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Bora A, Thondi Rajan AS, Ponnuchamy K, Muthusamy G, Alagarsamy A. Microalgae to bioenergy production: Recent advances, influencing parameters, utilization of wastewater - A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174230. [PMID: 38942321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Fossil fuel limitations and their influence on climate change through atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions have made the excessive use of fossil fuels widely recognized as unsustainable. The high lipid content, carbon-neutral nature and potential as a biofuel source have made microalgae a subject of global study. Microalgae are a promising supply of biomass for third-generation biofuels production since they are renewable. They have the potential to produce significant amounts of biofuel and are considered a sustainable alternative to non-renewable energy sources. Microalgae are currently incapable to synthesize algal biofuel on an extensive basis in a sustainable manner, despite their significance in the global production of biofuels. Wastewater contains nutrients (both organic and inorganic) which is essential for the development of microalgae. Microalgae and wastewater can be combined to remediate waste effectively. Wastewater of various kinds such as industrial, agricultural, domestic, and municipal can be used as a substrate for microalgal growth. This process helps reduce carbon dioxide emissions and makes the production of biofuels more cost-effective. This critical review provides a detailed analysis of the utilization of wastewater as a growth medium for microalgal - biofuel production. The review also highlights potential future strategies to improve the commercial production of biofuels from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhispa Bora
- Bioenergy and Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Angelin Swetha Thondi Rajan
- Bioenergy and Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Ponnuchamy
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govarthanan Muthusamy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Arun Alagarsamy
- Bioenergy and Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Li L, Chai W, Sun C, Huang L, Sheng T, Song Z, Ma F. Role of microalgae-bacterial consortium in wastewater treatment: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121226. [PMID: 38795468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
In the global effort to reduce CO2 emissions, the concurrent enhancement of pollutant degradation and reductions in fossil fuel consumption are pivotal aspects of microalgae-mediated wastewater treatment. Clarifying the degradation mechanisms of bacteria and microalgae during pollutant treatment, as well as regulatory biolipid production, could enhance process sustainability. The synergistic and inhibitory relationships between microalgae and bacteria are introduced in this paper. The different stimulators that can regulate microalgal biolipid accumulation are also reviewed. Wastewater treatment technologies that utilize microalgae and bacteria in laboratories and open ponds are described to outline their application in treating heavy metal-containing wastewater, animal husbandry wastewater, pharmaceutical wastewater, and textile dye wastewater. Finally, the major requirements to scale up the cascade utilization of biomass and energy recovery are summarized to improve the development of biological wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Li
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China.
| | - Wei Chai
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China
| | - Caiyu Sun
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China
| | - Tao Sheng
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China
| | - Zhiwei Song
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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3
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Mollo L, Petrucciani A, Norici A. Selection of microalgae in artificial digestate: Strategies towards an effective phycoremediation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108588. [PMID: 38615438 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Digestate is a complex by-product of anaerobic digestion and its composition depends on the digestor inputs. It can be exploited as a sustainable source of nutrients for microalgae cultivation but its unbalanced composition and toxic elements make the use challenging. Screening algae in a simplified synthetic digestate which mimics the main nutrient constraints of a real digestate is proposed as a reproducible and effective method to select suitable species for real digestate valorisation and remediation. Growth performance, nutrient removal and biomass composition of eight microalgae exposed to high amounts of NH4+, PO4- and organic-C were assessed. Using a score matrix, A. protothecoides, T. obliquus, C. reinhardtii, and E. gracilis were identified as the most promising species. Thus, three strategies were applied to improve outcomes: i) establishment of an algal consortium to improve biomass production, ii) K+ addition to the medium to promote K+ uptake over NH4+ and to reduce potential NH4+ toxicity, iii) P starvation as pretreatment for enhanced P removal by luxury uptake. The consortium was able to implement a short-term response displaying higher biomass production than single species (3.77 and 1.03-1.89 mg mL-1 respectively) in synthetic digestate while maintaining similar nutrient remediation, furthermore, its growth rate was 1.6 times higher than in the control condition. However, the strategies aiming to reduce NH4+ toxicity and higher P removal were not successful except for single cases. The proposed algal screening and the resulting designed consortium were respectively a reliable method and a powerful tool towards sustainable real digestate remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mollo
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Petrucciani
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Norici
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; CIRCC, Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi, Italy.
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Alotaibi AS, Alhumairi AM, Ghabban H, Alenzi AM, Hamouda RA. Simultaneous production of biofuel, and removal of heavy metals using marine alga Turbinaria turbinata as a feedstock in NEOM Region, Tabuk. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 275:116224. [PMID: 38518610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Depletion of fossil fuel and pollution by heavy metals are two major global issues. The cell wall of algae consists of polymers of polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicellulose, alginate, starch, and many others that are readily hydrolyzed to monosaccharides and hence are amenable to fermentation into bioethanol. Moreover, algae contain lipids that may undergo trans-esterification to biodiesel, and can be absorbed by heavy metals. In this study, extraction of lipids from Turbinaria turbinata (common brown alga) from the beach of Sharma, NEOM, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia by different solvents hexane, methanol, and hexane: methanol (1:1), and trans-esterification was performed to obtain biodiesel and investigated by GC.MS. The alga residue after fats extractions by different solvents was used in bioremediation synthetic wastewater containing 50 ppm of As-3, Co+2, Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, and Zn+2. The residue of defatted alga was hydrolyzed by 2% H2SO4 and then fermented to obtain bioethanol. The combination of hexane: methanol (1:1) gave the greatest amount of petroleum hydrocarbons, which contain Tetradecane, 5-methyl, Octacosane, Pentatriacontane, and a small amount of Cyclotrisiloxane, Hexamethyl. The most effective removal % was obtained with alga residue defatted by hexane: methanol (1:1), and methanol, 100% removal of As-3, 83% Co+2, 95% Cu+2, 97.25% Fe+2, Mn+2 79.69%, Zn+2 90.15% with 2 g alga /L at 3 hours. The lowest value of sugar was obtained with hexane: methanol residue but gave the highest bioethanol efficiency. Thus, it is possible to use Turbinaria turbinata, or brown alga as a feedstock to produce bio-diesel, and bioethanol, and to remove heavy metals from wastewater, which may have a great economic and environmental significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amenah S Alotaibi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; Biodiversity Genomics Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar M Alhumairi
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Ghabban
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; Biodiversity Genomics Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Massad Alenzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; Biodiversity Genomics Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ragaa A Hamouda
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt; Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Arts Khulais, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Wang L, Wang H, Fan J, Han Z. Synthesis, catalysts and enhancement technologies of biodiesel from oil feedstock - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166982. [PMID: 37741378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the need to cope with potential energy shortages in the future. This article provides a thorough analysis of biodiesel synthesis, covering a variety of topics including oil feedstock, synthesis methods, catalysts, and enhancement technologies. Different oil feedstock for the synthesis of biodiesel is compared in the review, including edible plant oil, non-edible plant oil, waste cooking oil, animal fat, microbial oil, and algae oil. In addition, different methods for the synthesis of biodiesel are discussed, including direct use, blending, thermal cracking, microemulsions, and transesterification processes, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. Among them, the transesterification method is the most commonly used and a thorough examination is given of the benefits and drawbacks of utilizing enzymatic, heterogeneous, and homogeneous catalysts in this process. Moreover, this article provides an overview of emerging intensification technologies, such as ultrasonic and microwave-assisted, electrolysis, reactive distillation, and microreactors. The benefits and limitations of these emerging technologies are also reviewed. The contribution of this article is offering a thorough and detailed review of biodiesel production technologies, focusing mainly on recent advances in enhanced chemical reaction processes. This provides a resource for researchers to assess and compare the latest advancements in their investigations. It also opens up the potential for enhancing the value of oil feedstocks efficiently, contributing to the development of new energy sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China; Research Institute, Jilin University, Yibin 644500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyue Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionics Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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Rawat J, Pande V. Abiotic factors improving fatty acid profiling of freshwater indigenous microalgae isolated from Kumaun region of Uttarakhand, India. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2961-2977. [PMID: 37943485 PMCID: PMC10689662 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have grabbed huge attention as a potential feedstock for biofuel production in response to the rise in energy consumption and the energy crisis. In the present study, indigenous microalgal strains were isolated from four freshwater lakes in the Kumaun region, Uttarakhand, India. Based on growth and lipid profiles, the four best-performing isolates were selected for further experiments. Initial identification of isolates was done by morphological observations, which were further validated by molecular identification using ITS sequencing. The screened cultures were subjected to abiotic stress conditions (varying concentrations of nitrogen and different temperatures) to monitor the biomass, lipid accumulation, and biochemical compositions (chlorophyll and carotenoids). The quantification of fatty acids was checked via gas chromatographic analysis. The strains were identified as KU_MA3 Chlamydopodium starrii, KU_MA4 Tetradesmus nygaardii, KU_MA5 Desmodesmus intermedius, and KU_MA6 Tetradesmus nygaardii. KU_MA3 Chlamydopodium starrii showed the best results in terms of growth and lipid production at 21 °C and 0.37 g/L NaNO2 concentration. The percentage of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) attained >80% and met the standard for biodiesel properties. The strain has the potential to attain higher biomass and accumulate higher lipid content, and after some more studies, it can be used for upscaling processes and large-scale biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal (Nainital), Nainital, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal (Nainital), Nainital, India.
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Singh S, Singh L, Kumar V, Ali W, Ramamurthy PC, Singh Dhanjal D, Sivaram N, Angurana R, Singh J, Chandra Pandey V, Khan NA. Algae-based approaches for Holistic wastewater management: A low-cost paradigm. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140470. [PMID: 37858768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic algal communities demonstrated their appeal for diverse industrial applications due to their vast availability, ease of harvest, lower production costs, and ability to biosynthesize valuable molecules. Algal biomass is promising because it can multiply in water and on land. Integrated algal systems have a significant advantage in wastewater treatment due to their ability to use phosphorus and nitrogen, simultaneously accumulating heavy metals and toxic substances. Several species of microalgae have adapted to thrive in these harsh environmental circumstances. The potential of algal communities contributes to achieving the United Nations' sustainable development goals in improving aquaculture, combating climate change, reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and providing biomass as a biofuel feedstock. Algal-based biomass processing technology facilitates the development of a circular bio-economy that is both commercially and ecologically viable. An integrated bio-refinery process featuring zero waste discharge could be a sustainable solution. In the current review, we will highlight wastewater management by algal species. In addition, designing and optimizing algal bioreactors for wastewater treatment have also been incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Lav Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, CCRAS-CARI, Jhansi, U.P., 284003, India
| | - Wahid Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, College of Applied Industrial Technology (CAIT), Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India.
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
| | - Nikhita Sivaram
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, USA
| | - Ruby Angurana
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India; Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland 798627, India
| | - Vimal Chandra Pandey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Nadeem A Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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8
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Jarungkeerativimol P, Tareen AK, Sultan IN, Khan MW, Parakulsuksatid P. Effect of phosphorus and sodium acetate on lipid accumulation from Ankistrodesmus sp. IFRPD 1061 in an open pond. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19778. [PMID: 37809504 PMCID: PMC10559119 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankistrodesmus sp, has been comprehensively studied for their potential in the production of biodiesel due to their biomass productivity and high lipid content. This study examined the biomass productivity, and concentration, lipid productivity, and concentration, and lipid contents of Ankistrodesmus sp. IFRPD 1061 under several phosphorus concentrations. The optimum conditions were attained at 0.12 g/L KH2PO4. The highest lipid content reached to 35.950 ± 4.253% (w/w) in 22 days cultivation. An open pond cultivation system was used with the addition of 10 mM sodium acetate on every fourth day (0, 4, 8 and 12) of cultivation and KH2PO4 on twelfth day of cultivation. The obtained biomass productivity and concentration, lipid productivity and concentration and lipid content were 0.709 ± 0.027 g/L, 48.304 ± 1.894 mg/L/day, 0.214 ± 0.004 g/L 14.550 ± 0.215 mg/L/day and 30.154 ± 1.627% (w/w) in 14 days of cultivation, respectively. The results exhibited that addition of 10 mM sodium acetate and KH2PO4 may enhance lipid accumulation within algae cells in an open pond cultivation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paninee Jarungkeerativimol
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Ladyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Afrasiab Khan Tareen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Ladyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Imrana Niaz Sultan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Ladyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Pramuk Parakulsuksatid
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Ladyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
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Biehler E, Quach Q, Abdel-Fattah TM. Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Fused Nanosized Carbon Spheres Derived from Sustainable Source for Application in a Hydrogen Generation Reaction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1994. [PMID: 37446510 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The dwindling supply of fossil fuels has prompted the search for an alternative energy source that could effectively replace them. Potential renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, tidal, and geothermal are all promising but each has its own drawbacks. Hydrogen gas on the other hand can be combusted to produce energy with only water as a byproduct and can be steadily generated via the aqueous media hydrolysis reaction of Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4). This study successfully synthesized fused carbon spheres derived from sugar and decorated them with platinum nanoparticles to form a novel composite material (PtFCS) for catalyzing this reaction. The platinum nanoparticles were produced by reducing chloroplatinic acid in a solution with sodium borohydride and using sodium citrate as a capping agent for the nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize and determine the size and shape of the Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs) and fused carbon spheres. TEM was able to determine the average size of the fused carbon spheres to be 200 nm and the average size for the PtNPs to be 2-3 nm. The PtFCS composite was tested for its ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of NaBH4 under various reaction conditions including various solution pH, various temperatures, and various dosages of sodium borohydride. The catalyst was found to perform the best under acidic solution conditions (pH 6), producing hydrogen at a rate of 0.0438 mL/mgcat·min. The catalyst was determined to have an activation energy of 53.0 kJ/mol and could be used multiple times in succession with no loss in the volume of hydrogen produced. This sugar-derived composite catalyst shows promise and could be implemented as a sustainable catalyst for the generation of hydrogen fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Biehler
- Applied Research Center, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Qui Quach
- Applied Research Center, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Tarek M Abdel-Fattah
- Applied Research Center, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
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Abideen Z, Ansari R, Hasnain M, Flowers TJ, Koyro HW, El-Keblawy A, Abouleish M, Khan MA. Potential use of saline resources for biofuel production using halophytes and marine algae: prospects and pitfalls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1026063. [PMID: 37332715 PMCID: PMC10272829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1026063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
There exists a global challenge of feeding the growing human population of the world and supplying its energy needs without exhausting global resources. This challenge includes the competition for biomass between food and fuel production. The aim of this paper is to review to what extent the biomass of plants growing under hostile conditions and on marginal lands could ease that competition. Biomass from salt-tolerant algae and halophytes has shown potential for bioenergy production on salt-affected soils. Halophytes and algae could provide a bio-based source for lignoceelusic biomass and fatty acids or an alternative for edible biomass currently produced using fresh water and agricultural lands. The present paper provides an overview of the opportunities and challenges in the development of alternative fuels from halophytes and algae. Halophytes grown on marginal and degraded lands using saline water offer an additional material for commercial-scale biofuel production, especially bioethanol. At the same time, suitable strains of microalgae cultured under saline conditions can be a particularly good source of biodiesel, although the efficiency of their mass-scale biomass production is still a concern in relation to environmental protection. This review summaries the pitfalls and precautions for producing biomass in a way that limits environmental hazards and harms for coastal ecosystems. Some new algal and halophytic species with great potential as sources of bioenergy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainul Abideen
- Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Raziuddin Ansari
- Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maria Hasnain
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Timothy J. Flowers
- Department of Evolution Behaviour and Environment, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Hans-Werner Koyro
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Research Centre for Bio Systems, Land Use, and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ali El-Keblawy
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Abouleish
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammed Ajmal Khan
- Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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11
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Maroušek J, Maroušková A, Gavurová B, Tuček D, Strunecký O. Competitive algae biodiesel depends on advances in mass algae cultivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 374:128802. [PMID: 36858122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to study why, despite large investments in research and development, algae biodiesel is still not price competitive with fossil fuels. Microalgal production was confirmed to be a critical cost item (84 up to 93 %) for biodiesel regardless of the production technology. Techno-economic assessment revealed the main cost drivers during mass cultivation. It is argued that a breakthrough in the cultivation efficiency of microalgae is identified as a necessary condition for achieving price-competitive microalgal biodiesel. The key bottlenecks were identified as follows: (1) light and O2 concentration management; (2) overnight respiratory loss of oil. It is concluded that most of the research on microalgae biodiesel yields economically over-optimistic presumptions because it has been based on laboratory scale experiments with a low level of interdisciplinary overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Maroušek
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Faculty of Technology, Okružní 517/10, České Budějovice 370 01, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Agriculture, Studentská 1668, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Maroušková
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Faculty of Technology, Okružní 517/10, České Budějovice 370 01, Czech Republic
| | - Beata Gavurová
- Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Letna 9, Košice 042 00, Slovakia
| | - David Tuček
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Management and Economics, Mostní 5139, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic
| | - Otakar Strunecký
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Faculty of Technology, Okružní 517/10, České Budějovice 370 01, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, Na Sádkách 1780, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Tulashie SK, Iddrisu M, Miyittah M, Atiiga AWI, Mensah S, Dadzie AKB. Large scale production of lipid for biodiesel from green microalgae using wastewater. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2023.2185520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kofi Tulashie
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mustapha Iddrisu
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Michael Miyittah
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Abdul-Wadud Ibrahim Atiiga
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Stephen Mensah
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Aratboni HA, Rafiei N, Allaf MM, Abedini S, Rasheed RN, Seif A, Wang S, Ramirez JRM. Nanotechnology: An outstanding tool for increasing and better exploitation of microalgae valuable compounds. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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14
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Microalgae-mediated wastewater treatment for biofuels production: A comprehensive review. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Kaushik A, Sangtani R, Parmar HS, Bala K. Algal metabolites: Paving the way towards new generation antidiabetic therapeutics. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Yahya L, Harun R, Zainal A, Farahin AW. Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Robust Consortium Microalgae Species under Actual Flue Gas Exposure. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Photosynthesis Monitoring in Microalgae Cultures Grown on Municipal Wastewater as a Nutrient Source in Large-Scale Outdoor Bioreactors. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101380. [PMID: 36290287 PMCID: PMC9598107 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The remediation of waste nutrients, mainly nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon, results in low-cost biomass production. In this work, raceway ponds with an area of 1 and 0.5 ha were built in Mérida, Spain next to a municipal wastewater (WW) treatment plant. These DEMO bioreactors are operated continuously all year round. At the start of the trials, the bioreactors were filled with urban WW as a sole source of nutrients and left to be populated by the sewage-born phytoplankton. The fitness and growth of the phytoplankton population (dominated by the green microalga Micractinium) were monitored by photosynthesis measuring techniques. The cultures showed suitable photosynthetic activity. Productivity values ranged between 15 and 25 g DW m−2 day−1 and processed biomass revealed biostimulating activity. In these trials, photosynthesis measuring techniques, i.e., oxygen evolution and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence techniques, were validated to monitor large-scale bioreactors using municipal WW remediation for biomass production, which can be used for agricultural purposes as biofertilizer/biostimulant. Abstract Microalgae cultures were used for a WW treatment to remediate nutrients while producing biomass and recycling water. In these trials, raceway ponds (RWPs; 1 and 0.5 ha) were located next to a municipal (WW) treatment plant in Mérida, Spain. The ponds were used for continuous, all-year-round microalgae production using WW as a source of nutrients. Neither CO2 nor air was supplied to cultures. The objective was to validate photosynthesis monitoring techniques in large-scale bioreactors. Various in-situ/ex-situ methods based on chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution measurements were used to follow culture performance. Photosynthesis variables gathered with these techniques were compared to the physiological behavior and growth of cultures. Good photosynthetic activity was indicated by the build-up of dissolved oxygen concentration up to 380% saturation, high photochemical yield (Fv/Fm = 0.62–0.71), and relative electron transport rate rETR between 200 and 450 μmol e− m−2 s−1 at midday, which resulted in biomass productivity of about 15–25 g DW m−2 day−1. The variables represent reliable markers reflecting the physiological status of microalgae cultures. Using waste nutrients, the biomass production cost can be significantly decreased for abundant biomass production in large-scale bioreactors, which can be exploited for agricultural purposes.
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Recent Advances in Marine Microalgae Production: Highlighting Human Health Products from Microalgae in View of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blue biotechnology can greatly help solve some of the most serious social problems due to its wide biodiversity, which includes marine environments. Microalgae are important resources for human needs as an alternative to terrestrial plants because of their rich biodiversity, rapid growth, and product contributions in many fields. The production scheme for microalgae biomass mainly consists of two processes: (I) the Build-Up process and (II) the Pull-Down process. The Build-Up process consists of (1) the super strain concept and (2) cultivation aspects. The Pull-Down process includes (1) harvesting and (2) drying algal biomass. In some cases, such as the manufacture of algal products, the (3) extraction of bioactive compounds is included. Microalgae have a wide range of commercial applications, such as in aquaculture, biofertilizer, bioenergy, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods, which have several industrial and academic applications around the world. The efficiency and success of biomedical products derived from microalgal biomass or its metabolites mainly depend on the technologies used in the cultivation, harvesting, drying, and extraction of microalgae bioactive molecules. The current review focuses on recent advanced technologies that enhance microalgae biomass within microalgae production schemes. Moreover, the current work highlights marine drugs and human health products derived from microalgae that can improve human immunity and reduce viral activities, especially COVID-19.
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Wood EE, Ross ME, Jubeau S, Montalescot V, Stanley MS. Progress towards a targeted biorefinery of Chromochloris zofingiensis: a review. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022; 14:8127-8152. [PMID: 38510795 PMCID: PMC10948469 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Biorefinery approaches offer the potential to improve the economics of the microalgae industry by producing multiple products from a single source of biomass. Chromochloris zofingiensis shows great promise for biorefinery due to high biomass productivity and a diverse range of products including secondary carotenoids, predominantly astaxanthin; lipids such as TAGs; carbohydrates including starch; and proteins and essential amino acids. Whilst this species has been demonstrated to accumulate multiple products, the development of an integrated downstream process to obtain these is lacking. The objective of this review paper is to assess the research that has taken place and to identify the steps that must be taken to establish a biorefinery approach for C. zofingiensis. In particular, the reasons why C. zofingiensis is a promising species to target for biorefinery are discussed in terms of cellular structure, potential products, and means to accumulate desirable components via the alteration of culture conditions. Future advances and the challenges that lie ahead for successful biorefinery of this species are also reviewed along with potential solutions to address them. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13399-022-02955-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor E. Wood
- University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI); Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA UK
- Xanthella Ltd, Malin House, European Marine Science Park, Dunstaffnage, Argyll, Oban PA37 1SZ Scotland, UK
| | - Michael E. Ross
- University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI); Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA UK
| | - Sébastien Jubeau
- Xanthella Ltd, Malin House, European Marine Science Park, Dunstaffnage, Argyll, Oban PA37 1SZ Scotland, UK
| | | | - Michele S. Stanley
- University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI); Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA UK
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20
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Gerulová K, Kucmanová A, Sanny Z, Garaiová Z, Seiler E, Čaplovičová M, Čaplovič Ľ, Palcut M. Fe 3O 4-PEI Nanocomposites for Magnetic Harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Auxenochlorella protothecoides. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1786. [PMID: 35683642 PMCID: PMC9182367 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic separation of microalgae using magnetite is a promising harvesting method as it is fast, reliable, low cost, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly. In the present work, magnetic harvesting of three green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella ellipsoidea, and Auxenochlorella protothecoides) and one cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) has been studied. The biomass was flushed with clean air using a 0.22 μm filter and fed CO2 for accelerated growth and faster reach of the exponential growth phase. The microalgae were harvested with magnetite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were prepared by controlled co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations in ammonia at room temperature. Subsequently, the prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The prepared materials were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetometry, and zeta potential measurements. The prepared nanomaterials were used for magnetic harvesting of microalgae. The highest harvesting efficiencies were found for PEI-coated Fe3O4. The efficiency was pH-dependent. Higher harvesting efficiencies, up to 99%, were obtained in acidic solutions. The results show that magnetic harvesting can be significantly enhanced by PEI coating, as it increases the positive electrical charge of the nanoparticles. Most importantly, the flocculants can be prepared at room temperature, thereby reducing the production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Gerulová
- Institute of Integrated Safety, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia; (K.G.); (A.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Alexandra Kucmanová
- Institute of Integrated Safety, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia; (K.G.); (A.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zuzana Sanny
- Institute of Integrated Safety, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia; (K.G.); (A.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zuzana Garaiová
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Eugen Seiler
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Mária Čaplovičová
- Centre for Nanodiagnostics of Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Ľubomír Čaplovič
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia;
| | - Marián Palcut
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia;
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Javed MU, Mukhtar H, Hayat MT, Rashid U, Mumtaz MW, Ngamcharussrivichai C. Sustainable processing of algal biomass for a comprehensive biorefinery. J Biotechnol 2022; 352:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Microbial pathways for advanced biofuel production. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:987-1001. [PMID: 35411379 PMCID: PMC9162456 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Decarbonisation of the transport sector is essential to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Microbial metabolisms are already integral to the production of renewable, sustainable fuels and, building on that foundation, are being re-engineered to generate the advanced biofuels that will maintain mobility of people and goods during the energy transition. This review surveys the range of natural and engineered microbial systems for advanced biofuels production and summarises some of the techno-economic challenges associated with their implementation at industrial scales.
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23
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Biodiesel production from microalgae using lipase-based catalysts: Current challenges and prospects. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Santhana Kumar V, Das Sarkar S, Das BK, Sarkar DJ, Gogoi P, Maurye P, Mitra T, Talukder AK, Ganguly S, Nag SK, Munilkumar S, Samanta S. Sustainable biodiesel production from microalgae Graesiella emersonii through valorization of garden wastes-based vermicompost. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150995. [PMID: 34666095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production from microalgae has gained significant interest recently due to the growing energy demand and non-renewable nature of petroleum. However, high cost of production and environmental health related issues like excess use of inorganic fertilizers, eutrophication are the major constraints in commercial-scale biodiesel production. Besides this, solid wastes (garden-based) management is also a global concern. In the present study, to overcome these limitations vermicompost extract was tested as nutrient source to enhance growth performance and lipid production from a freshwater microalga (Graesiella emersonii MN877773). Garden wastes were first converted into vermicompost manure and its extract (aerobic and anaerobically digested) was prepared. The efficacy of the extract was then tested in combination with BG11 medium. The mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae in anaerobically digested vermicompost extract at 50:50 combination with BG11 medium enhanced the cell biomass (0.64 g d. wt. L-1) and lipid productivity (3.18 mg L-1 day-1) of microalgae by two times. Moreover, the combination also improved the saturated (methyl palmitate) and monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid) content in the test algae. The quality of biodiesel also complies with all the properties of biodiesel standard provided by India, the USA, and Europe except the cold filter plugging property. The combination was also found to improve the cell biomass (0.041 g L-1) as compared to BG11 medium in mass-scale cultivation. Hence, the study proved that G. emersonii grown in media supplemented with garden waste-based vermicompost extract had significant potential for mass-scale biodiesel and bioproduct production.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Santhana Kumar
- Aquatic Environment Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, Pin 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Soma Das Sarkar
- Fishery Resource Assessment and Informatics Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, Pin 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, Pin 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Dhruba Jyoti Sarkar
- Aquatic Environment Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, Pin 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Pranab Gogoi
- Kolkata Centre of ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, CGO Complex, 2nd floor, C-Wing, DF Block, Salt Lake, Kolkata, Pin 700 064, West Bengal, India
| | - Praveen Maurye
- Aquatic Environment Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, Pin 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Tandrima Mitra
- KIIT, School of Biotechnology, Campus-XI, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Pin 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Anjon Kumar Talukder
- Aquatic Environment Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, Pin 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Satabdi Ganguly
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, Pin 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Subir Kumar Nag
- Fishery Resource Assessment and Informatics Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, Pin 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Sukham Munilkumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, 32, GN Block, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, Pin 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikanta Samanta
- Riverine and Estuarine Fisheries Division, Barrackpore, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, Pin 700120, West Bengal, India
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Mehta P, Rani R, Gupta R, Puri SK, Ramakumar SSV, Mathur AS. Synergistic integration of wastewaters from second generation ethanol plant for algal biofuel production: an industrially relevant option. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:34. [PMID: 35070624 PMCID: PMC8724354 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study provides an integrated method for utilizing the wastewaters from second generation (2G) ethanol pretreatment plant for microalgal biomass and lipid production. The study was conducted using a mixture of wastewaters (referred as MW; pH 4.3) generated after washing of acidic and alkaline-soaked lignocellulosic biomass prior to pretreatment process. The growth studies indicated that the thermotolerant strain of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) M18 exhibited higher cell proliferation in wastewater as compared to freshwater. About 20-25% enhancement in biomass (509 mg L-1 d-1 ± 3.09) and lipid productivity (146 mg L-1 d-1 ± 1.34) was observed in MW. The total chlorophyll content and variable fluorescence by maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) ratio of strain cultivated in MW were 10.32 µg mL-1 and 0.75, respectively. The use of MW also enhanced the content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in total lipid. The exhausted wastewater medium obtained after harvesting the auto-flocculated biomass was also reused up to three successive growth cycles. The recycled medium without any nutrient addition could be used for two subsequent rounds with enhanced biomass (520 mg L-1 d-1 ± 4.07) and lipid (157.71 mg L-1 d-1 ± 1.09) productivities. This synergistic approach of cultivating thermotolerant microalgae with wastewater from 2G pretreatment plant provides an economical setup for development of commercial algal biofuel technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Mehta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007 India
| | - Rekha Rani
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007 India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007 India
| | - Suresh Kumar Puri
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007 India
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Kselíková V, Singh A, Bialevich V, Čížková M, Bišová K. Improving microalgae for biotechnology - From genetics to synthetic biology - Moving forward but not there yet. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 58:107885. [PMID: 34906670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be exploited for the production of different compounds, ranging from crude biomass and biofuels to high value-added biochemicals and synthetic proteins. Traditionally, algal biotechnology relies on bioprospecting to identify new highly productive strains and more recently, on forward genetics to further enhance productivity. However, it has become clear that further improvements in algal productivity for biotechnology is impossible without combining traditional tools with the arising molecular genetics toolkit. We review recent advantages in developing high throughput screening methods, preparing genome-wide mutant libraries, and establishing genome editing techniques. We discuss how algae can be improved in terms of photosynthetic efficiency, biofuel and high value-added compound production. Finally, we critically evaluate developments over recent years and explore future potential in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kselíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anjali Singh
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Vitali Bialevich
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Čížková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bišová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
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Kumar Sharma A, Kumar Ghodke P, Manna S, Chen WH. Emerging technologies for sustainable production of biohydrogen production from microalgae: A state-of-the-art review of upstream and downstream processes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:126057. [PMID: 34597808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biohydrogen (BioH2) is considered as one of the most environmentally friendly fuels and a strong candidate to meet the future demand for a sustainable source of energy. Presently, the production of BioH2 from photosynthetic organisms has raised a lot of hopes in the fuel industry. Moreover, microalgal-based BioH2 synthesis not only helps to combat current global warming by capturing greenhouse gases but also plays a key role in wastewater treatment. Hence, this manuscript provides a state-of-the-art review of the upstream and downstream BioH2 production processes. Different metabolic routes such as direct and indirect photolysis, dark fermentation, photofermentation, and microbial electrolysis are covered in detail. Upstream processes (e.g. growth techniques, growth media) also have a great impact on BioH2 productivity and economics, which is also explored. Technical and scientific obstacles of microalgae BioH2 systems are finally addressed, allowing the technology to become more innovative and commercial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Alternate and Renewable Energy Research, R&D, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres Building, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Ghodke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Suvendu Manna
- Department of Health Safety, Environment and Civil Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
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A Review on Synchronous Microalgal Lipid Enhancement and Wastewater Treatment. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14227687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes that can treat wastewater and provide us with biofuel. Microalgae cultivation utilizing wastewater is a promising approach for synchronous wastewater treatment and biofuel production. However, previous studies suggest that high microalgae biomass production reduces lipid production and vice versa. For cost-effective biofuel production from microalgae, synchronous lipid and biomass enhancement utilizing wastewater is necessary. Therefore, this study brings forth a comprehensive review of synchronous microalgal lipid and biomass enhancement strategies for biofuel production and wastewater treatment. The review emphasizes the appropriate synergy of the microalgae species, culture media, and synchronous lipid and biomass enhancement conditions as a sustainable, efficient solution.
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V GS, M DK, Pugazhendi A, Bajhaiya AK, Gugulothu P, J RB. Biofuel production from Macroalgae: present scenario and future scope. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9216-9238. [PMID: 34709971 PMCID: PMC8809944 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1996019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current fossil fuel reserves are not sufficient to meet the increasing demand and very soon will become exhausted. Pollution, global warming, and inflated oil prices have led the quest for renewable energy sources. Macroalgae (green, brown, and red marine seaweed) is gaining popularity as a viable and promising renewable source for biofuels production. Numerous researches have been conducted to access the potential of macroalgae for generating diverse bioproducts such as biofuels. The existence of components such as carbohydrates and lipids, and the lack or deficiency of lignin, create macroalgae an enviable feedstock for biofuels generation. This review briefly covers the potential macroalgal species promoting the production of biofuels and their cultivation methods. It also illustrates the biofuel generation pathway and its efficiency along with the recent techniques to accelerate the product yield. In addition, the current analysis focuses on a cost-effective sustainable generation of biofuel along with commercialization and scaleup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godvin Sharmila V
- Department of Civil Engineering, Rohini College of Engineering and Technology, Kanyakumari, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar M
- Department of Civil Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Arulazhagan Pugazhendi
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit Kumar Bajhaiya
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | | | - Rajesh Banu J
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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Biocrude Oil Production by Integrating Microalgae Polyculture and Wastewater Treatment: Novel Proposal on the Use of Deep Water-Depth Polyculture of Mixotrophic Microalgae. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14216992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have attracted significant attention worldwide as one of the most promising feedstock fossil fuel alternatives. However, there are a few challenges for algal fuels to compete with fossil fuels that need to be addressed. Therefore, this study reviews the R&D status of microalgae-based polyculture and biocrude oil production, along with wastewater treatment. Mixotrophic algae are free to some extent from light restrictions using organic matter and have the ability to grow well even in deep water-depth cultivation. It is proposed that integrating the mixotrophic microalgae polyculture and wastewater treatment process is the most promising and harmonizing means to simultaneously increase capacities of microalgae biomass production and wastewater treatment with a low land footprint and high robustness to perturbations. A large amount of mixotrophic algae biomass is harvested, concentrated, and dewatered by combining highly efficient sedimentation through flocculation and energy efficient filtration, which reduce the carbon footprint for algae fuel production and coincide with the subsequent hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) conversion. HTL products are obtained with a relatively low carbon footprint and separated into biocrude oil, solid, aqueous, and gas fractions. Algae biomass feedstock-based HTL conversion has a high biocrude oil yield and quality available for existing oil refineries; it also has a bioavailability of the recycled nitrogen and phosphorus from the aqueous phase of algae community HTL. The HTL biocrude oil represents higher sustainability than conventional liquid fuels and other biofuels for the combination of greenhouse gas (GHG) and energy return on investment (EROI). Deep water-depth polyculture of mixotrophic microalgae using sewage has a high potential to produce sustainable biocrude oil within the land area of existing sewage treatment plants in Japan to fulfill imported crude oil.
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Abstract
A number of technological challenges need to be overcome if algae are to be utilized for commercial fuel production. Current economic assessment is largely based on laboratory scale up or commercial systems geared to the production of high value products, since no industrial scale plant exits that are dedicated to algal biofuel. For macroalgae (‘seaweeds’), the most promising processes are anaerobic digestion for biomethane production and fermentation for bioethanol, the latter with levels exceeding those from sugar cane. Currently, both processes could be enhanced by increasing the rate of degradation of the complex polysaccharide cell walls to generate fermentable sugars using specifically tailored hydrolytic enzymes. For microalgal biofuel production, open raceway ponds are more cost-effective than photobioreactors, with CO2 and harvesting/dewatering costs estimated to be ~50% and up to 15% of total costs, respectively. These costs need to be reduced by an order of magnitude if algal biodiesel is to compete with petroleum. Improved economics could be achieved by using a low-cost water supply supplemented with high glucose and nutrients from food grade industrial wastewater and using more efficient flocculation methods and CO2 from power plants. Solar radiation of not <3000 h·yr−1 favours production sites 30° north or south of the equator and should use marginal land with flat topography near oceans. Possible geographical sites are discussed. In terms of biomass conversion, advances in wet technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, and transesterification for algal biodiesel are presented and how these can be integrated into a biorefinery are discussed.
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Puri M, Gupta A, McKinnon RA, Abraham RE. Marine bioactives: from energy to nutrition. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:271-280. [PMID: 34507810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae have been evaluated as promising resource for biodiesel production, but algal biofuel production is not yet commercially viable, which reflects the high energy costs linked with cultivation, harvesting, and dewatering of algae. As crude oil processing declines, microalgae biorefineries are being considered for producing bioactives such as enzymes, proteins, omega-3 oils, pigments, recombinant products, and vitamins, to offset the costs of biofuel production. We believe that producing algal bioactives through advanced manufacturing pathways, encompassing a biorefinery approach, would be effective, profitable, and economical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Puri
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Reinu E Abraham
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia
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Catone CM, Ripa M, Geremia E, Ulgiati S. Bio-products from algae-based biorefinery on wastewater: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112792. [PMID: 34058450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing resource demand, predicted fossil resources shortage in the near future, and environmental concerns due to the production of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide have motivated the search for alternative 'circular' pathways. Among many options, microalgae have been recently 'revised' as one of the most promising due to their high growth rate (with low land use and without competing with food crops), high tolerance to nutrients and salts stresses and their variability in biochemical composition, in so allowing the supply of a plethora of possible bio-based products such as animal feeds, chemicals and biofuels. The recent raising popularity of Circular Bio-Economy (CBE) further prompted investment in microalgae, especially in combination with wastewater treatment, under the twofold aim of allowing the production of a wide range of bio-based products while bioremediating wastewater. With the aim of discussing the potential bio-products that may be gained from microalgae grown on urban wastewater, this paper presents an overview on microalgae production with particular emphasis on the main microalgae species suitable for growth on wastewater and the obtainable bio-based products from them. By selecting and reviewing 76 articles published in Scopus between 1992 and 2020, a number of interesting aspects, including the selection of algal species suitable for growing on urban wastewater, wastewater pretreatment and algal-bacterial cooperation, were carefully reviewed and discussed in this work. In this review, particular emphasis is placed on understanding of the main mechanisms driving formation of microalgal products (such as biofuels, biogas, etc.) and how they are affected by different environmental factors in selected species. Lastly, the quantitative information gathered from the articles were used to estimate the potential benefits gained from microalgae grown on urban wastewater in Campania Region, a region sometimes criticized for poor wastewater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Catone
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - M Ripa
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - E Geremia
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - S Ulgiati
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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A Comparative Analysis of Emissions from a Compression–Ignition Engine Powered by Diesel, Rapeseed Biodiesel, and Biodiesel from Chlorella protothecoides Biomass Cultured under Different Conditions. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12091099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The priority faced by energy systems in road transport is to develop and implement clean technologies. These actions are expected to reduce emissions and slow down climate changes. An alternative in this case may be the use of biodiesel produced from microalgae. However, its production and use need to be justified economically and technologically. The main objective of this study was to determine the emissions from an engine powered by biodiesel produced from the bio-oil of Chlorella protothecoides cultured with different methods, i.e., using a pure chemical medium (BD-ABM) and a medium based on the effluents from an anaerobic reactor (BD-AAR). The results obtained were compared to the emissions from engines powered by conventional biodiesel from rapeseed oil (BD-R) and diesel from crude oil (D-CO). The use of effluents as a medium in Chlorella protothecoides culture had no significant effect on the properties of bio-oil nor the composition of FAME. In both cases, octadecatrienoic acid proved to be the major FAME (50% wt/wt), followed by oleic acid (ca. 22%) and octadecadienoic acid (over 15%). The effluents from UASB were found to significantly reduce the biomass growth rate and lipid content of the biomass. The CO2 emissions were comparable for all fuels tested and increased linearly along with an increasing engine load. The use of microalgae biodiesel resulted in a significantly lower CO emission compared to the rapeseed biofuel and contributed to lower NOx emission. Regardless of engine load tested, the HC emission was the highest in the engine powered by diesel. At low engine loads, it was significantly lower when the engine was powered by microalgae biodiesel than by rapeseed biodiesel.
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Sarma S, Sharma S, Rudakiya D, Upadhyay J, Rathod V, Patel A, Narra M. Valorization of microalgae biomass into bioproducts promoting circular bioeconomy: a holistic approach of bioremediation and biorefinery. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:378. [PMID: 34367870 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for alternative source of fuel has demanded the cultivation of 3rd generation feedstock which includes microalgae, seaweed and cyanobacteria. These phototrophic organisms are unique in a sense that they utilise natural sources like sunlight, water and CO2 for their growth and metabolism thereby producing diverse products that can be processed to produce biofuel, biochemical, nutraceuticals, feed, biofertilizer and other value added products. But due to low biomass productivity and high harvesting cost, microalgae-based production have not received much attention. Therefore, this review provides the state of the art of the microalgae based biorefinery approach to define an economical and sustainable process. The three major segments that need to be considered for economic microalgae biorefinery is low cost nutrient source, efficient harvesting methods and production of by-products with high market value. This review has outlined the use of various wastewater as nutrient source for simultaneous biomass production and bioremediation. Further, it has highlighted the common harvesting methods used for microalgae and also described various products from both raw biomass and delipidified microalgae residues in order to establish a sustainable, economical microalgae biorefinery with a touch of circular bioeconomy. This review has also discussed various challenges to be considered followed by a techno-economic analysis of the microalgae based biorefinery model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamali Sarma
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Shaishav Sharma
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Darshan Rudakiya
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Jinal Upadhyay
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Vinod Rathod
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Aesha Patel
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Madhuri Narra
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
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Improvement of Photoautotrophic Algal Biomass Production after Interrupted CO2 Supply by Urea and KH2PO4 Injection. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14030778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae-derived biomass is currently considered a sustainable feedstock for making biofuels, including biodiesel and direct combustion fuel. The photoautotrophic cultivation of microalgae using flue gas from power plants has been continuously investigated to improve the economic feasibility of microalgae processes. The utilization of waste CO2 from power plants is advantageous in reducing carbon footprints and the cost of carbon sources. Nonetheless, the sudden interruption of CO2 supply during microalgal cultivation leads to a severe reduction in biomass productivity. Herein, chemical fertilizers including urea and KH2PO4 were added to the culture medium when CO2 supply was halted. Urea (5 mM) and KH2PO4 (5 mM) were present in the culture medium in the form of CO2/NH4+ and K+/H2PO4−, respectively, preventing cell growth inhibition. The culture with urea and KH2PO4 supplementation exhibited 10.02-fold higher and 7.28-fold higher biomass and lipid productivity, respectively, compared to the culture with ambient CO2 supply due to the maintenance of a stable pH and dissolved inorganic carbon in the medium. In the mass cultivation of microalgae using flue gas from coal-fired power plants, urea and KH2PO4 were supplied while the flue gas supply was shut off. Consequently, the microalgae were grown successfully without cell death.
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