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Li Y, Wang HB, Cao JL, Zhang WJ, Wang HL, Xu CH, Li KP, Liu Y, Wang JR, Ha HL, Fu SJ, Yang L. Proteomic analysis of mitochondria associated membranes in renal ischemic reperfusion injury. J Transl Med 2024; 22:261. [PMID: 38461333 PMCID: PMC10925013 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) communicate via contact sites known as mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs). Many important cellular functions such as bioenergetics, mitophagy, apoptosis, and calcium signaling are regulated by MAMs, which are thought to be closely related to ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI). However, there exists a gap in systematic proteomic research addressing the relationship between these cellular processes. METHODS A 4D label free mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs) from the human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2 cells) was conducted under both normal (N) and hypoxia/reperfusion (HR) conditions. Subsequent differential proteins analysis aimed to characterize disease-relevant signaling molecules. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis was applied to total proteins and differentially expressed proteins, encompassing Biological Process (BP), Cell Component (CC), Molecular Function (MF), and KEGG pathways. Further, Protein-Protein Interaction Network (PPI) exploration was carried out, leading to the identification of hub genes from differentially expressed proteins. Notably, Mitofusion 2 (MFN2) and BCL2/Adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3(BNIP3) were identified and subsequently validated both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the impact of MFN2 on MAMs during hypoxia/reoxygenation was explored through regulation of gene expression. Subsequently, a comparative proteomics analysis was conducted between OE-MFN2 and normal HK-2 cells, providing further insights into the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS A total of 4489 proteins were identified, with 3531 successfully quantified. GO/KEGG analysis revealed that MAM proteins were primarily associated with mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. Differential analysis between the two groups showed that 688 proteins in HR HK-2 cells exhibited significant changes in expression level with P-value < 0.05 and HR/N > 1.5 or HR/N < 0.66 set as the threshold criteria. Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed proteins unveiled biological processes such as mRNA splicing, apoptosis regulation, and cell division, while molecular functions were predominantly associated with energy metabolic activity. These proteins play key roles in the cellular responses during HR, offering insights into the IRI mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. The validation of hub genes MFN2 and BNIP3 both in vitro and vivo was consistent with the proteomic findings. MFN2 demonstrated a protective role in maintaining the integrity of mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs) and mitigating mitochondrial damage following hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, this protective effect may be associated with the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. CONCLUSIONS The proteins located in mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs) are implicated in crucial roles during renal ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI), with MFN2 playing a pivotal regulatory role in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jin-Long Cao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
- Department of Nephrology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Chang-Hong Xu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Kun-Peng Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Ji-Rong Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Hua-Lan Ha
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Sheng-Jun Fu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
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Huang TL, Chang YC, Tsai BCK, Chen TS, Kao SW, Tsai YY, Lin SZ, Yao CH, Lin KH, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Anethole mitigates H 2 O 2 -induced inflammation in HIG-82 synoviocytes by suppressing the aquaporin 1 expression and activating the protein kinase A pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:965-978. [PMID: 37987213 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting approximately 1% of the global population, with a higher prevalence in women than in men. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of RA. Anethole, a prominent compound derived from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), possesses a spectrum of therapeutic properties, including anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tumor-suppressive effects. However, its specific impact on RA remains underexplored. This study sought to uncover the potential therapeutic value of anethole in treating RA by employing an H2 O2 -induced inflammation model with HIG-82 synovial cells. Our results demonstrated that exposure to H2 O2 induced the inflammation and apoptosis in these cells. Remarkably, anethole treatment effectively countered these inflammatory and apoptotic processes triggered by H2 O2 . Moreover, we identified the aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathway as critical regulators of inflammation and apoptosis. H2 O2 stimulation led to an increase in the AQP1 expression and a decrease in p-PKA-C, contributing to cartilage degradation. Conversely, anethole not only downregulated the AQP1 expression but also activated the PKA pathway, effectively suppressing cell inflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore, anethole also inhibited the enzymes responsible for cartilage degradation. In summary, our findings highlight the potential of anethole as a therapeutic agent for mitigating H2 O2 -induced inflammation and apoptosis in synovial cells, offering promising prospects for future RA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Lung Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Chung-Kang Branch, Cheng Ching General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Bruce Chi-Kang Tsai
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Sheng Chen
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wen Kao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yun Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Biomaterials Translational Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ho Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
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3
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Ștefănescu R, Ősz BE, Pintea A, Laczkó-Zöld E, Tero-Vescan A, Vari CE, Fulop E, Blaș I, Vancea S. Fennel Essential Oil as a Complementary Therapy in the Management of Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2657. [PMID: 38139998 PMCID: PMC10747567 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a serious pathology that affects a significant number of people worldwide. Its progression is rapid and leads to serious complications if glycemic control is missing. The micro and macrovascular complications of diabetes produce disabilities over time that affect the daily lives of patients. The major challenge of diabetes therapy is to reach a stable glycemic state and to delay the onset of specific complications. Aromatherapy is considered an alternative or complementary therapy, but in recent years, there has been a tendency to overuse essential oils. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the effects produced by the topical and oral administration of fennel essential oil to diabetic rats. Eighteen compounds in fennel essential oil were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The major compounds were trans-anethole (64.6%) and fenchone (24.5%). The in vivo study revealed that after a four-week treatment with fennel essential oil, the rats' glycemic levels were significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, there were no differences between the two routes of administration. In addition, an ex vivo study underlined the potential effect of this essential oil in the prevention of cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Ștefănescu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (R.Ș.); (E.L.-Z.)
| | - Bianca-Eugenia Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Andrada Pintea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (A.P.); (I.B.)
| | - Eszter Laczkó-Zöld
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (R.Ș.); (E.L.-Z.)
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Camil-Eugen Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Emoke Fulop
- Emergency County Hospital Târgu Mureș, Department of Pathology, 50 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Iuliana Blaș
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania; (A.P.); (I.B.)
| | - Szende Vancea
- Legal Medicine Service, Emergency County Hospital Miercurea Ciuc, 530173 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania;
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Lu J, Hou W, Yang S, Chen D, Wang F, Liu L, Shen Z. Trans-anethole pretreatment ameliorates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulation of soluble epoxide hydrolase. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110809. [PMID: 37690240 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a risk factor for early graft nonfunction and graft rejection after liver transplantation (LT). The process of liver IRI involves inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis and other pathophysiological processes. So far, there is still a lack of effective drugs to ameliorate liver IRI. Trans-anethole (TA) is an aromatic compound. Many medications as well as natural foods contain TA. TA has multiple effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis. However, the mechanism of TA pretreatment in liver IRI is unclear. The mice hepatic IRI model was constructed after gavage pretreatment with TA (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. Our study confirmed that TA pretreatment significantly improve liver function and reduce serum AST, ALT in hepatic IRI. HE staining showed that TA pretreatment alleviated liver injury. Meanwhile, TA (20 mg/kg) pretreatment attenuated hepatocyte apoptosis in hepatic IRI. In addition, TA (20 mg/kg) pretreatment reduced the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and infiltration of CD11b positive cells in liver tissues during hepatic IRI in mice. TA pretreatment also alleviated oxidative stress in mice hepatic IRI. Our study further indicated that TA pretreatment attenuated mice hepatic IRI through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via regulation of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). This study provides a novel and effective potential drug with few side effects for easing liver IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansen Lu
- First Central Clinical Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Hou
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- National Health Commission's Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Decheng Chen
- First Central Clinical Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China; Organ Transplantation Centre, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhongyang Shen
- Research Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China; Organ Transplantation Centre, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Chen W, Mi C, Xu X, Shen Y, Zheng Z, Xu Z, Zhao J, Wan S, Wang X, Zhang H. BaP/BPDE suppressed endothelial cell angiogenesis to induce miscarriage by promoting MARCHF1/GPX4-mediated ferroptosis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108237. [PMID: 37802009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and its ultimate metabolite BPDE (benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide) are universal and inevitable persistent organic pollutants and endocrine disrupting chemicals. Angiogenesis in placental decidua plays a pivotal role in healthy pregnancy. Ferroptosis is a newly identified and iron-dependent cell death mode. However, till now, BaP/BPDE exposure, ferroptosis, defective angiogenesis, and miscarriage have never been correlated; and their regulatory mechanisms have been rarely explored. In this study, we used assays with BPDE-exposed HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), decidual tissues and serum samples collected from unexplained recurrent miscarriage and their matched healthy control groups, and placental tissues of BaP-exposed mouse miscarriage model. We found that BaP/BPDE exposure caused ferroptosis and then directly suppressed angiogenesis and eventually induced miscarriage. In mechanism, BaP/BPDE exposure up-regulated free Fe2+ level and promoted lipid peroxidation and also up-regulated MARCHF1 (a novel E3 ligase of GPX4) level to promote the ubiquitination degradation of GPX4, both of which resulted in HUVEC ferroptosis. Furthermore, we also found that GPX4 protein down-regulated the protein levels of VEGFA and ANG-1, two key proteins function for angiogenesis, and thus suppressed HUVEC angiogenesis. In turn, supplement with GPX4 could suppress ferroptosis, recover angiogenesis, and alleviate miscarriage. Moreover, the levels of free Fe2+ and VEGFA in serum might predict the risk of miscarriage. Overall, this study uncovered the crosstalk among BaP/BPDE exposure, ferroptosis, angiogenesis, and miscarriage, discovering novel toxicological effects of BaP/BPDE on human reproductive health. This study also warned the public to avoid exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pregnancy to effectively prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Female Reproductive Health, West China School of Public Health & West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weina Chen
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Chenyang Mi
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Yanqiu Shen
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Zhaodian Zheng
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Zhongyan Xu
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Jingsong Zhao
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Shukun Wan
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Huidong Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Female Reproductive Health, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China.
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Younis NS, Mohamed ME. Anethole Pretreatment Modulates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion: The Role of JNK, p38, MMP-2 and MMP-9 Pathways. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030442. [PMID: 36986541 PMCID: PMC10057436 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anethole (AN) is one of the major constituents of several plant oils, demonstrating plentiful pharmacological actions. Ischemic stroke is the main cause of morbidity and death worldwide, particularly since ischemic stroke therapeutic choices are inadequate and limited; thus, the development of new therapeutic options is indispensable. This study was planned to explore the preventive actions of AN in ameliorating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain damage and BBB permeability leakage, as well as to explore anethole’s potential mechanisms of action. The proposed mechanisms included modulating JNK and p38 as well as MMP-2 and MMP-9 pathways. Sprague–Dawley male rats were randomly assigned into four groups: sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), AN125 + MCAO, and AN250 + MCAO. Animals in the third and fourth groups were pretreated with AN 125 or 250 mg/kg orally, respectively, for two weeks before performing middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced cerebral ischemic/reperfusion surgery. Animals that experienced cerebral ischemia/reperfusion exhibited amplified infarct volume, Evans blue intensity, brain water content, Fluoro-Jade B-positive cells, severe neurological deficits, and numerous histopathological alterations. MCAO animals exhibited elevated MMP-9 and MMP-2 gene expressions, enzyme activities, augmented JNK, and p38 phosphorylation. On the other hand, pretreatment with AN diminished the infarct volume, Evans blue dye intensity, brain water content, and Fluoro-Jade B-positive cells, improved the neurological score and enhanced histopathological examination. AN effectively lowered MMP-9 and MMP-2 gene expression and enzyme activities and diminished phosphorylated JNK, p38. AN decreased MDA content, amplified GSH/GSSG ratio, SOD, and CAT, decreased the serum and brain tissue homogenate inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), NF-κB, and deterred the apoptotic status. This study revealed the neuroprotective ability of AN against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. AN boosted blood–brain barrier integrity via modulating MMPs and diminished oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis through the JNK/p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S. Younis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Zagazig University Hospitals, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Maged E. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Chang Z, Li H. KLF9 deficiency protects the heart from inflammatory injury triggered by myocardial infarction. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 27:177-185. [PMID: 36815257 PMCID: PMC9968950 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2023.27.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The excessive inflammatory response induced by myocardial infarction exacerbates heart injury and leads to the development of heart failure. Recent studies have confirmed the involvement of multiple transcription factors in the modulation of cardiovascular disease processes. However, the role of KLF9 in the inflammatory response induced by cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction remains unclear. Here, we found that the expression of KLF9 significantly increased during myocardial infarction. Besides, we also detected high expression of KLF9 in infiltrated macrophages after myocardial infarction. Our functional studies revealed that KLF9 deficiency prevented cardiac function and adverse cardiac remodeling. Furthermore, the downregulation of KLF9 inhibited the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling, leading to the suppression of inflammatory responses of macrophages triggered by myocardial infarction. Mechanistically, KLF9 was directly bound to the TLR2 promoter to enhance its expression, subsequently promoting the activation of inflammation-related signaling pathways. Our results suggested that KLF9 is a pro-inflammatory transcription factor in macrophages and targeting KLF9 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Heji Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046011, China
| | - Hongkun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Heji Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046011, China,Correspondence Hongkun Li, E-mail:
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8
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Bian Z, Wang X, Zhu R, Chen S. miR-21-5p in extracellular vesicles obtained from adipose tissue-derived stromal cells facilitates tubular epithelial cell repair in acute kidney injury. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:310-322. [PMID: 36244909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Acute kidney injury (AKI) is often associated with poor patient outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have a marked therapeutic effect on renal recovery. This study sought to explore the functional mechanism of EVs from adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) in tubular epithelial cell (TEC) repair in AKI. METHODS ADSCs were cultured and EVs were isolated and identified. In vivo and in vitro AKI models were established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS EVs increased human kidney 2 (HK-2) cell viability; decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells and levels of kidney injury molecule 1, cleaved caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, gasdermin D-N, IL-18 and IL-1β; and elevated pro-caspase-1. EVs carried miR-21-5p into LPS-induced HK-2 cells. Silencing miR-21-5p partly eliminated the ability of EVs to suppress HK-2 cell pyroptosis and inflammation. miR-21-5p targeted toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and inhibited TEC pyroptosis and inflammation after AKI by inhibiting TLR4. TLR4 overexpression blocked the inhibitory effects of EVs on TEC pyroptosis and inflammation. EVs suppressed the nuclear factor-κB/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NF-κB/NLRP3) pathway via miR-21-5p/TLR4. Finally, AKI mouse models were established and in vivo assays verified that ADSC-EVs reduced TEC pyroptosis and inflammatory response and potentiated cell repair by mediating miR-21-5p in AKI mice. CONCLUSIONS ADSC-EVs inhibited inflammation and TEC pyroptosis and promoted TEC repair in AKI by mediating miR-21-5p to target TLR4 and inhibiting the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Bian
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shunjie Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Joo YE, Jeong PS, Lee S, Jeon SB, Gwon MA, Kim MJ, Kang HG, Song BS, Kim SU, Cho SK, Sim BW. Anethole improves the developmental competence of porcine embryos by reducing oxidative stress via the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:32. [PMID: 36814325 PMCID: PMC9945695 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anethole (AN) is an organic antioxidant compound with a benzene ring and is expected to have a positive impact on early embryogenesis in mammals. However, no study has examined the effect of AN on porcine embryonic development. Therefore, we investigated the effect of AN on the development of porcine embryos and the underlying mechanism. RESULTS We cultured porcine in vitro-fertilized embryos in medium with AN (0, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL) for 6 d. AN at 0.5 mg/mL significantly increased the blastocyst formation rate, trophectoderm cell number, and cellular survival rate compared to the control. AN-supplemented embryos exhibited significantly lower reactive oxygen species levels and higher glutathione levels than the control. Moreover, AN significantly improved the quantity of mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased the lipid droplet, fatty acid, and ATP levels. Interestingly, the levels of proteins and genes related to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway were significantly increased by AN. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed that AN improved the developmental competence of porcine preimplantation embryos by activating SHH signaling against oxidative stress and could be used for large-scale production of high-quality porcine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Eun Joo
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea ,grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Pil-Soo Jeong
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Se-Been Jeon
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea ,grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Min-Ah Gwon
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea ,grid.412077.70000 0001 0744 1296Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea ,grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Gu Kang
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Bong-Seok Song
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- grid.249967.70000 0004 0636 3099Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea.
| | - Bo-Woong Sim
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea.
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10
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Vastegani SM, Khoshnam SE, Mansouri E, Hajipour S, Ghafouri S, Bakhtiari N, Sarkaki A, Farbood Y. Neuroprotective effect of anethole against rotenone induced non-motor deficits and oxidative stress in rat model of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114100. [PMID: 36075399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-motor symptoms (NMS) have high prevalence in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). These symptoms are mainly the result of increased oxidative stress and neuronal damage. In this study we investigated the possible neuroprotective effects of anethole as a potent antioxidant on rotenone-induced behavioral deficits, hippocampal neuronal death, and oxidative stress profile in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were administered with anethole (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg, i.g) concomitantly with rotenone (2 mg/kg, s.c) for 35 days. Shuttle box and novel object recognition tests were performed to determine cognitive functions, and tail flick test was used to measure pain sensitivity. The levels of BDNF, MDA, SOD, and GPx were assayed in the hippocampus. Hippocampal neuronal damage was evaluated using cresyl violet staining technique. RESULTS Chronic administration of rotenone induced cognitive deficit and reduced thermal pain threshold. Rotenone also decreased SOD and GPx activities, increased MDA level, and reduced the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus. In addition, hippocampal neuronal loss was increased in rotenone treated rats. Treatment with high dose of anethole (250 mg/kg) improved cognitive function and increased pain threshold in all three doses (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg). Despite the unchanged SOD and GPx activities, hippocampal levels of MDA was significantly decreased after high-dose anethole treatment. Moreover, High dose of anethole increased the number of surviving neurons in the hippocampus, but couldn't increase the BDNF expression. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that anethole has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects against non-motor disorders induced by rotenone toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Moradi Vastegani
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esrafil Mansouri
- Cellular and molecular research center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hajipour
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samireh Ghafouri
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nima Bakhtiari
- Pain Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Achillea millefolium Essential Oil Mitigates Peptic Ulcer in Rats through Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227908. [PMID: 36432009 PMCID: PMC9692697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extreme ethanol ingestion is associated with developing gastric ulcers. Achillea millefolium (yarrow) is one of the most commonly used herbs with numerous proven pharmacological actions. The goal of the hereby investigation is to explore the gastroprotective action of yarrow essential oil against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers and to reveal the unexplored mechanisms. Rats were distributed into five groups (n = 6); the control group administered 10% Tween 20, orally, for two weeks; the ethanol group administered absolute ethanol (5 mL/kg) to prompt gastric ulcer on the last day of the experiment. Yarrow essential oil 100 or 200 mg/kg + ethanol groups pretreated with yarrow oil (100 or 200 mg/kg, respectively), orally, for two weeks prior to gastric ulcer induction by absolute ethanol. Lanso + ethanol group administered 20 mg/kg lansoprazole, orally, for two weeks prior to gastric ulcer induction by ethanol. Results of the current study showed that ethanol caused several macroscopic and microscopic alterations, amplified lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic markers, as well as diminished PGE2, NO, and antioxidant enzyme activities. On the other hand, animals pretreated with yarrow essential oil exhibited fewer macroscopic and microscopic modifications, reduced ulcer surface, and increased Alcian blue binding capacity, pH, and pepsin activity. In addition, yarrow essential oil groups exhibited reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic markers, and MDA, restored the PGE2 and NO levels, and recovered the antioxidant enzyme activities. Ethanol escalated Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions, whereas pretreatment of yarrow essential oil caused further intensification in Nrf2 and HO-1. To conclude, the current study suggested yarrow essential oil as a gastroprotective agent against ethanol-induced gastric lesions. This gastroprotective effect could be related to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic actions of the essential oil through the instigation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Mitigation via Geraniol: The Role of Nrf-2/HO-1/NQO-1 and TLR2,4/MYD88/NFκB Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081568. [PMID: 36009287 PMCID: PMC9405463 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury is a clinically recurrent event during kidney transplantation. Geraniol is a natural monoterpene essential oil component. This study aimed to inspect geraniol's reno-protective actions against renal I/R injury with further analysis of embedded mechanisms of action through scrutinizing the Nrf-2/HO-1/NQO-1 and TLR2,4/MYD88/NFκB signaling pathways. METHODS Wistar male rats were randomized into five groups: Sham, Sham + geraniol, Renal I/R, and two Renal I/R + geraniol groups representing two doses of geraniol (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 14 days before the renal I/R. Renal I/R was surgically induced by occluding both left and right renal pedicles for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. A docking study was performed to anticipate the expected affinity of geraniol towards three protein targets: hTLR4/MD2, hTLR2, and hNrf2/Keap1. RESULTS Renal I/R rats experienced severely compromised renal functions, histological alteration, oxidative stress status, escalated Nrf-2/HO-1/NQO-1, and amplified TLR2,4/MYD88/NFκB. Geraniol administration ameliorated renal function, alleviated histological changes, and enhanced Nrf-2/HO-1/NQO-1 with a subsequent intensification of antioxidant enzyme activities. Geraniol declined TLR2,4/MYD88/NFκB with subsequent TNF-α, IFN-γ, MCP-1 drop, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 reduction IL-10 and Bcl-2 augmentation. Geraniol exhibited good fitting in the binding sites of the three in silico examined targets. CONCLUSIONS Geraniol might protect against renal I/R via the inhibition of the TLR2,4/MYD88/NFκB pathway, mediating anti-inflammation and activation of the Nrf2 pathway, intervening in antioxidative activities.
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El-Beltagi HS, Mohamed AA, Mohamed HI, Ramadan KMA, Barqawi AA, Mansour AT. Phytochemical and Potential Properties of Seaweeds and Their Recent Applications: A Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060342. [PMID: 35736145 PMCID: PMC9227187 DOI: 10.3390/md20060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, seaweeds have been employed as source of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that could act as key medicinal components. Furthermore, research into the biological activity of certain seaweed compounds has progressed significantly, with an emphasis on their composition and application for human and animal nutrition. Seaweeds have many uses: they are consumed as fodder, and have been used in medicines, cosmetics, energy, fertilizers, and industrial agar and alginate biosynthesis. The beneficial effects of seaweed are mostly due to the presence of minerals, vitamins, phenols, polysaccharides, and sterols, as well as several other bioactive compounds. These compounds seem to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic activities. Recent advances and limitations for seaweed bioactive as a nutraceutical in terms of bioavailability are explored in order to better comprehend their therapeutic development. To further understand the mechanism of action of seaweed chemicals, more research is needed as is an investigation into their potential usage in pharmaceutical companies and other applications, with the ultimate objective of developing sustainable and healthier products. The objective of this review is to collect information about the role of seaweeds on nutritional, pharmacological, industrial, and biochemical applications, as well as their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam S. El-Beltagi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.S.E.-B.); (A.A.M.); (H.I.M.)
| | - Amal A. Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Al-Leith University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24831, Saudi Arabia;
- Plant Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.S.E.-B.); (A.A.M.); (H.I.M.)
| | - Heba I. Mohamed
- Biological and Geological Science Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11757, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.S.E.-B.); (A.A.M.); (H.I.M.)
| | - Khaled M. A. Ramadan
- Central Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Aminah A. Barqawi
- Chemistry Department, Al-Leith University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24831, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdallah Tageldein Mansour
- Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
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