fortuna Iannuzzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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10
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D’Eusanio V, Malferrari D, Marchetti A, Roncaglia F, Tassi L. Waste By-Product of Grape Seed Oil Production: Chemical Characterization for Use as a Food and Feed Supplement. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020326. [PMID: 36836684 PMCID: PMC9958947 DOI: 10.3390/life13020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the waste materials of wine production, grape seeds constitute an important fraction of the pomace, from which the precious edible oil is extracted. The residual mass from oil extraction, the defatted grape seeds (DGS), can be destined for composting or valorized according to the circular economy rules to produce pyrolytic biochar by gasification or pellets for integral energy recovery. Only a small quantity is used for subsequent extraction of polyphenols and tannins. In this study, we performed a chemical characterization of the DGS, by applying spectroscopic techniques (ICP-OES) to determine the metal content, separation techniques (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to evaluate the volatile fraction, and thermal methods of analysis (TGA-MS-EGA) to identify different matrix constituents. Our main goal is to obtain information about the composition of DGS and identify some bioactive compounds constituting the matrix in view of possible future applications. The results suggest that DGS can be further exploited as a dietary supplement, or as an enriching ingredient in foods, for example, in baked goods. Defatted grape seed flour can be used for both human and animal consumption, as it is a source of functional macro- and micronutrients that help in maintaining optimal health and well-being conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica D’Eusanio
- Department of Chemical and Geologial Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (L.T.)
| | - Daniele Malferrari
- Department of Chemical and Geologial Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchetti
- Department of Chemical and Geologial Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Roncaglia
- Department of Chemical and Geologial Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tassi
- Department of Chemical and Geologial Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (L.T.)
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11
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Evaluation of the Phytochemistry-Therapeutic Activity Relationship for Grape Seeds Oil. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010178. [PMID: 36676127 PMCID: PMC9864701 DOI: 10.3390/life13010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Seeds' abundant biologically active compounds make them a suitable primary platform for the production of natural extracts, innovative foods, medicines, and cosmetics. High levels of industrial and agricultural residues and byproducts are generated during the processing of grapes, although some parts can also be repurposed. This paper examines the phytochemical composition, manufacturing processes, and health-improving attributes of many varieties of grape oil derived using various extraction methods. Since the results are influenced by a range of factors, they are expressed differently among studies, and the researchers employ a variety of measuring units, making it difficult to convey the results. The primary topics covered in most papers are grape seed oil's lipophilic fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols. In addition, new methods for extracting grape seed oil should therefore be designed; these methods must be affordable, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly in order to increase the oil's quality by extracting bioactive components and thereby increasing its biological activity in order to become part of the overall management of multiple diseases.
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12
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Salem Y, Rajha HN, van den Broek LAM, Safi C, Togtema A, Manconi M, Manca ML, Debs E, Hobaika Z, Maroun RG, Louka N. Multi-Step Biomass Fractionation of Grape Seeds from Pomace, a Zero-Waste Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2831. [PMID: 36365284 PMCID: PMC9658473 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grape seeds are the wineries' main by-products, and their disposal causes ecological and environmental problems. In this study seeds from the pomace waste of autochthonous grape varieties from Lebanon, Obeidi (white variety) and Asswad Karech (red variety) were used for a multi-step biomass fractionation. For the first step, a lipid extraction was performed, and the obtained yield was 12.33% (w/w) for Obeidi and 13.04% (w/w) for Asswad Karech. For the second step, polyphenols' recovery from the defatted seeds was carried out, resulting in 12.0% (w/w) for Obeidi and 6.6% (w/w) for Asswad Karech, with Obeidi's extract having the highest total phenolic content (333.1 ± 1.6 mg GAE/g dry matter) and antioxidant activity (662.17 ± 0.01 µg/mL of Trolox equivalent). In the third step, the defatted and dephenolized seeds were subsequently extracted under alkaline conditions and the proteins were isoelectric precipitated. The recovered protein extract was 3.90% (w/w) for Obeidi and 4.11% (w/w) for Asswad Karech seeds, with Asswad Karech's extract having the highest protein content (64 ± 0.2 mg protein/g dry matter). The remaining exhausted residue can be valorized in cosmetic scrubs formulations as a replacement for plastic microbeads. The designed zero-waste approach multi-step biomass fractionation has the potential to improve the valorization of the side products (grape seeds) of these two Lebanese autochthonous grape varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Salem
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon
| | - Hiba N. Rajha
- Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Beyrouth (ESIB), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, CST Mkalles Mar Roukos, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon
| | | | - Carl Safi
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Togtema
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Manconi
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology Sardinia CNBS, Department of Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Manca
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology Sardinia CNBS, Department of Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Hobaika
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon
| | - Richard G. Maroun
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon
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13
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Polymeric Compounds of Lingonberry Waste: Characterization of Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Polysaccharides and Polyphenol-Polysaccharide Conjugates from Vaccinium vitis-idaea Press Cake. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182801. [PMID: 36140930 PMCID: PMC9497698 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) fruits are important Ericaceous berries to include in a healthy diet of the Northern Hemisphere as a source of bioactive phenolics. The waste generated by the V. vitis-idaea processing industry is hard-skinned press cake that can be a potential source of dietary fiber and has not been studied thus far. In this study, water-soluble polysaccharides of V. vitis-idaea press cake were isolated, separated, and purified by ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The results of elemental composition, monosaccharide analysis, ultraviolet–visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, molecular weight determination, linkage analysis, and alkaline destruction allowed us to characterize two polyphenol–polysaccharide conjugates (PPC) as neutral arabinogalactans cross-linked with monomeric and dimeric hydroxycinnamate residues with molecular weights of 108 and 157 kDa and two non-esterified galacturonans with molecular weights of 258 and 318 kDa. A combination of in vitro and in vivo assays confirmed that expressed antioxidant activity of PPC was due to phenolic-scavenged free radicals, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and chelate ferrous ions. Additionally, marked hypolipidemic potential of both PPC and acidic polymers bind bile acids, cholesterol, and fat, inhibit pancreatic lipase in the in vitro study, reduce body weight, serum level of cholesterol, triglycerides, low/high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol, and malondialdehyde, and increase the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in the livers of hamsters with a 1% cholesterol diet. Polysaccharides and PPC of V. vitis-idaea fruit press cake can be regarded as new antioxidants and hypolipidemic agents that can be potentially used to cure hyperlipidemic metabolic disorders.
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14
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Salem Y, Rajha HN, Franjieh D, Hoss I, Manca ML, Manconi M, Castangia I, Perra M, Maroun RG, Louka N. Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Hydro-Glyceric Extracts Obtained from Different Grape Seed Varieties Incorporated in Cosmetic Creams. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071348. [PMID: 35883839 PMCID: PMC9311904 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape seeds are agro-industrial by-products, which if improperly managed, may be responsible for socioeconomic and environmental problems. Nevertheless, it is possible to effectively valorize them by means of extraction of the bioactive compounds, especially the antioxidant phenolic molecules, using a safe, green, and environmentally-friendly extractive medium (i.e., hydro-glyceric solution). In the present study, the extraction was performed using seeds from two Lebanese varieties, Obeidi and Asswad Karech, and three international varieties, Marselan, Syrah, and Cabernet Franc. The type and amount of phenolic compounds were identified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Marselan was the extract richer in catechins (132.99 ± 9.81 μg/g of dried matter), and it also contained a higher amount of phenolic compounds (49.08 ± 0.03 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dry matter and 10.02 ± 0.24 mg of proanthocyanidin content/g of dry matter). The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was assessed using three different colorimetric assays including 2,2-DiPhenyl-1-PicrylHydrazyl (DPPH), CUPRIC ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). As expected, Marselan exhibited the highest antioxidant activity; as well, the total phenolic and proanthocyanidin content were the highest. The stability of the Marselan extract incorporated into a commercial cream, was performed at three different temperatures (4, 25, and 50 °C), and four different concentrations (5, 4, 3, 2%), over a period of 4 months, using different methods such as centrifugation, Heat-Shock Cycles, pH, and viscosity. All Marselan hydro-glyceric extract formulations were proven to be stable over the entire 4 months, where the highest stability was achieved at 4 °C and the least at 50 °C. This study supports the suitability of the incorporation of phenolic extracts into commercial creams to enrich the cosmetic industry with effective, natural, and safe skincare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Salem
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon; (Y.S.); (D.F.); (I.H.); (R.G.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Hiba N. Rajha
- Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Beyrouth (ESIB), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, CST Mkalles Mar Roukos, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon
- Correspondence: (H.N.R.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Diana Franjieh
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon; (Y.S.); (D.F.); (I.H.); (R.G.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Israa Hoss
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon; (Y.S.); (D.F.); (I.H.); (R.G.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Maria Letizia Manca
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale n.72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (I.C.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (H.N.R.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Maria Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale n.72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (I.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Ines Castangia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale n.72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (I.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Matteo Perra
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale n.72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (I.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Richard G. Maroun
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon; (Y.S.); (D.F.); (I.H.); (R.G.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, P.O. Box 17-5208, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon; (Y.S.); (D.F.); (I.H.); (R.G.M.); (N.L.)
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