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Hudson EP. The Calvin Benson cycle in bacteria: New insights from systems biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:71-83. [PMID: 37002131 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The Calvin Benson cycle in phototrophic and chemolithoautotrophic bacteria has ecological and biotechnological importance, which has motivated study of its regulation. I review recent advances in our understanding of how the Calvin Benson cycle is regulated in bacteria and the technologies used to elucidate regulation and modify it, and highlight differences between and photoautotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic models. Systems biology studies have shown that in oxygenic phototrophic bacteria, Calvin Benson cycle enzymes are extensively regulated at post-transcriptional and post-translational levels, with multiple enzyme activities connected to cellular redox status through thioredoxin. In chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, regulation is primarily at the transcriptional level, with effector metabolites transducing cell status, though new methods should now allow facile, proteome-wide exploration of biochemical regulation in these models. A biotechnological objective is to enhance CO2 fixation in the cycle and partition that carbon to a product of interest. Flux control of CO2 fixation is distributed over multiple enzymes, and attempts to modulate gene Calvin cycle gene expression show a robust homeostatic regulation of growth rate, though the synthesis rates of products can be significantly increased. Therefore, de-regulation of cycle enzymes through protein engineering may be necessary to increase fluxes. Non-canonical Calvin Benson cycles, if implemented with synthetic biology, could have reduced energy demand and enzyme loading, thus increasing the attractiveness of these bacteria for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton P Hudson
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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The ferredoxin/thioredoxin pathway constitutes an indispensable redox-signaling cascade for light-dependent reduction of chloroplast stromal proteins. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102650. [PMID: 36448836 PMCID: PMC9712825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure efficient photosynthesis, chloroplast proteins need to be flexibly regulated under fluctuating light conditions. Thiol-based redox regulation plays a key role in reductively activating several chloroplast proteins in a light-dependent manner. The ferredoxin (Fd)/thioredoxin (Trx) pathway has long been recognized as the machinery that transfers reducing power generated by photosynthetic electron transport reactions to redox-sensitive target proteins; however, its biological importance remains unclear, because the complete disruption of the Fd/Trx pathway in plants has been unsuccessful to date. Especially, recent identifications of multiple redox-related factors in chloroplasts, as represented by the NADPH-Trx reductase C, have raised a controversial proposal that other redox pathways work redundantly with the Fd/Trx pathway. To address these issues directly, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create Arabidopsis mutant plants in which the activity of the Fd/Trx pathway was completely defective. The mutants generated showed severe growth inhibition. Importantly, these mutants almost entirely lost the ability to reduce several redox-sensitive proteins in chloroplast stroma, including four Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, and Rubisco activase, under light conditions. These striking phenotypes were further accompanied by abnormally developed chloroplasts and a drastic decline in photosynthetic efficiency. These results indicate that the Fd/Trx pathway is indispensable for the light-responsive activation of diverse stromal proteins and photoautotrophic growth of plants. Our data also suggest that the ATP synthase is exceptionally reduced by other pathways in a redundant manner. This study provides an important insight into how the chloroplast redox-regulatory system operates in vivo.
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Baudry K, Barbut F, Domenichini S, Guillaumot D, Thy MP, Vanacker H, Majeran W, Krieger-Liszkay A, Issakidis-Bourguet E, Lurin C. Adenylates regulate Arabidopsis plastidial thioredoxin activities through the binding of a CBS domain protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2298-2314. [PMID: 35736508 PMCID: PMC9342986 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) domains are found in proteins of all living organisms and have been proposed to play a role as energy sensors regulating protein activities through their adenosyl ligand binding capacity. In plants, members of the CBSX protein family carry a stand-alone pair of CBS domains. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), CBSX1 and CBSX2 are targeted to plastids where they have been proposed to regulate thioredoxins (TRXs). TRXs are ubiquitous cysteine thiol oxido-reductases involved in the redox-based regulation of numerous enzymatic activities as well as in the regeneration of thiol-dependent peroxidases. In Arabidopsis, 10 TRX isoforms have been identified in plastids and divided into five sub-types. Here, we show that CBSX2 specifically inhibits the activities of m-type TRXs toward two chloroplast TRX-related targets. By testing activation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase and reduction of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, we found that TRXm1/2 inhibition by CBSX2 was alleviated in the presence of AMP or ATP. We also determined, by pull-down assays, a direct interaction of CBSX2 with reduced TRXm1 and m2 that was abolished in the presence of adenosyl ligands. In addition, we report that, compared with wild-type plants, the Arabidopsis T-DNA double mutant cbsx1 cbsx2 exhibits growth and chlorophyll accumulation defects in cold conditions, suggesting a function of plastidial CBSX proteins in plant stress adaptation. Together, our results show an energy-sensing regulation of plastid TRX m activities by CBSX, possibly allowing a feedback regulation of ATP homeostasis via activation of cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast, to maintain a high energy level for optimal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Baudry
- CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
| | - Félix Barbut
- CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
| | | | - Damien Guillaumot
- CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
| | - Mai Pham Thy
- CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
| | - Hélène Vanacker
- CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
| | - Wojciech Majeran
- CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | | | - Claire Lurin
- CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris Cité, Gif sur Yvette 91190, France
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ROS-stimulated Protein Lysine Acetylation Is Required for Crown Root Development in Rice. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00164-3. [PMID: 35908726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As signal molecules in aerobic organisms, locally accumulated ROS have been reported to balance cell division and differentiation in the root meristem. Protein posttranslational modifications such as lysine acetylation play critical roles in controlling a variety of cellular processes. However, the mechanism by which ROS regulate root development is unknown. In addition, how protein lysine acetylation is regulated and whether cellular ROS levels affect protein lysine acetylation remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to elucidate the relationship between ROS and protein acetylation by exploring a rice mutant plant that displays a decreased level of ROS in postembryonic crown root (CR) cells and severe defects in CR development. METHODS First, proteomic analysis was used to find candidate proteins responsible for the decrease of ROS detected in the wox11 mutant. Then, biochemical, molecular, and genetic analyses were used to study WOX11-regulated genes involved in ROS homeostasis. Finally, acetylproteomic analysis of wild type and wox11 roots treated with or without potassium iodide (KI) and peroxide (H2O2) were used to study the effects of ROS on protein acetylation in rice CR cells. RESULTS We demonstrated that WOX11 was required to maintain ROS homeostasis by upregulating peroxidase genes in the crown root meristem. Acetylproteomic analysis revealed that WOX11-dependent peroxide (H2O2) levels in CR cells promoted lysine acetylation of many non-histone proteins enriched for nitrogen metabolism and peptide/protein synthesis pathways. Further analysis revealed that the redox state affected histone deacetylases (HDACs) activity, which was likely related to the high levels of protein lysine acetylation in CR cells. CONCLUSION WOX11-controlled ROS level in CR meristem cells is required for protein lysine acetylation which represents a mechanism of ROS-promoted CR development in rice.
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Verification of the Relationship between Redox Regulation of Thioredoxin Target Proteins and Their Proximity to Thylakoid Membranes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040773. [PMID: 35453458 PMCID: PMC9032623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a key protein of the redox regulation system in chloroplasts, where it modulates various enzyme activities. Upon light irradiation, Trx reduces the disulfide bonds of Trx target proteins (thereby turning on their activities) using reducing equivalents obtained from the photosynthetic electron transport chain. This reduction process involves a differential response, i.e., some Trx target proteins in the stroma respond slowly to the change in redox condition caused by light/dark changes, while the ATP synthase γ subunit (CF1-γ) located on the surface of thylakoid membrane responds with high sensitivity. The factors that determine this difference in redox kinetics are not yet known, although here, we hypothesize that it is due to each protein’s localization in the chloroplast, i.e., the reducing equivalents generated under light conditions can be transferred more efficiently to the proteins on thylakoid membrane than to stromal proteins. To explore this possibility, we anchored SBPase, one of the stromal Trx target proteins, to the thylakoid membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analyses of the redox behaviors of the anchored and unanchored proteins showed no significant difference in their reduction kinetics, implying that protein sensitivity to redox regulation is determined by other factors.
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Zimmer D, Swart C, Graf A, Arrivault S, Tillich M, Proost S, Nikoloski Z, Stitt M, Bock R, Mühlhaus T, Boulouis A. Topology of the redox network during induction of photosynthesis as revealed by time-resolved proteomics in tobacco. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi8307. [PMID: 34919428 PMCID: PMC8682995 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi8307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetically produced electrons provide energy for various metabolic pathways, including carbon reduction. Four Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes and several other plastid proteins are activated in the light by reduction of specific cysteines via thioredoxins, a family of electron transporters operating in redox regulation networks. How does this network link the photosynthetic chain with cellular metabolism? Using a time-resolved redox proteomic method, we have investigated the redox network in vivo during the dark–to–low light transition. We show that redox states of some thioredoxins follow the photosynthetic linear electron transport rate. While some redox targets have kinetics compatible with an equilibrium with one thioredoxin (TRXf), reduction of other proteins shows specific kinetic limitations, allowing fine-tuning of each redox-regulated step of chloroplast metabolism. We identified five new redox-regulated proteins, including proteins involved in Mg2+ transport and 1O2 signaling. Our results provide a system-level functional view of the photosynthetic redox regulation network.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zimmer
- Computational Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Corné Swart
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Tillich
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Proost
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Corresponding author. (A.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Alix Boulouis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light-sensing in Microalgae, UMR7141, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
- Corresponding author. (A.B.); (T.M.)
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7
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Stitt M, Luca Borghi G, Arrivault S. Targeted metabolite profiling as a top-down approach to uncover interspecies diversity and identify key conserved operational features in the Calvin-Benson cycle. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5961-5986. [PMID: 34473300 PMCID: PMC8411860 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Improving photosynthesis is a promising avenue to increase crop yield. This will be aided by better understanding of natural variance in photosynthesis. Profiling of Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) metabolites provides a top-down strategy to uncover interspecies diversity in CBC operation. In a study of four C4 and five C3 species, principal components analysis separated C4 species from C3 species and also separated different C4 species. These separations were driven by metabolites that reflect known species differences in their biochemistry and pathways. Unexpectedly, there was also considerable diversity between the C3 species. Falling atmospheric CO2 and changing temperature, nitrogen, and water availability have driven evolution of C4 photosynthesis in multiple lineages. We propose that analogous selective pressures drove lineage-dependent evolution of the CBC in C3 species. Examples of species-dependent variation include differences in the balance between the CBC and the light reactions, and in the balance between regulated steps in the CBC. Metabolite profiles also reveal conserved features including inactivation of enzymes in low irradiance, and maintenance of CBC metabolites at relatively high levels in the absence of net CO2 fixation. These features may be important for photosynthetic efficiency in low light, fluctuating irradiance, and when stomata close due to low water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gian Luca Borghi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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8
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Yokochi Y, Yoshida K, Hahn F, Miyagi A, Wakabayashi KI, Kawai-Yamada M, Weber APM, Hisabori T. Redox regulation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase is vital for land plants under fluctuating light environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016903118. [PMID: 33531363 PMCID: PMC8017969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016903118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many enzymes involved in photosynthesis possess highly conserved cysteine residues that serve as redox switches in chloroplasts. These redox switches function to activate or deactivate enzymes during light-dark transitions and have the function of fine-tuning their activities according to the intensity of light. Accordingly, many studies on chloroplast redox regulation have been conducted under the hypothesis that "fine regulation of the activities of these enzymes is crucial for efficient photosynthesis." However, the impact of the regulatory system on plant metabolism is still unclear. To test this hypothesis, we here studied the impact of the ablation of a redox switch in chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase (MDH). By genome editing, we generated a mutant plant whose MDH lacks one of its redox switches and is active even in dark conditions. Although NADPH consumption by MDH in the dark is expected to be harmful to plant growth, the mutant line did not show any phenotypic differences under standard long-day conditions. In contrast, the mutant line showed severe growth retardation under short-day or fluctuating light conditions. These results indicate that thiol-switch redox regulation of MDH activity is crucial for maintaining NADPH homeostasis in chloroplasts under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yokochi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Florian Hahn
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Center for Synthetic Life Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 338-8570 Saitama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 338-8570 Saitama, Japan
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Center for Synthetic Life Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan;
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
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9
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Turek I, Gehring C, Irving H. Arabidopsis Plant Natriuretic Peptide Is a Novel Interactor of Rubisco Activase. Life (Basel) 2020; 11:life11010021. [PMID: 33396438 PMCID: PMC7823470 DOI: 10.3390/life11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant natriuretic peptides (PNPs) are a group of systemically acting peptidic hormones affecting solute and solvent homeostasis and responses to biotrophic pathogens. Although an increasing body of evidence suggests PNPs modulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress, which could lead to their potential biotechnological application by conferring increased stress tolerance to plants, the exact mode of PNPs action is still elusive. In order to gain insight into PNP-dependent signalling, we set out to identify interactors of PNP present in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, termed AtPNP-A. Here, we report identification of rubisco activase (RCA), a central regulator of photosynthesis converting Rubisco catalytic sites from a closed to an open conformation, as an interactor of AtPNP-A through affinity isolation followed by mass spectrometric identification. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses reveals that the full-length recombinant AtPNP-A and the biologically active fragment of AtPNP-A bind specifically to RCA, whereas a biologically inactive scrambled peptide fails to bind. These results are considered in the light of known functions of PNPs, PNP-like proteins, and RCA in biotic and abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Turek
- Biomolecular Laboratory, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Chris Gehring
- Biomolecular Laboratory, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Helen Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
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Sekiguchi T, Yoshida K, Okegawa Y, Motohashi K, Wakabayashi KI, Hisabori T. Chloroplast ATP synthase is reduced by both f-type and m-type thioredoxins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148261. [PMID: 32659266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the molecular motor enzyme, chloroplast ATP synthase, is regulated in a redox-dependent manner. The γ subunit, CF1-γ, is the central shaft of this enzyme complex and possesses the redox-active cysteine pair, which is reduced by thioredoxin (Trx). In light conditions, Trx transfers the reducing equivalent obtained from the photosynthetic electron transfer system to the CF1-γ. Previous studies showed that the light-dependent reduction of CF1-γ is more rapid than those of other Trx target proteins in the stroma. Although there are multiple Trx isoforms in chloroplasts, it is not well understood as to which chloroplast Trx isoform primarily contributes to the reduction of CF1-γ, especially under physiological conditions. We therefore performed direct assessment of the CF1-γ reduction capacity of each of the Trx isoforms. The kinetic analysis of the reduction process showed no significant difference in the reduction efficiency between two major chloroplast Trxs, namely Trx-f and Trx-m. Based on the thorough analyses of the CF1-γ redox dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana Trx mutant plants, we found that lack of Trx-f or Trx-m had no significant impact on the in vivo light-dependent reduction of CF1-γ. The results showed that CF1-γ can accept the reducing power from both Trx-f and Trx-m in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Sekiguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Okegawa
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Ken Motohashi
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-Ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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11
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Yokochi Y, Sugiura K, Takemura K, Yoshida K, Hara S, Wakabayashi KI, Kitao A, Hisabori T. Impact of key residues within chloroplast thioredoxin- f on recognition for reduction and oxidation of target proteins. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17437-17450. [PMID: 31597700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a redox-responsive protein that modulates the activities of its target proteins mostly by reducing their disulfide bonds. In chloroplasts, five Trx isoforms (Trx-f, Trx-m, Trx-x, Trx-y, and Trx-z) regulate various photosynthesis-related enzymes with distinct target selectivity. To elucidate the determinants of the target selectivity of each Trx isoform, here we investigated the residues responsible for target recognition by Trx-f, the most well-studied chloroplast-resident Trx. As reported previously, we found that positively-charged residues on the Trx-f surface are involved in the interactions with its targets. Moreover, several residues that are specifically conserved in Trx-f (e.g. Cys-126 and Thr-158) were also involved in interactions with target proteins. The validity of these residues was examined by the molecular dynamics simulation. In addition, we validated the impact of these key residues on target protein reduction by studying (i) Trx-m variants into which we introduced the key residues for Trx-f and (ii) Trx-like proteins, named atypical Cys His-rich Trx 1 (ACHT1) and ACHT2a, that also contain these key residues. These artificial or natural protein variants could reduce Trx-f-specific targets, indicating that the key residues for Trx-f are critical for Trx-f-specific target recognition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ACHT1 and ACHT2a efficiently oxidize some Trx-f-specific targets, suggesting that its target selectivity also contributes to the oxidative regulation process. Our results reveal the key residues for Trx-f-specific target recognition and uncover ACHT1 and ACHT2a as oxidation factors of their target proteins, providing critical insight into redox regulation of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yokochi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takemura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Akio Kitao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan .,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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12
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Sugiura K, Yokochi Y, Fu N, Fukaya Y, Yoshida K, Mihara S, Hisabori T. The thioredoxin (Trx) redox state sensor protein can visualize Trx activities in the light/dark response in chloroplasts. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12091-12098. [PMID: 31217277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol-based redox regulation via ferredoxin-thioredoxin (Trx) reductase/Trx controls various functions in chloroplasts in response to light/dark changes. Trx is a key factor of this regulatory system, and five Trx subtypes, including 10 isoforms, have been identified as chloroplast-localized forms in Arabidopsis thaliana These subtypes display distinct target selectivity, and, consequently, they form a complicated redox regulation network in chloroplasts. In this study, we developed a FRET-based sensor protein by combining CFP, YFP, and the N-terminal region of CP12, a redox-sensitive regulatory and Trx-targeted protein in chloroplasts. This sensor protein enabled us to monitor the redox change of chloroplast thioredoxin in vivo, and we therefore designated this protein "change in redox state of Trx" (CROST). Using CP12 isoforms, we successfully prepared two types of CROST sensors that displayed different affinities for two major chloroplast Trx isoforms (f-type and m-type). These sensor proteins helped unravel the real-time redox dynamics of Trx molecules in chloroplasts during the light/dark transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sugiura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yokochi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Nae Fu
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Fukaya
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shoko Mihara
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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13
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Yoshida K, Hisabori T. Simple Method to Determine Protein Redox State in Arabidopsis thaliana. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3250. [PMID: 33654775 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol-based redox regulation is a posttranslational protein modification that plays a key role in many biological aspects. To understand its regulatory functions, we need a method to directly assess protein redox state in vivo. Here we present a simple procedure to determine protein redox state in a model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our method consists of three key steps: (i) redox fixation by rapidly freezing plant tissues in the liquid nitrogen, (ii) labeling of thiol groups with the maleimide reagent, and (iii) protein detection by Western blotting. The redox state of a specific or given protein can be discriminated by the mobility change on SDS-PAGE with high sensitivity. This method provides a novel strategy to dissect the working dynamics of the redox-regulatory system in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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14
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Nikkanen L, Rintamäki E. Chloroplast thioredoxin systems dynamically regulate photosynthesis in plants. Biochem J 2019; 476:1159-1172. [PMID: 30988137 PMCID: PMC6463390 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a highly regulated process in photoautotrophic cells. The main goal of the regulation is to keep the basic photosynthetic reactions, i.e. capturing light energy, conversion into chemical energy and production of carbohydrates, in balance. The rationale behind the evolution of strong regulation mechanisms is to keep photosynthesis functional under all conditions encountered by sessile plants during their lifetimes. The regulatory mechanisms may, however, also impair photosynthetic efficiency by overriding the photosynthetic reactions in controlled environments like crop fields or bioreactors, where light energy could be used for production of sugars instead of dissipation as heat and down-regulation of carbon fixation. The plant chloroplast has a high number of regulatory proteins called thioredoxins (TRX), which control the function of chloroplasts from biogenesis and assembly of chloroplast machinery to light and carbon fixation reactions as well as photoprotective mechanisms. Here, we review the current knowledge of regulation of photosynthesis by chloroplast TRXs and assess the prospect of improving plant photosynthetic efficiency by modification of chloroplast thioredoxin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Nikkanen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Eevi Rintamäki
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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15
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Thioredoxin and Glutaredoxin Systems Antioxidants Special Issue. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030068. [PMID: 30889816 PMCID: PMC6466572 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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