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Hoenicka H, Bein S, Starczak M, Graf W, Hanelt D, Gackowski D. β-Aminobutyric acid promotes stress tolerance, physiological adjustments, as well as broad epigenetic changes at DNA and RNA nucleobases in field elms (Ulmus minor). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:779. [PMID: 39148013 PMCID: PMC11325618 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) has been successfully used to prime stress resistance in numerous plant species; however, its effectiveness in forest trees has been poorly explored thus far. This study aimed to investigate the influence of BABA on morphological, physiological, and epigenetic parameters in field elms under various growth conditions. Epigenetic changes were assessed in both DNA and RNA through the use of reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with sensitive mass spectrometry. RESULTS The presented results confirm the influence of BABA on the development, physiology, and stress tolerance in field elms. However, the most important findings are related to the broad epigenetic changes promoted by this amino acid, which involve both DNA and RNA. Our findings confirm, for the first time, that BABA influences not only well-known epigenetic markers in plants, such as 5-methylcytosine, but also several other non-canonical nucleobases, such as 5-hydroxymethyluracil, 5-formylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, N6-methyladenine, uracil (in DNA) and thymine (in RNA). The significant effect on the levels of N6-methyladenine, the main bacterial epigenetic marker, is particularly noteworthy. In this case, the question arises as to whether this effect is due to epigenetic changes in the microbiome, the plant genome, or both. CONCLUSIONS The plant phenotype is the result of complex interactions between the plant's DNA, the microbiome, and the environment. We propose that different types of epigenetic changes in the plant and microbiome may play important roles in the largely unknown memory process that enables plants to adapt faster to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Hoenicka
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstr. 2, D-22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - Susanne Bein
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstr. 2, D-22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Marta Starczak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, Bydgoszcz, 85-095, Poland
| | - Wolfgang Graf
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstr. 2, D-22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Hanelt
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorst. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Gackowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, Bydgoszcz, 85-095, Poland
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2
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Decsi K, Ahmed M, Rizk R, Abdul-Hamid D, Kovács GP, Tóth Z. Emerging Trends in Non-Protein Amino Acids as Potential Priming Agents: Implications for Stress Management Strategies and Unveiling Their Regulatory Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6203. [PMID: 38892391 PMCID: PMC11172521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants endure the repercussions of environmental stress. As the advancement of global climate change continues, it is increasingly crucial to protect against abiotic and biotic stress effects. Some naturally occurring plant compounds can be used effectively to protect the plants. By externally applying priming compounds, plants can be prompted to trigger their defensive mechanisms, resulting in improved immune system effectiveness. This review article examines the possibilities of utilizing exogenous alpha-, beta-, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (AABA, BABA, and GABA), which are non-protein amino acids (NPAAs) that are produced naturally in plants during instances of stress. The article additionally presents a concise overview of the studies' discoveries on this topic, assesses the particular fields in which they might be implemented, and proposes new avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kincső Decsi
- Institute of Agronomy, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (R.R.); (Z.T.)
| | - Mostafa Ahmed
- Festetics Doctoral School, Institute of Agronomy, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary;
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Roquia Rizk
- Institute of Agronomy, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (R.R.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Donia Abdul-Hamid
- Heavy Metals Department, Central Laboratory for The Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food (QCAP), Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt;
| | - Gergő Péter Kovács
- Institute of Agronomy, Szent István Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Institute of Agronomy, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (R.R.); (Z.T.)
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3
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Nehela Y, Mazrou YSA, El_Gammal NA, Atallah O, Xuan TD, Elzaawely AA, El-Zahaby HM, Abdelrhim AS, Behiry SI, Hafez EM, Makhlouf AH, Hussain WAM. Non-proteinogenic amino acids mitigate oxidative stress and enhance the resistance of common bean plants against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1385785. [PMID: 38711604 PMCID: PMC11070507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1385785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
White mold, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a challenging disease to common bean cultivation worldwide. In the current study, two non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ß-alanine, were suggested as innovative environmentally acceptable alternatives for more sustainable management of white mold disease. In vitro, GABA and ß-alanine individually demonstrated potent dose-dependent fungistatic activity and effectively impeded the radial growth and development of S. sclerotiorum mycelium. Moreover, the application of GABA or ß-alanine as a seed treatment followed by three root drench applications efficiently decreased the disease severity, stimulated plant growth, and boosted the content of photosynthetic pigments of treated S. sclerotiorum-infected plants. Furthermore, although higher levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2 •-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated that S. sclerotiorum infection had markedly triggered oxidative stress in infected bean plants, the exogenous application of both NPAAs significantly reduced the levels of the three studied oxidative stress indicators. Additionally, the application of GABA and ß-alanine increased the levels of both non-enzymatic (total soluble phenolics and flavonoids), as well as enzymatic (catalase [CAT], peroxidases [POX], and polyphenol oxidase [PPO]) antioxidants in the leaves of S. sclerotiorum-infected plants and improved their scavenging activity and antioxidant efficiency. Applications of GABA and ß-alanine also raised the proline and total amino acid content of infected bean plants. Lastly, the application of both NPAAs upregulated the three antioxidant-related genes PvCAT1, PvCuZnSOD1, and PvGR. Collectively, the fungistatic activity of NPAAs, coupled with their ability to alleviate oxidative stress, enhance antioxidant defenses, and stimulate plant growth, establishes them as promising eco-friendly alternatives for white mold disease management for sustainable bean production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yasser S. A. Mazrou
- Business Administration Department, Community College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad A. El_Gammal
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama Atallah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tran Dang Xuan
- Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The International Development and Cooperation (IDEC) Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Hassan M. El-Zahaby
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Said I. Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Emad M. Hafez
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abeer H. Makhlouf
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Minufiya University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Warda A. M. Hussain
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Hönig M, Roeber VM, Schmülling T, Cortleven A. Chemical priming of plant defense responses to pathogen attacks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1146577. [PMID: 37223806 PMCID: PMC10200928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1146577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants can acquire an improved resistance against pathogen attacks by exogenous application of natural or artificial compounds. In a process called chemical priming, application of these compounds causes earlier, faster and/or stronger responses to pathogen attacks. The primed defense may persist over a stress-free time (lag phase) and may be expressed also in plant organs that have not been directly treated with the compound. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the signaling pathways involved in chemical priming of plant defense responses to pathogen attacks. Chemical priming in induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is highlighted. The roles of the transcriptional coactivator NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1), a key regulator of plant immunity, induced resistance (IR) and salicylic acid signaling during chemical priming are underlined. Finally, we consider the potential usage of chemical priming to enhance plant resistance to pathogens in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hönig
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Venja M. Roeber
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Hernández-Soberano C, López-Bucio J, Valencia-Cantero E. The Bacterial Volatile Organic Compound N,N-Dimethylhexadecylamine Induces Long-Lasting Developmental and Immune Responses throughout the Life Cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1540. [PMID: 37050166 PMCID: PMC10096718 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (DMHDA) is a bacterial volatile organic compound that affects plant growth and morphogenesis and is considered a cross-kingdom signal molecule. Its bioactivity involves crosstalk with the cytokinin and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways to control stem cell niches and induce iron deficiency adaptation and plant defense. In this study, through genetic analysis, we show that the DMHDA-JA-Ethylene (ET) relations determine the magnitude of the defensive response mounted during the infestation of Arabidopsis plants by the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. The Arabidopsis mutants defective in the JA receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (coi1-1) showed a more severe infestation when compared to wild-type plants (Col-0) that were partially restored by DMHDA supplements. Moreover, the oversensitivity manifested by ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (ein2) by B. cinerea infestation could not be reverted by the volatile, suggesting a role for this gene in DMHDA reinforcement of immunity. Growth of Col-0 plants was inhibited by DMHDA, but ein2 did not. Noteworthy, Arabidopsis seeds treated with DMHDA produced more vigorous plants throughout their life cycle. These data are supportive of a scenario where plant perception of a bacterial volatile influences the resistance to a fungal phytopathogen while modulating plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Valencia-Cantero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico;
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6
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Lacrampe N, Colombié S, Dumont D, Nicot P, Lecompte F, Lugan R. Nitrogen-mediated metabolic patterns of susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stems. PLANTA 2023; 257:41. [PMID: 36680621 PMCID: PMC9867679 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe N stress allows an accumulation of C-based compounds but impedes that of N-based compounds required to lower the susceptibility of tomato stem to Botrytis cinerea. Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic filamentous fungus, forms potentially lethal lesions on the stems of infected plants. Contrasted levels of susceptibility to B. cinerea were obtained in a tomato cultivar grown on a range of nitrate concentration: low N supply resulted in high susceptibility while high N supply conferred a strong resistance. Metabolic deviations and physiological traits resulting from both infection and nitrogen limitation were investigated in the symptomless stem tissue surrounding the necrotic lesion. Prior to infection, nitrogen-deficient plants showed reduced levels of nitrogen-based compounds such as amino acids, proteins, and glutathione and elevated levels of carbon-based and defence compounds such as α-tomatine and chlorogenic acid. After B. cinerea inoculation, all plants displayed a few common responses, mainly alanine accumulation and galactinol depletion. The metabolome of resistant plants grown under high N supply showed no significant change after inoculation. On the contrary, the metabolome of susceptible plants grown under low N supply showed massive metabolic adjustments, including changes in central metabolism around glutamate and respiratory pathways, suggesting active resource mobilization and production of energy and reducing power. Redox and defence metabolisms were also stimulated by the infection in plants grown under low N supply; glutathione and chlorogenic acid accumulated, as well as metabolites with more controversial defensive roles, such as polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterols. Taken together, the results showed that nitrogen deficiency, although leading to an increase in secondary metabolites even before the pathogen attack, must have compromised the constitutive levels of defence proteins and delayed or attenuated the induced responses. The involvement of galactinol, alanine, cycloartenol and citramalate in the tomato stem response to B. cinerea is reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lacrampe
- PSH Unit, INRAE, 84914 Avignon, France
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | | | - Raphaël Lugan
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
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7
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Xu M, Yang Q, Bai G, Li P, Yan J. Polyamine pathways interconnect with GABA metabolic processes to mediate the low-temperature response in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1035414. [PMID: 36340403 PMCID: PMC9630558 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1035414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures are among the most commonly encountered environmental conditions that adversely affect plant growth and development, leading to substantial reductions in crop productivity. Plants have accordingly evolved coordinated mechanisms that confer low-temperature adaptation and resistance. The plant metabolic network, including polyamines (PAs) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is reprogrammed to ensure that essential metabolic homeostasis is maintained in response to cold stress conditions. Additionally, GABA might serve as a central molecule in the defense system during low-temperature tolerance in plants. However, our understanding of how these metabolites function in conferring cold tolerance is still far from complete. Here, we summarized how PAs and GABA function in conferring cold tolerance, and describe the crucial role of GABA in the mitigation of ROS during cold stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Genxiang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Versluys M, Toksoy Öner E, Van den Ende W. Fructan oligosaccharide priming alters apoplastic sugar dynamics and improves resistance against Botrytis cinerea in chicory. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4214-4235. [PMID: 35383363 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates such as fructans can be involved in priming or defence stimulation, and hence potentially provide new strategies for crop protection against biotic stress. Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a model plant for fructan research and is a crop with many known health benefits. Using the chicory-Botrytis cinerea pathosystem, we tested the effectiveness of fructan-induced immunity, focussing on different plant and microbial fructans. Sugar dynamics were followed after priming and subsequent pathogen infection. Our results indicated that many higher plants might detect extracellular levan oligosaccharides (LOS) of microbial origin, while chicory also detects extracellular small inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (FOS) of endogenous origin, thus differing from the findings of previous fructan priming studies. No clear positive effects were observed for inulin or mixed-type fructans. An elicitor-specific burst of reactive oxygen species was observed for sulfated LOS, while FOS and LOS both behaved as genuine priming agents. In addition, a direct antifungal effect was observed for sulfated LOS. Intriguingly, LOS priming led to a temporary increase in apoplastic sugar concentrations, mainly glucose, which could trigger downstream responses. Total sugar and starch contents in total extracts of LOS-primed leaves were higher after leaf detachment, indicating they could maintain their metabolic activity. Our results indicate the importance of balancing intra- and extracellular sugar levels (osmotic balance) in the context of 'sweet immunity' pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Versluys
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Versluys M, Van den Ende W. Sweet Immunity Aspects during Levan Oligosaccharide-Mediated Priming in Rocket against Botrytis cinerea. Biomolecules 2022; 12:370. [PMID: 35327562 PMCID: PMC8945012 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
New strategies are required for crop protection against biotic stress. Naturally derived molecules, including carbohydrates such as fructans, can be used in priming or defense stimulation. Rocket (Eruca sativa) is an important leafy vegetable and a good source of antioxidants. Here, we tested the efficacy of fructan-induced immunity in the Botrytis cinerea pathosystem. Different fructan types of plant and microbial origin were considered and changes in sugar dynamics were analyzed. Immune resistance increased significantly after priming with natural and sulfated levan oligosaccharides (LOS). No clear positive effects were observed for fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin or branched-type fructans. Only sulfated LOS induced a direct ROS burst, typical for elicitors, while LOS behaved as a genuine priming compound. Total leaf sugar levels increased significantly both after LOS priming and subsequent infection. Intriguingly, apoplastic sugar levels temporarily increased after LOS priming but not after infection. We followed LOS and small soluble sugar dynamics in the apoplast as a function of time and found a temporal peak in small soluble sugar levels. Although similar dynamics were also found with inulin-type FOS, increased Glc and FOS levels may benefit B. cinerea. During LOS priming, LOS- and/or Glc-dependent signaling may induce downstream sweet immunity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology and KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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10
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Selim S, Akhtar N, El Azab E, Warrad M, Alhassan HH, Abdel-Mawgoud M, Al Jaouni SK, Abdelgawad H. Innovating the Synergistic Assets of β-Amino Butyric Acid (BABA) and Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) in Improving the Growth, Nitrogen Metabolism, Biological Activities, and Nutritive Value of Medicago interexta Sprouts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030306. [PMID: 35161286 PMCID: PMC8839959 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In view of the wide traditional uses of legume sprouts, several strategies have been approved to improve their growth, bioactivity, and nutritive values. In this regard, the present study aimed at investigating how priming with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs, 25 mg L-1) enhanced the effects of β-amino butyric acid (BABA, 30 mM) on the growth, physiology, nitrogen metabolism, and bioactive metabolites of Medicago interexta sprouts. The results have shown that the growth and photosynthesis of M. interexta sprouts were enhanced by the treatment with BABA or SeNPs, being higher under combined treatment. Increased photosynthesis provided the precursors for the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites. In this regard, the combined treatment had a more pronounced effect on the bioactive primary metabolites (essential amino acids), secondary metabolites (phenolics, GSH, and ASC), and mineral profiles of the investigated sprouts than that of sole treatments. Increased amino acids were accompanied by increased nitrogen metabolism, i.e., nitrate reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamine synthase (GS), cysteine synthesis serine acetyltransferase, arginase, threonine synthase, and methionine synthase. Further, the antioxidant capacity (FRAP), the anti-diabetic activities (i.e., α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities), and the glycemic index of the tested sprouts were more significantly improved by the combined treatment with BABA and SeNPs than by individual treatment. Overall, the combined effect of BABA and SeNPs could be preferable to their individual effects on plant growth and bioactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Eman El Azab
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences at Al-Quriat, Jouf University, Al-Quriat 77454, Saudi Arabia; (E.E.A.); (M.W.)
| | - Mona Warrad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences at Al-Quriat, Jouf University, Al-Quriat 77454, Saudi Arabia; (E.E.A.); (M.W.)
| | - Hassan H. Alhassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mawgoud
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Desert Research Centre, Cairo 11753, Egypt;
| | - Soad K. Al Jaouni
- Hematology/Pediatric Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamada Abdelgawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (H.A.)
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11
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Islam MT, Arioli T, Cahill DM. Seaweed Extract-Stimulated Priming in Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112476. [PMID: 34834838 PMCID: PMC8620570 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant priming is an induced physiological state where plants are protected from biotic and abiotic stresses. Whether seaweed extracts promote priming is largely unknown as is the mechanism by which priming may occur. In this study, we examined the effect of a seaweed extract (SWE) on two distinct stages of plant priming (priming phase and post-challenge primed state) by characterising (i) plant gene expression responses using qRT-PCR and (ii) signal transduction responses by evaluating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The SWE is made from the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum and Durvillaea potatorum. The priming phase was examined using both Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. At this stage, the SWE up-regulated key priming-related genes, such as those related to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and activated the production of ROS. These responses were found to be temporal (lasting 3 days). The post-challenge primed state was examined using A. thaliana challenged with a root pathogen. Similarly, defence response-related genes, such as PR1 and NPR1, were up-regulated and ROS production was activated (lasting 5 days). This study found that SWE induces plant priming-like responses by (i) up-regulating genes associated with plant defence responses and (ii) increasing production of ROS associated with signalling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tohidul Islam
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia; (M.T.I.); (T.A.)
| | - Tony Arioli
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia; (M.T.I.); (T.A.)
- Seasol International, Bayswater, VIC 3153, Australia
| | - David M. Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia; (M.T.I.); (T.A.)
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Antioxidant Defenses in Plants: A Dated Topic of Current Interest. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060855. [PMID: 34071788 PMCID: PMC8228735 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Oxidative Stress-Induced Alteration of Plant Central Metabolism. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040304. [PMID: 33915958 PMCID: PMC8066879 DOI: 10.3390/life11040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an integral component of various stress conditions in plants, and this fact largely determines the substantial overlap in physiological and molecular responses to biotic and abiotic environmental challenges. In this review, we discuss the alterations in central metabolism occurring in plants experiencing oxidative stress. To focus on the changes in metabolite profile associated with oxidative stress per se, we primarily analyzed the information generated in the studies based on the exogenous application of agents, inducing oxidative stress, and the analysis of mutants displaying altered oxidative stress response. Despite of the significant variation in oxidative stress responses among different plant species and tissues, the dynamic and transient character of stress-induced changes in metabolites, and the strong dependence of metabolic responses on the intensity of stress, specific characteristic changes in sugars, sugar derivatives, tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, and amino acids, associated with adaptation to oxidative stress have been detected. The presented analysis of the available data demonstrates the oxidative stress-induced redistribution of metabolic fluxes targeted at the enhancement of plant stress tolerance through the prevention of ROS accumulation, maintenance of the biosynthesis of indispensable metabolites, and production of protective compounds. This analysis provides a theoretical basis for the selection/generation of plants with improved tolerance to oxidative stress and the development of metabolic markers applicable in research and routine agricultural practice.
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Stamelou ML, Sperdouli I, Pyrri I, Adamakis IDS, Moustakas M. Hormetic Responses of Photosystem II in Tomato to Botrytis cinerea. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030521. [PMID: 33802218 PMCID: PMC8000511 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen that causes gray mold, is damaging more than 200 plant species, and especially tomato. Photosystem II (PSII) responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves to Botrytis cinerea spore suspension application were evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that was detected 30 min after Botrytis application with an increasing trend up to 240 min, is possibly convening tolerance against B. cinerea at short-time exposure, but when increasing at relative longer exposure, is becoming a damaging molecule. In accordance, an enhanced photosystem II (PSII) functionality was observed 30 min after application of B. cinerea, with a higher fraction of absorbed light energy to be directed to photochemistry (ΦPSΙΙ). The concomitant increase in the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of photosynthesis (NPQ) resulted in a significant decrease in the dissipated non-regulated energy (ΦNO), indicating a possible decreased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation, thus specifying a modified reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Therefore, 30 min after application of Botrytis spore suspension, before any visual symptoms appeared, defense response mechanisms were triggered, with PSII photochemistry to be adjusted by NPQ in a such way that PSII functionality to be enhanced, but being fully inhibited at the application spot and the adjacent area, after longer exposure (240 min). Hence, the response of tomato PSII to B. cinerea, indicates a hormetic temporal response in terms of “stress defense response” and “toxicity”, expanding the features of hormesis to biotic factors also. The enhanced PSII functionality 30 min after Botrytis application can possible be related with the need of an increased sugar production that is associated with a stronger plant defense potential through the induction of defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Lavrentia Stamelou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece; (M.-L.S.); (I.-D.S.A.)
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization–Demeter, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ilektra Sperdouli
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization–Demeter, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioanna Pyrri
- Section of Ecology & Systematics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece; (M.-L.S.); (I.-D.S.A.)
| | - Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Janse van Rensburg HC, Limami AM, Van den Ende W. Spermine and Spermidine Priming against Botrytis cinerea Modulates ROS Dynamics and Metabolism in Arabidopsis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:223. [PMID: 33562549 PMCID: PMC7914871 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous small aliphatic polycations important for growth, development, and environmental stress responses in plants. Here, we demonstrate that exogenous application of spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) induced cell death at high concentrations, but primed resistance against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis. At low concentrations, Spm was more effective than Spd. Treatments with higher exogenous Spd and Spm concentrations resulted in a biphasic endogenous PA accumulation. Exogenous Spm induced the accumulation of H2O2 after treatment but also after infection with B. cinerea. Both Spm and Spd induced the activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase after treatment but also after infection with B. cinerea. The soluble sugars glucose, fructose, and sucrose accumulated after treatment with high concentrations of PAs, whereas only Spm induced sugar accumulation after infection. Total and active nitrate reductase (NR) activities were inhibited by Spm treatment, whereas Spd inhibited active NR at low concentrations but promoted active NR at high concentrations. Finally, γaminobutyric acid accumulated after treatment and infection in plants treated with high concentrations of Spm. Phenylalanine and asparagine also accumulated after infection in plants treated with a high concentration of Spm. Our data illustrate that Spm and Spd are effective in priming resistance against B. cinerea, opening the door for the development of sustainable alternatives for chemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anis M. Limami
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France;
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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