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Giani M, Pire C, Martínez-Espinosa RM. Bacterioruberin: Biosynthesis, Antioxidant Activity, and Therapeutic Applications in Cancer and Immune Pathologies. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:167. [PMID: 38667784 PMCID: PMC11051356 DOI: 10.3390/md22040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Halophilic archaea, also termed haloarchaea, are a group of moderate and extreme halophilic microorganisms that constitute the major microbial populations in hypersaline environments. In these ecosystems, mainly aquatic, haloarchaea are constantly exposed to ionic and oxidative stress due to saturated salt concentrations and high incidences of UV radiation (mainly in summer). To survive under these harsh conditions, haloarchaea have developed molecular adaptations including hyperpigmentation. Regarding pigmentation, haloarchaeal species mainly synthesise the rare C50 carotenoid called bacterioruberin (BR) and its derivatives, monoanhydrobacterioruberin and bisanhydrobacterioruberin. Due to their colours and extraordinary antioxidant properties, BR and its derivatives have been the aim of research in several research groups all over the world during the last decade. This review aims to summarise the most relevant characteristics of BR and its derivatives as well as describe their reported antitumoral, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant biological activities. Based on their biological activities, these carotenoids can be considered promising natural biomolecules that could be used as tools to design new strategies and/or pharmaceutical formulas to fight against cancer, promote immunomodulation, or preserve skin health, among other potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Giani
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef”, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain; (M.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Carmen Pire
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef”, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain; (M.G.); (C.P.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Edaphology and Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef”, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain; (M.G.); (C.P.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Edaphology and Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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2
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Raman J, Ko YJ, Kim JS, Kim DH, Kim SJ. Overproduction of Xanthophyll Pigment in Flavobacterium sp. JSWR-1 under Optimized Culture Conditions. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:710-724. [PMID: 38044702 PMCID: PMC11016774 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2310.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium can synthesize xanthophyll, particularly the pigment zeaxanthin, which has significant economic value in nutrition and pharmaceuticals. Recently, the use of carotenoid biosynthesis by bacteria and yeast fermentation technology has shown to be very efficient and offers significant advantages in large-scale production, cost-effectiveness, and safety. In the present study, JSWR-1 strain capable of producing xanthophyll pigment was isolated from a freshwater reservoir in Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea. Based on the morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics, JSWR-1 classified as belonging to the Flavobacterium species. The bacterium is strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and psychrophilic. The completed genome sequence of the strain Flavobacterium sp. JSWR-1 is predicted to be a single circular 3,425,829-bp chromosome with a G+C content of 35.2% and 2,941 protein-coding genes. The optimization of carotenoid production was achieved by small-scale cultivation, resulting in zeaxanthin being identified as the predominant carotenoid pigment. The enhancement of zeaxanthin biosynthesis by applying different light-irradiation, variations in pH and temperature, and adding carbon and nitrogen supplies to the growth medium. A significant increase in intracellular zeaxanthin concentrations was also recorded during fed-batch fermentation achieving a maximum of 16.69 ± 0.71 mg/l, corresponding to a product yield of 4.05 ± 0.15 mg zeaxanthin per gram cell dry weight. Batch and fed-batch culture extracts exhibit significant antioxidant activity. The results demonstrated that the JSWR-1 strain can potentially serve as a source for zeaxanthin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegadeesh Raman
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ko
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Seon Kim
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
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3
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Rao A, Driessen AJM. Unraveling the multiplicity of geranylgeranyl reductases in Archaea: potential roles in saturation of terpenoids. Extremophiles 2024; 28:14. [PMID: 38280122 PMCID: PMC10821996 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-023-01330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The enzymology of the key steps in the archaeal phospholipid biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated in recent years. In contrast, the complete biosynthetic pathways for proposed membrane regulators consisting of polyterpenes, such as carotenoids, respiratory quinones, and polyprenols remain unknown. Notably, the multiplicity of geranylgeranyl reductases (GGRs) in archaeal genomes has been correlated with the saturation of polyterpenes. Although GGRs, which are responsible for saturation of the isoprene chains of phospholipids, have been identified and studied in detail, there is little information regarding the structure and function of the paralogs. Here, we discuss the diversity of archaeal membrane-associated polyterpenes which is correlated with the genomic loci, structural and sequence-based analyses of GGR paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Rao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Hwang CY, Cho ES, Kim S, Kim K, Seo MJ. Optimization of bacterioruberin production from Halorubrum ruber and assessment of its antioxidant potential. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:2. [PMID: 38172950 PMCID: PMC10762969 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Haloarchaea produce bacterioruberin, a major C50 carotenoid with antioxidant properties that allow for its potential application in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to optimize culture conditions for total carotenoid, predominantly comprising bacterioruberin, production using Halorubrum ruber MBLA0099. A one-factor-at-a-time and statistically-based experimental design were applied to optimize the culture conditions. Culture in the optimized medium caused an increase in total carotenoid production from 0.496 to 1.966 mg L- 1 Maximal carotenoid productivity was achieved in a 7-L laboratory-scale fermentation and represented a 6.05-fold increase (0.492 mg L-1 d-1). The carotenoid extracts from strain MBLA0099 exhibited a 1.8-10.3-fold higher antioxidant activity in vitro, and allowed for a higher survival rate of Caenorhabditis elegans under oxidative stress conditions. These results demonstrated that Hrr. ruber MBLA0099 has significant potential as a haloarchaon for the commercial production of bacterioruberin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Sang Cho
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ji Seo
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center for Bio Materials & Process Development, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
- MJ BIOLAB, Inc, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
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Delgado-Garcia M, Gómez-Secundino O, Rodríguez JA, Mateos-Díaz JC, Muller-Santos M, Aguilar CN, Camacho-Ruiz RM. Identification, Antioxidant Capacity, and Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) In Silico Inhibition of Haloarchaeal Carotenoids from Natronococcus sp. and Halorubrum tebenquichense. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2344. [PMID: 37764188 PMCID: PMC10537243 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural pigments from haloarchaea are of great interest; bacterioruberin is the major pigment, it shows higher antioxidant power when compared with β-carotene. However, characterization of bacterioruberin and its isomers along with its antioxidant and the matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) inhibition activities in extracts from Natronoccoccus sp. TC6 and Halorubrum tebenquichense SU10 was not previously described, being the aim of this work. The carotenoids profile was performed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, thin-layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Antioxidant capacity was determined for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. In addition, MMP-9 inhibition was studied using docking simulations. The carotenoid profile of studied strains was composed of bacterioruberin, some derivatives like mono, bis, and tris anhydrobacterioruberin, and also some bacterioruberin cis isomers. The carotenoid pools showed antioxidant capacity for DPPH > ABTS > FRAP; Natronococcus sp. TC6 carotenoid pool was better for ABTS and DPPH, while Halorubrum tebenquichense SU10 carotenoid pool was better for FRAP. Additionally, docking and molecular dynamics suggest that bacterioruberin inhibits MMP-9 through hydrophobic interactions near the catalytic site. Bacterioruberin shows the higher binding energy of -8.3 (kcal/mol). The carotenoids profile of both strains was elucidated, their antioxidant activity and singular participation of each carotenoid on MMP-9 in silico inhibition were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Delgado-Garcia
- Bioengineering Department, Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan 45201, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Osvaldo Gómez-Secundino
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 44270, Jalisco, Mexico; (O.G.-S.); (J.A.R.); (J.C.M.-D.)
| | - Jorge A. Rodríguez
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 44270, Jalisco, Mexico; (O.G.-S.); (J.A.R.); (J.C.M.-D.)
| | - Juan Carlos Mateos-Díaz
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 44270, Jalisco, Mexico; (O.G.-S.); (J.A.R.); (J.C.M.-D.)
| | - Marcelo Muller-Santos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81530-900, Brazil;
| | - Cristobal N. Aguilar
- Food Research Department, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Maria Camacho-Ruiz
- Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 44270, Jalisco, Mexico; (O.G.-S.); (J.A.R.); (J.C.M.-D.)
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Giani M, Montoyo-Pujol YG, Peiró G, Martínez-Espinosa RM. Haloarchaeal carotenoids exert an in vitro antiproliferative effect on human breast cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7148. [PMID: 37130864 PMCID: PMC10154395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the onset and progression of different neoplasia. Antioxidants might help prevent it by modulating biochemical processes involved in cell proliferation. Here, the aim was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effect of Haloferax mediterranei bacterioruberin-rich carotenoid extracts (BRCE) (0-100 µg/ml) in six BC cell lines, representative of the intrinsic phenotypes and a healthy mammary epithelium cell line. Cell index values were obtained using xCELLigence RTCA System. Furthermore, cell diameter, viability, and concentration were measured at 12 h, 24 h, and 30 h. We found that BC cells were selectively affected by BRCE (SI > 1, p < 0.005). After 30 h, the population of BC cells exposed to 100 µg/ml was 11.7-64.6% of the control (p = 0.0001-0.0009). Triple-negative cells were significantly affected [MDA-MB-231 (IC50 51.8 µg/ml, p < 0.0001) and MDA-MB-468 (IC50 63.9 µg/ml, p < 0.0001)]. Cell size was also reduced after 30 h treatment in 3.8 (± 0.1) µm and 3.3 (± 0.02) µm for SK-BR-3 (p < 0.0001) and MDA-MB-468 (p < 0.0001), respectively. In conclusion, Hfx. mediterranei BRCE exerts a cytotoxic effect on BC cell lines representative of all studied intrinsic subtypes. Furthermore, results obtained for MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 are very promising, considering the aggressive behaviour of the triple-negative BC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Giani
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Edaphology, and Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
- Applied Biochemistry Research Group, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies "Ramón Margalef" University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Yoel Genaro Montoyo-Pujol
- Breast Cancer Research Group, Research Unit, Dr. Balmis University General Hospital, and Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Pintor Baeza 12, 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gloria Peiró
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Balmis University General Hospital, and Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Pintor Baeza 12, 03010, Alicante, Spain
- Biotechnology Department, Immunology Area, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Edaphology, and Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain.
- Applied Biochemistry Research Group, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies "Ramón Margalef" University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain.
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Papapostolou H, Kachrimanidou V, Alexandri M, Plessas S, Papadaki A, Kopsahelis N. Natural Carotenoids: Recent Advances on Separation from Microbial Biomass and Methods of Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051030. [PMID: 37237896 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotechnologically produced carotenoids occupy an important place in the scientific research. Owing to their role as natural pigments and their high antioxidant properties, microbial carotenoids have been proposed as alternatives to their synthetic counterparts. To this end, many studies are focusing on their efficient and sustainable production from renewable substrates. Besides the development of an efficient upstream process, their separation and purification as well as their analysis from the microbial biomass confers another important aspect. Currently, the use of organic solvents constitutes the main extraction process; however, environmental concerns along with potential toxicity towards human health necessitate the employment of "greener" techniques. Hence, many research groups are focusing on applying emerging technologies such as ultrasounds, microwaves, ionic liquids or eutectic solvents for the separation of carotenoids from microbial cells. This review aims to summarize the progress on both the biotechnological production of carotenoids and the methods for their effective extraction. In the framework of circular economy and sustainability, the focus is given on green recovery methods targeting high-value applications such as novel functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Finally, methods for carotenoids identification and quantification are also discussed in order to create a roadmap for successful carotenoids analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Papapostolou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | | | - Maria Alexandri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | - Stavros Plessas
- Laboratory of Food Processing, Faculty of Agriculture Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestiada, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papadaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kopsahelis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
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Moopantakath J, Imchen M, Anju VT, Busi S, Dyavaiah M, Martínez-Espinosa RM, Kumavath R. Bioactive molecules from haloarchaea: Scope and prospects for industrial and therapeutic applications. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113540. [PMID: 37065149 PMCID: PMC10102575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine environments and salty inland ecosystems encompass various environmental conditions, such as extremes of temperature, salinity, pH, pressure, altitude, dry conditions, and nutrient scarcity. The extremely halophilic archaea (also called haloarchaea) are a group of microorganisms requiring high salt concentrations (2–6 M NaCl) for optimal growth. Haloarchaea have different metabolic adaptations to withstand these extreme conditions. Among the adaptations, several vesicles, granules, primary and secondary metabolites are produced that are highly significant in biotechnology, such as carotenoids, halocins, enzymes, and granules of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Among halophilic enzymes, reductases play a significant role in the textile industry and the degradation of hydrocarbon compounds. Enzymes like dehydrogenases, glycosyl hydrolases, lipases, esterases, and proteases can also be used in several industrial procedures. More recently, several studies stated that carotenoids, gas vacuoles, and liposomes produced by haloarchaea have specific applications in medicine and pharmacy. Additionally, the production of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers by haloarchaea to store carbon makes them potent candidates to be used as cell factories in the industrial production of bioplastics. Furthermore, some haloarchaeal species can synthesize nanoparticles during heavy metal detoxification, thus shedding light on a new approach to producing nanoparticles on a large scale. Recent studies also highlight that exopolysaccharides from haloarchaea can bind the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This review explores the potential of haloarchaea in the industry and biotechnology as cellular factories to upscale the production of diverse bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamseel Moopantakath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, India
| | - Madangchanok Imchen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - V. T. Anju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Siddhardha Busi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Madhu Dyavaiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Edaphology and Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef”, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa,
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
- *Correspondence: Ranjith Kumavath, ,
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Baati H, Siala M, Azri C, Ammar E, Trigui M. Hydrolytic enzyme screening and carotenoid production evaluation of halophilic archaea isolated from highly heavy metal-enriched solar saltern sediments. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1893-1906. [PMID: 36280648 PMCID: PMC9679124 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to screen the enzymatic activities and evaluate the carotenoid production level of twenty-two halophilic archaea isolated from Sfax solar saltern sediments. The molecular identification performed by sequencing the 16S rRNA genes showed that all strains have a high similarity degree (99.7-100%) with Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1. The strains were screened for the presence of eight hydrolase activities using agar plate-based assays. The most detected enzyme was gelatinase (77.27% of total strains), followed by protease (63.63%) and amylase activities (50%). The carotenoid production yields of the strains ranged between 2.027 and 14.880 mg/l. The UV-Visible spectroscopy of pigments revealed that it was a bacterioruberin type. When evaluated and compared to the standard β-carotene, the antioxidant capacities of these pigments showed a scavenging activity of more than 75% at a concentration of 5 μg/ml for three strains (AS16, AS17, and AS18). Then a sequence of one-step optimization processes was performed, using the one-factor-at-a-time approach, to define the optimum conditions for growth and carotenoid production of the highest carotenoid producing strain (AS17). Different environmental factors and nutritional conditions were tested. Variations in these factors were found to deeply influence growth and carotenoid production. A maximum carotenoid production (16.490 mg/l), higher than that of the control (14.880 mg/l), was observed at 37 °C, pH 7, 250 g/l of salinity, with 80% air phase in the flask at 110 rpm, in presence of light and in culture media containing (g/l) 10, yeast extract; 7.5, casamino acid; 20, MgSO4; 4, KCl; and 3, trisodium citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Baati
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development "LASED", University of Sfax, LR18ES32, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mariem Siala
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development "LASED", University of Sfax, LR18ES32, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Chafai Azri
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development "LASED", University of Sfax, LR18ES32, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emna Ammar
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development "LASED", University of Sfax, LR18ES32, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Trigui
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development "LASED", University of Sfax, LR18ES32, Sfax, Tunisia
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Hwang CY, Cho ES, Rhee WJ, Kim E, Seo MJ. Genomic and physiological analysis of C50 carotenoid-producing novel Halorubrum ruber sp. nov. J Microbiol 2022; 60:1007-1020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Archaea Carotenoids: Natural Pigments with Unexplored Innovative Potential. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080524. [PMID: 36005527 PMCID: PMC9410494 DOI: 10.3390/md20080524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 40 years, marine microorganisms have raised great interest because of their major ecological function and their numerous applications for biotechnology and pharmacology. Particularly, Archaea represent a resource of great potential for the identification of new metabolites because of their adaptation to extreme environmental conditions and their original metabolic pathways, allowing the synthesis of unique biomolecules. Studies on archaeal carotenoids are still relatively scarce and only a few works have focused on their industrial scale production and their biotechnological and pharmacological properties, while the societal demand for these bioactive pigments is growing. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on carotenoid metabolism in Archaea and the potential applications of these pigments in biotechnology and medicine. After reviewing the ecology and classification of these microorganisms, as well as their unique cellular and biochemical characteristics, this paper highlights the most recent data concerning carotenoid metabolism in Archaea, the biological properties of these pigments, and biotechnological considerations for their production at industrial scale.
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Genomic analysis of heavy metal-resistant Halobacterium salinarum isolated from Sfax solar saltern sediments. Extremophiles 2022; 26:25. [PMID: 35842547 PMCID: PMC9288257 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-022-01273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The draft genome sequences of five archaeal strains, isolated from Sfax solar saltern sediments and affiliated with Halobacterium salinarum, were analyzed in order to reveal their adaptive strategies to live in hypersaline environments polluted with heavy metals. The genomes of the strains (named AS1, AS2, AS8, AS11, and AS19) are found to contain 2,060,688; 2,467,461; 2,236,624; 2,432,692; and 2,428,727 bp respectively, with a G + C content of 65.5, 66.0, 67.0, and 66.2%. The majority of these genes (43.69–55.65%) are annotated as hypothetical proteins. Growth under osmotic stress is possible by genes coding for potassium uptake, sodium efflux, and kinases, as well as stress proteins, DNA repair systems, and proteasomal components. These strains harbor many genes responsible for metal transport/resistance, such as: copper-translocating P-type ATPases, ABC transporter, and cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance protein. In addition, detoxification enzymes and secondary metabolites are also identified. The results show strain AS1, as compared to the other strains, is more adapted to heavy metals and may be used in the bioremediation of multi-metal contaminated environments. This study highlights the presence of several commercially valuable bioproducts (carotenoids, retinal proteins, exopolysaccharide, stress proteins, squalene, and siderophores) and enzymes (protease, sulfatase, phosphatase, phosphoesterase, and chitinase) that can be used in many industrial applications.
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Haloarchaea as emerging big players in future polyhydroxyalkanoate bioproduction: Review of trends and perspectives. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Obruča S, Dvořák P, Sedláček P, Koller M, Sedlář K, Pernicová I, Šafránek D. Polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis by halophiles and thermophiles: towards sustainable production of microbial bioplastics. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 58:107906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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The C50 carotenoid bacterioruberin regulates membrane fluidity in pink-pigmented Arthrobacter species. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:70. [PMID: 34951666 PMCID: PMC8709818 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids have several crucial biological functions and are part of the cold adaptation mechanism of some bacteria. Some pink-pigmented Arthrobacter species produce the rare C50 carotenoid bacterioruberin, whose function in these bacteria is unclear and is found mainly in halophilic archaea. Strains Arthrobacter agilis DSM 20550T and Arthrobacter bussei DSM 109896T show an increased bacterioruberin content if growth temperature is reduced from 30 down to 10 °C. In vivo anisotropy measurements with trimethylammonium-diphenylhexatriene showed increased membrane fluidity and a broadening phase transition with increased bacterioruberin content in the membrane at low-temperature growth. Suppression of bacterioruberin synthesis at 10 °C using sodium chloride confirmed the function of bacterioruberin in modulating membrane fluidity. Increased bacterioruberin content also correlated with increased cell resistance to freeze–thaw stress. These findings confirmed the adaptive function of bacterioruberin for growth at low temperatures for pink-pigmented Arthrobacter species.
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16
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Serrano S, Mendo S, Caetano T. Haloarchaea have a high genomic diversity for the biosynthesis of carotenoids of biotechnological interest. Res Microbiol 2021; 173:103919. [PMID: 34942349 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Haloarchaea are mostly components of the microbial biomass of saline aquatic environments, where they can be a dietary source of heterotrophic metazoans or contribute to flamingo's plumage coloration. The diversity of secondary metabolites (SMs) produced by haloarchaea, which might play multiple ecological roles and have diverse biotechnological applications has been largely understudied. Herein, 67 haloarchaeal complete genomes were analyzed and 182 SMs biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) identified that encode the production of terpenes (including carotenoids), RiPPs and siderophores. Terpene BGCs were further analysed and it was concluded that all haloarchaea might produce squalene and bacterioruberin, which one a strong antioxidant. Most of them have other carotenoid BGCs that include a putative β-carotene ketolase that was not characterized so far in haloarchaea, but may be involved with canthaxanthin's biosynthesis. The production of bacterioruberin by Haloferax mediterranei ATCC 33500 was found to be not related to its antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Serrano
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Caetano
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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17
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Giani M, Montoyo-Pujol YG, Peiró G, Martínez-Espinosa RM. Halophilic Carotenoids and Breast Cancer: From Salt Marshes to Biomedicine. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110594. [PMID: 34822465 PMCID: PMC8625793 DOI: 10.3390/md19110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women worldwide. Over the years, oxidative stress has been linked to the onset and progression of cancer. In addition to the classical histological classification, breast carcinomas are classified into phenotypes according to hormone receptors (estrogen receptor-RE-/progesterone receptor-PR) and growth factor receptor (human epidermal growth factor receptor-HER2) expression. Luminal tumors (ER/PR-positive/HER2-negative) are present in older patients with a better outcome. However, patients with HER2-positive or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (ER/PR/HER2-negative) subtypes still represent highly aggressive behavior, metastasis, poor prognosis, and drug resistance. Therefore, new alternative therapies have become an urgent clinical need. In recent years, anticancer agents based on natural products have been receiving huge interest. In particular, carotenoids are natural compounds present in fruits and vegetables, but algae, bacteria, and archaea also produce them. The antioxidant properties of carotenoids have been studied during the last years due to their potential in preventing and treating multiple diseases, including cancer. Although the effect of carotenoids on breast cancer during in vitro and in vivo studies is promising, clinical trials are still inconclusive. The haloarchaeal carotenoid bacterioruberin holds great promise to the future of biomedicine due to its particular structure, and antioxidant activity. However, much work remains to be performed to draw firm conclusions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on pre-clinical and clinical analysis on the use of carotenoids as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer, highlighting the most recent results regarding the use of bacterioruberin from haloarchaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Giani
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Division, Agrochemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain;
- Applied Biochemistry Research Group, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef”, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Yoel Genaro Montoyo-Pujol
- Breast Cancer Research Group, Research Unit, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL) Hospital General Universitario, Pintor Baeza 12, E-03010 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Gloria Peiró
- Department of Pathology, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL) Hospital General Universitario, Pintor Baeza 12, E-03010 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Division, Agrochemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain;
- Applied Biochemistry Research Group, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef”, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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18
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Avalos M, Garbeva P, Vader L, van Wezel GP, Dickschat JS, Ulanova D. Biosynthesis, evolution and ecology of microbial terpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:249-272. [PMID: 34612321 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: through June 2021Terpenoids are the largest class of natural products recognised to date. While mostly known to humans as bioactive plant metabolites and part of essential oils, structurally diverse terpenoids are increasingly reported to be produced by microorganisms. For many of the compounds biological functions are yet unknown, but during the past years significant insights have been obtained for the role of terpenoids in microbial chemical ecology. Their functions include stress alleviation, maintenance of cell membrane integrity, photoprotection, attraction or repulsion of organisms, host growth promotion and defense. In this review we discuss the current knowledge of the biosynthesis and evolution of microbial terpenoids, and their ecological and biological roles in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Perspectives on their biotechnological applications, knowledge gaps and questions for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Avalos
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Vader
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,University of Bonn, Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dana Ulanova
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
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19
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Cho ES, Cha IT, Roh SW, Seo MJ. Haloferax litoreum sp. nov., Haloferax marinisediminis sp. nov., and Haloferax marinum sp. nov., low salt-tolerant haloarchaea isolated from seawater and sediment. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:2065-2082. [PMID: 34604935 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three novel halophilic archaea were isolated from seawater and sediment near Yeoungheungdo Island, Republic of Korea. The genome size and G + C content of the isolates MBLA0076T, MBLA0077T, and MBLA0078T were 3.56, 3.48, and 3.48 Mb and 61.7, 60.8, and 61.1 mol%, respectively. The three strains shared 98.5-99.5 % sequence similarity of the 16 S rRNA gene, whereas their sequence similarity to the 16 S rRNA gene of type strains was below 98.5 %. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the 16 S rRNA and RNA polymerase subunit beta genes indicated that the isolates belonged to the genus Haloferax. The orthologous average nucleotide identity, average amino-acid identity, and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values were below species delineation thresholds. Pan-genomic analysis indicated that the three novel strains and 11 reference strains had 8981 pan-orthologous groups in total. Fourteen Haloferax strains shared 1766 core pan-genome orthologous groups, which were mainly related to amino acid transport and metabolism. Cells of the three isolates were gram-negative, motile, red-pink pigmented, and pleomorphic. The strains grew optimally at 30 °C (MBLA0076T) and 40 °C (MBLA0077T, MBLA0078T) in the presence of 1.28 M (MBLA0077T) and 1.7 M (MBLA0076T, MBLA0078T) NaCl and 0.1 M (MBLA0077T), 0.2 M (MBLA0076T), and 0.3 M (MBLA0078T) MgCl2·6H2O at pH 7.0-8.0. Cells of all isolates lysed in distilled water; the minimum NaCl concentration necessary to prevent lysis was 0.43 M. The major polar lipids of the three strains were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, and sulphated diglycosyl archaeol-1. Based on their phenotypic and genotypic properties, MBLA0076T, MBLA0077T, and MBLA0078T were described as novel species of Haloferax, for which we propose the names Haloferax litoreum sp. nov., Haloferax marinisediminis sp. nov., and Haloferax marinum sp. nov., respectively. The respective type strains of these species are MBLA0076T (= KCTC 4288T = JCM 34,169T), MBLA0077T (= KCTC 4289T = JCM 34,170T), and MBLA0078T (= KCTC 4290T = JCM 34,171T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Sang Cho
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Tae Cha
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Woon Roh
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ji Seo
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea.
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20
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C 50 carotenoids extracted from Haloterrigena thermotolerans strain K15: antioxidant potential and identification. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:71-79. [PMID: 34510323 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00905-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic archaea are one of the microorganism groups that have adapted to living in high saline environments and are important in terms of their potential use in biotechnology industry. One of the most important compounds they have, carotenoid, is used in food, cosmetics, and medical industries. The selected strain was identified as an extremely halophilic and thermophilic archaeon, Haloterrigena thermotolerans K15, based on morphological, biochemical, and physiological evidence as well as 16S rRNA analysis and screened by a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope for the first time. The carotenoid contents of H. thermotolerans K15 isolated from Salt Lake (Tuz Gölü, Turkey) were determined by RP-HPLC-DAD and their isomers were characterized according to UV-Vis spectra by cis peak intensity and spectral fine structure. In addition to all-trans bacterioruberin as a major carotenoid, many isomers of the bacterioruberin such as monoanhydrobacterioruberin and bisanhydrobacterioruberin were also found. The antioxidant activity of carotenoid extract from H. thermotolerans was analyzed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. The carotenoid extract showed antioxidant activity statistically significantly higher than ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene as reference compounds (p < 0.05). This is the first study about carotenoid characterization and antioxidant activity of H. thermotolerans K15. The obtained results suggest the potential use of H. thermotolerans K15 products as a substitute for synthesized chemical carotenoids and antioxidants.
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21
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Mozaheb N, Arefian E, Aliyan A, Amoozegar MA. Induction of the antioxidant defense system using long-chain carotenoids extracted from extreme halophilic archaeon, Halovenus aranensis. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:165-175. [PMID: 34487298 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The field of microbial pigments is an emerging area in natural products science. Carotenoids form a major class of such pigments and are found to be diversely synthesized by microorganisms that reside in hypersaline ecosystems to provide resistance against oxidative stress. Human cells can benefit from compounds such as carotenoids as antioxidant agents through either their capability to quench free radicals or their effect on promoting the antioxidant defense pathway. In this study, the antioxidant effectiveness of carotenoid extract from an extremely halophilic archaeon Halovenus aranensis strain EB27T has been evaluated using different approaches. Finally, the ability of the extracted pigment to induce the antioxidant defense pathway of human primary skin fibroblast cells was studied. Hvn. aranensis carotenoid extract exhibited strong effectiveness such that at 2 µg/ml, the carotenoid extract fully neutralized the oxidative stress of hydrogen peroxide at its EC50 based on MTT assay. Results from real-time PCR of relevant genes, luciferase bioreporter of oxidative stress, and the western blot analysis further confirmed the antioxidant capability of the carotenoids. It was also shown the carotenoid extract had more antioxidant activity compared to β-carotene the same concentration. Results suggest the carotenoid extract from this archaeon to have high potential for clinical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Mozaheb
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), 1200, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, 1417466191, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, 1417466191, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Aliyan
- Pasargad Institute for Advanced Innovative Solutions (PIAIS), Tehran, 1991633361, Iran.,Khatam University, Tehran, 1991633356, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Amoozegar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, 1417466191, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Ubiquitousness of Haloferax and Carotenoid Producing Genes in Arabian Sea Coastal Biosystems of India. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080442. [PMID: 34436281 PMCID: PMC8400781 DOI: 10.3390/md19080442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents a comparative analysis of halophiles from the global open sea and coastal biosystems through shotgun metagenomes (n = 209) retrieved from public repositories. The open sea was significantly enriched with Prochlorococcus and Candidatus pelagibacter. Meanwhile, coastal biosystems were dominated by Marinobacter and Alcanivorax. Halophilic archaea Haloarcula and Haloquandratum, predominant in the coastal biosystem, were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in coastal biosystems compared to the open sea. Analysis of whole genomes (n = 23,540), retrieved from EzBioCloud, detected crtI in 64.66% of genomes, while cruF was observed in 1.69% Bacteria and 40.75% Archaea. We further confirmed the viability and carotenoid pigment production by pure culture isolation (n = 1351) of extreme halophiles from sediments (n = 410 × 3) sampling at the Arabian coastline of India. All red-pigmented isolates were represented exclusively by Haloferax, resistant to saturated NaCl (6 M), and had >60% G + C content. Multidrug resistance to tetracycline, gentamicin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol were also observed. Our study showed that coastal biosystems could be more suited for bioprospection of halophiles rather than the open sea.
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Analysis of Carotenoids in Haloarchaea Species from Atacama Saline Lakes by High Resolution UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-Mass Spectrometry: Antioxidant Potential and Biological Effect on Cell Viability. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081230. [PMID: 34439478 PMCID: PMC8389013 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloarchaea are extreme halophilic microorganisms belonging to the domain Archaea, phylum Euryarchaeota, and are producers of interesting antioxidant carotenoid compounds. In this study, four new strains of Haloarcula sp., isolated from saline lakes of the Atacama Desert, are reported and studied by high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS) for the first time. In addition, determination of the carotenoid pigment profile from the new strains of Haloarcula sp., plus two strains of Halorubrum tebenquichense, and their antioxidant activity by means of several methods is reported. The effect of biomass on cellular viability in skin cell lines was also evaluated by MTT assay. The cholinesterase inhibition capacity of six haloarchaea (Haloarcula sp. ALT-23; Haloarcula sp. TeSe-41; Haloarcula sp. TeSe-51; Haloarcula sp. Te Se-89 and Halorubrum tebenquichense strains TeSe-85 and Te Se-86) is also reported for the first time. AChE inhibition IC50 was 2.96 ± 0.08 μg/mL and BuChE inhibition IC50 was 2.39 ± 0.09 μg/mL for the most active strain, Halorubrum tebenquichense Te Se-85, respectively, which is more active in BuCHe than that of the standard galantamine. Docking calculation showed that carotenoids can exert their inhibitory activity fitting into the enzyme pocket by their halves, in the presence of cholinesterase dimers.
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Giani M, Montero-Lobato Z, Garbayo I, Vílchez C, Vega JM, Martínez-Espinosa RM. Haloferax mediterranei Cells as C50 Carotenoid Factories. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020100. [PMID: 33578828 PMCID: PMC7916556 DOI: 10.3390/md19020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloarchaea produce C50 carotenoids such as bacterioruberin, which are of biotechnological in-terest. This study aimed to analyze the effect of different environmental and nutritional conditions on the cellular growth and dynamics of carotenoids accumulation in Haloferax mediterranei. The maximum production of carotenoids (40 µg·mL−1) was obtained during the stationary phase of growth, probably due to nutrient-limiting conditions (one-step culture). By seven days of culture, 1 mL culture produced 22.4 mg of dry weight biomass containing 0.18 % (w/w) of carotenoids. On the other hand, carbon-deficient cultures (low C/N ratio) were observed to be optimum for C50 bacterioruberin production by Hfx. mediterranei, but negatively affected the growth of cells. Thus, a two-steps process was evaluated for optimum carotenoids yield. In the first step, a nutri-ent-repleted culture medium enabled the haloarchaea to produce biomass, while in the second step, the biomass was incubated under osmotic stress and in a carbon-deficient medium. Under the conditions used, the obtained biomass contained 0.27% (w/w) of carotenoids after seven days, which accounts for 58.49 µg·mL−1 of carotenoids for a culture with turbidity 14.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Giani
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology division, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (M.G.); (R.M.M.-E.)
| | - Zaida Montero-Lobato
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA-RENSMA and Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (Z.M.-L.); (I.G.)
| | - Inés Garbayo
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA-RENSMA and Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (Z.M.-L.); (I.G.)
| | - Carlos Vílchez
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA-RENSMA and Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (Z.M.-L.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-959-218-442
| | - José M. Vega
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology division, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (M.G.); (R.M.M.-E.)
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