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Wood PL, Wood MD, Kunigelis SC. Pilot Lipidomics Study of Copepods: Investigation of Potential Lipid-Based Biomarkers for the Early Detection and Quantification of the Biological Effects of Climate Change on the Oceanic Food Chain. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2335. [PMID: 38137936 PMCID: PMC10744631 DOI: 10.3390/life13122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the health of our oceans is critical for the survival of the oceanic food chain upon which humanity is dependent. Zooplanktonic copepods are among the most numerous multicellular organisms on earth. As the base of the primary consumer food web, they constitute a major biomass in oceans, being an important food source for fish and functioning in the carbon cycle. The potential impact of climate change on copepod populations is an area of intense study. Omics technologies offer the potential to detect early metabolic alterations induced by the stresses of climate change. One such omics approach is lipidomics, which can accurately quantify changes in lipid pools serving structural, signal transduction, and energy roles. We utilized high-resolution mass spectrometry (≤2 ppm mass error) to characterize the lipidome of three different species of copepods in an effort to identify lipid-based biomarkers of copepod health and viability which are more sensitive than observational tools. With the establishment of such a lipid database, we will have an analytical platform useful for prospectively monitoring the lipidome of copepods in a planned long-term five-year ecological study of climate change on this oceanic sentinel species. The copepods examined in this pilot study included a North Atlantic species (Calanus finmarchicus) and two species from the Gulf of Mexico, one a filter feeder (Acartia tonsa) and one a hunter (Labidocerca aestiva). Our findings clearly indicate that the lipidomes of copepod species can vary greatly, supporting the need to obtain a broad snapshot of each unique lipidome in a long-term multigeneration prospective study of climate change. This is critical, since there may well be species-specific responses to the stressors of climate change and co-stressors such as pollution. While lipid nomenclature and biochemistry are extremely complex, it is not essential for all readers interested in climate change to understand all of the various lipid classes presented in this study. The clear message from this research is that we can monitor key copepod lipid families with high accuracy, and therefore potentially monitor lipid families that respond to environmental perturbations evoked by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Michael D. Wood
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, BC Children’s and Women’s Hospital & Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada;
| | - Stan C. Kunigelis
- Imaging and Analysis Center, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
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Popa DG, Georgescu F, Dumitrascu F, Shova S, Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Draghici C, Vladulescu L, Oancea F. Novel Strigolactone Mimics That Modulate Photosynthesis and Biomass Accumulation in Chlorella sorokiniana. Molecules 2023; 28:7059. [PMID: 37894539 PMCID: PMC10609326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In terrestrial plants, strigolactones act as multifunctional endo- and exo-signals. On microalgae, the strigolactones determine akin effects: induce symbiosis formation with fungi and bacteria and enhance photosynthesis efficiency and accumulation of biomass. This work aims to synthesize and identify strigolactone mimics that promote photosynthesis and biomass accumulation in microalgae with biotechnological potential. Novel strigolactone mimics easily accessible in significant amounts were prepared and fully characterized. The first two novel compounds contain 3,5-disubstituted aryloxy moieties connected to the bioactive furan-2-one ring. In the second group of compounds, a benzothiazole ring is connected directly through the cyclic nitrogen atom to the bioactive furan-2-one ring. The novel strigolactone mimics were tested on Chlorella sorokiniana NIVA-CHL 176. All tested strigolactones increased the accumulation of chlorophyll b in microalgae biomass. The SL-F3 mimic, 3-(4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl)-3H-benzothiazol-2-one (7), proved the most efficient. This compound, applied at a concentration of 10-7 M, determined a significant biomass accumulation, higher by more than 15% compared to untreated control, and improved the quantum yield efficiency of photosystem II. SL-F2 mimic, 5-(3,5-dibromophenoxy)-3-methyl-5H-furan-2-one (4), applied at a concentration of 10-9 M, improved protein production and slightly stimulated biomass accumulation. Potential utilization of the new strigolactone mimics as microalgae biostimulants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Gabriela Popa
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței Nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (D.G.P.); (D.C.-A.)
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bd. Mărăști Nr. 59, Sector 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Georgescu
- Enpro Soctech Com., Str. Elefterie Nr. 51, Sector 5, 050524 Bucharest, Romania; (F.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Florea Dumitrascu
- “Costin D. Nenițescu” Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 202B, Sector 6, 060023 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Sergiu Shova
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda Nr. 41-A, 700487 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței Nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (D.G.P.); (D.C.-A.)
| | - Constantin Draghici
- “Costin D. Nenițescu” Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 202B, Sector 6, 060023 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lucian Vladulescu
- Enpro Soctech Com., Str. Elefterie Nr. 51, Sector 5, 050524 Bucharest, Romania; (F.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Florin Oancea
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței Nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (D.G.P.); (D.C.-A.)
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bd. Mărăști Nr. 59, Sector 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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Ashokkumar V, Flora G, Sevanan M, Sripriya R, Chen WH, Park JH, Rajesh Banu J, Kumar G. Technological advances in the production of carotenoids and their applications- A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 367:128215. [PMID: 36332858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments that are widely distributed in algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants. Carotenoids play a significant role in the food, feed, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. These pigments are effectively considered as a health-promoting compounds, which are widely used in our daily diet to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, acute lung injury, cataracts, neural disorders, etc. In this context, this review paper demonstrates the synthesis of carotenoids and their potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the demand for carotenoid production is increasing overtime, and the extraction and production are expensive and technically challenging. The recent developments in carotenoid biosynthesis, and key challenges, bottlenecks, and future perspectives were also discussed to enhance the circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Biorefineries for Biofuels & Bioproducts Laboratory (BBBL), Center for Trandisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, SDC, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - G Flora
- Department of Botany, St. Mary's College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Sevanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University), Combatore, India
| | - R Sripriya
- Department of Zoology, St. Mary's College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, India
| | - W H Chen
- Department Aeronautical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jeong-Hoon Park
- Sustainable Technology and Wellness R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do 63243, South Korea
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
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4
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Measurements of drugs and metabolites in biological matrices using SFC and SFE-SFC-MS. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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5
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Ganzera M, Zwerger M. Analysis of natural products by SFC – Applications from 2015 to 2021. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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On-line supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography (SFE-SFC) at a glance: A coupling story. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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On-line coupling of supercritical fluid extraction with enantioselective supercritical fluid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the determination of chiral pesticides in hemp seeds: A proof-of-principle study. Food Chem 2021; 373:131418. [PMID: 34731800 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present research can be considered as a proof-of-principle study focused on the determination of chiral pesticides using a supercritical fluid extraction instrument coupled on-line with an enantioselective supercritical fluid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. To the best of Authors' knowledge, this is the first description of an on-line approach for the extraction and determination of chiral pesticides. Metalaxyl, benalaxyl and dimethenamid were investigated in nine hemp seed samples belonging to four varieties of Cannabis sativa; only in one case a pesticide was found at levels above the method limit of quantification (LoQ), though within the EU maximum residue level value. The figures-of-merit determined were linearity, precision, limit of detection (LoD), and LoQ. Regression coefficients were between 0.9856 and 0.9973, the LoDs were in the 0.04-0.41 μg kg-1 range, the LoQs were in the 0.12-1.38 μg kg-1 range, while coefficients of variation were between 1 and 3% (10 μg kg-1 level).
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8
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Lesellier E, West C. Supercritical fluid chromatography for the analysis of natural dyes: From carotenoids to flavonoids. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:382-393. [PMID: 34633729 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural dyes are used in a variety of formulated products, from food to cosmetics and pharmaceutics. In addition to their color, they also provide some bioactivity. While they are mostly analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography was also employed for several dye families, mostly for carotenoids and chlorophylls, and more recently for anthraquinones and flavonoids. These supercritical fluid chromatography methods are described in this review. Because the dyes have different structures and structural variations (polarity, isomers, etc.), the best chromatographic system to achieve their separation is not always the same. Hydrophobic stationary phases are preferred for the most hydrophobic dyes (chlorophylls and carotenoids) while polar stationary phases are preferred for the polar dyes (anthraquinones and flavonoids). Regarding the mobile phase composition, chlorophylls and carotenoids are best eluted with moderate proportions of co-solvent in CO2 (about 40%), while the most polar glycosylated flavonoids require higher proportions of co-solvent and acidic additives. Because dyes are colorful, ultraviolet-visible detection is often sufficient, while mass spectrometry offers additional structural information. Furthermore, fundamental information can also be gained through chromatographic analysis of dyes: either solubility in supercritical fluids, in view of their extraction, or retention behavior providing an understanding of stationary phase properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lesellier
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité mixte de recherche, 7311, University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Caroline West
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité mixte de recherche, 7311, University of Orleans, Orleans, France
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Shi G, Gu L, Jung H, Chung WJ, Koo S. Apocarotenals of Phenolic Carotenoids for Superior Antioxidant Activities. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25096-25108. [PMID: 34604688 PMCID: PMC8482777 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of para-phenolic carotenes 1 with ortho- and meta-substitutions were respectively prepared utilizing the benzenesulfonyl protection method, which demonstrated the importance of the ring substituents on their effective conjugation, evaluated by their UV absorption values. The corresponding apo-12'-carotenals 2 were devised to improve the conjugation effect of the para-phenolic radical with the polyene chain by the conjugated aldehyde group. Apo-12'-carotenals 2b and 2c without ortho-substituents exhibited superior antioxidant activities to their corresponding symmetrical carotenes 1 as well as β-carotene and apo-12'-β-carotenal in 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaosheng Shi
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji
University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Lina Gu
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji
University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science
and Technology, Meilong
Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hyunuk Jung
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji
University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji
University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Sangho Koo
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji
University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science
and Technology, Meilong
Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry, Myongji University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
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Giuffrida D, Zoccali M, Mondello L. Recent developments in the carotenoid and carotenoid derivatives chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis in food matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Maroneze MM, Caballero-Guerrero B, Zepka LQ, Jacob-Lopes E, Pérez-Gálvez A, Roca M. Accomplished High-Resolution Metabolomic and Molecular Studies Identify New Carotenoid Biosynthetic Reactions in Cyanobacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6212-6220. [PMID: 32400160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and microalgae are characterized by a rich and varied profile of chlorophyll (8-20 mg/g) and carotenoid (>2.2 mg/g) pigments, being noteworthy material for natural pigment production in the food industry. We propose a systematic workflow that uses high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry in a broadband collision-induced dissociation mode (bbCID) acquisition mode to simultaneously obtain MS and MSn spectra. Metabolomic studies showed for the first time the presence of carotenoids with 5,6-epoxy-groups (5,6-epoxy- and 5,8-furanoid β-cryptoxanthin), carotenoids from the α-branch (5,8-furanoid-2'-3'-didehydro α-cryptoxanthin), and 2'-dehydrodeoxomyxol in cyanobacteria. To support the new findings, an in silico search retrieved the putative sequences of carotenogenic enzymes involved in the corresponding biosynthetic pathways (ZEP, NSY, CrtL-b and CrtR) in the analyzed cyanobacteria species. Consequently, high-throughput metabolomics studies assisted by molecular analysis offer a powerful tool for providing insights into the characterization of bioactive compounds and their metabolism in cyanobacteria and microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Manzoni Maroneze
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Belén Caballero-Guerrero
- Microbiology Service, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Leila Queiroz Zepka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Roca
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Green Extraction Approaches for Carotenoids and Esters: Characterization of Native Composition from Orange Peel. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120613. [PMID: 31816926 PMCID: PMC6943544 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Orange peel is a by-product produced in large amounts that acts as a source of natural pigments such as carotenoids. Xanthophylls, the main carotenoid class found in citrus fruit, can be present in its free form or esterified with fatty acids, forming esters. This esterification modifies the compound’s chemical properties, affecting their bioavailability in the human body, and making it important to characterize the native carotenoid composition of food matrices. We aimed to evaluate the non-saponified carotenoid extracts of orange peel (cv. Pera) obtained using alternative green approaches: extraction with ionic liquid (IL), analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and mass spectrometry HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), followed by supercritical fluid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detection (SFC-APCI/QqQ/MS) in an online system. Both alternative green methods were successfully applied, allowing the total identification of five free carotenoids, one apocarotenoid, seven monoesters, and 11 diesters in the extract obtained with IL and analyzed by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS, and nine free carotenoids, six carotenoids esters, 19 apocarotenoids, and eight apo-esters with the SFE-SFC-APCI/QqQ/MS approach, including several free apocarotenoids and apocarotenoid esters identified for the first time in oranges, and particularly in the Pera variety, which could be used as a fruit authenticity parameter.
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Novoveská L, Ross ME, Stanley MS, Pradelles R, Wasiolek V, Sassi JF. Microalgal Carotenoids: A Review of Production, Current Markets, Regulations, and Future Direction. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110640. [PMID: 31766228 PMCID: PMC6891288 DOI: 10.3390/md17110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae produce a variety of compounds that are beneficial to human and animal health. Among these compounds are carotenoids, which are microalgal pigments with unique antioxidant and coloring properties. The objective of this review is to evaluate the potential of using microalgae as a commercial feedstock for carotenoid production. While microalgae can produce some of the highest concentrations of carotenoids (especially astaxanthin) in living organisms, there are challenges associated with the mass production of microalgae and downstream processing of carotenoids. This review discusses the synthesis of carotenoids within microalgae, their physiological role, large-scale cultivation of microalgae, up- and down-stream processing, commercial applications, natural versus synthetic carotenoids, and opportunities and challenges facing the carotenoid markets. We emphasize legal aspects and regulatory challenges associated with the commercial production of microalgae-based carotenoids for food/feed, nutraceutical and cosmetic industry in Europe, the USA, the People’s Republic of China, and Japan. This review provides tools and a broad overview of the regulatory processes of carotenoid production from microalgae and other novel feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Novoveská
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK; (M.E.R.); (M.S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael E. Ross
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK; (M.E.R.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Michele S. Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK; (M.E.R.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Rémi Pradelles
- Microphyt, 713 Route de Mudaison, 34670 Baillargues, France; (R.P.); (V.W.)
| | - Virginie Wasiolek
- Microphyt, 713 Route de Mudaison, 34670 Baillargues, France; (R.P.); (V.W.)
| | - Jean-François Sassi
- Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre de Cadarache St Paul Lez, 13108 Durance, France;
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Abstract
Carotenoids are a group of natural pigments, consisting of more than 750 compounds known so far [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Str. 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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