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Poranek N, Pizoń J, Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk B, Czajkowski A, Lagashkin R. Recycle Option for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash (MSWIFA) as a Partial Replacement for Cement in Mortars Containing Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement (CSA) and Portland Cement to Save the Environment and Natural Resources. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:39. [PMID: 38203893 PMCID: PMC10779926 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Reduction of emissions, energy consumption, and use of substitutes for natural resources is an element of sustainable development and the circular economy. Cement production is a process with a high carbon footprint; therefore, minimizing the use of this material has a significant impact on reducing environmental costs. A substitute for cement is municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA). The article presents a method of making an eco-concrete with the use of municipal solid waste incineration hazardous fly ash. The use of secondary waste for the production of building materials additionally contributes to achieving climate neutrality established by the European Union and China. The article analyzes the physicochemical properties of various MSWIFAs, the amount and leachability of heavy metals, and selected elements from MSWIFA and concrete properties. The technical properties of mortars containing MSWIFA were investigated. Consistency is not affected by MSWIFA content, although the workability time is prolonged. Air entraining admixture efficiency is lowered, but the effect lasts longer. The initial setting time is prolonged, and the flexural and compressive strengths are decreased in early terms because of the zinc presence in MSWIFA. MSWIFA does not influence the water demand, volume stability of mortars, or microstructure of cement's hydration products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Poranek
- Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jan Pizoń
- Department of Building Engineering and Building Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk
- Department of Building Engineering and Building Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Adrian Czajkowski
- Doctoral School, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- EnergySol s.c., Przepiórek 53, 43-100 Tychy, Poland
| | - Ruslan Lagashkin
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Faculty of Nanoscience and Advanced Materials, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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Muñoz-Soto VD, Dávila-Gálvez S, Pérez AE, Rojo-González L, Valenzuela-Levi N, Vásquez ÓC. COVID-19, waste production and municipal recycling programs: Insights from Chile to the global south. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165388. [PMID: 37454859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The amount and characterization of municipal and industrial waste generated in numerous cities worldwide have changed dramatically in recent years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, assessing the impact of COVID-19-related policies is important to provide decision-makers with adequate knowledge to respond effectively to future events and create successful policies that respond to specific contexts. This study focuses on Chile, Latin America's second-largest municipal and industrial solid waste producer, with tight quarantine procedures placed to prevent the virus from spreading, and a series of monetary incentives implemented to minimize the economic and social impact of the quarantines. The time series of municipal solid waste (MSW) and recycling in the metropolitan region show a decrease in the amount collected during the initial months of lockdown and a subsequent increase during monetary incentive implementation. The country recovered and exceeded pre-pandemic MSW generation and recycling levels. Furthermore, the lockdown and the withdrawal of retirement funds (WRF) had a varied impact on each municipality in the region. However, WRF had a larger direct impact than a lockdown, indicating that purchasing power has a greater impact than mobility in waste generation and recycling, at least in this region of Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D Muñoz-Soto
- Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Chile
| | - Sebastián Dávila-Gálvez
- Program for the Development of Sustainable Production Systems (PDSPS), Faculty of Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Chile; Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Chile.
| | - Andrea Espinoza Pérez
- Program for the Development of Sustainable Production Systems (PDSPS), Faculty of Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Chile; Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Chile
| | - Luis Rojo-González
- Program for the Development of Sustainable Production Systems (PDSPS), Faculty of Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Chile; Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Chile; Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur les Réseaux d'Entreprise, la Logistique et le Transport (CIRRELT) and Département de Mathématiques et de Génie industriel, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, H3C 3A7, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Óscar C Vásquez
- Program for the Development of Sustainable Production Systems (PDSPS), Faculty of Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Chile; Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Chile
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González-Sánchez R, Alonso-Muñoz S, Medina-Salgado MS. Circularity in waste management: a research proposal to achieve the 2030 Agenda. OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT RESEARCH 2023; 16:1520-1540. [PMCID: PMC10120487 DOI: 10.1007/s12063-023-00373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Waste management is the main challenge in the transition away from the linear "take-make-dispose" economy. Incorporating the principles of circularity in waste management would facilitate the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. This paper aims to provide state-of-the-art research about circular waste management in the fulfillment of the 2030 Agenda. For this purpose, bibliometric analysis by VOSviewer and SciMat software is used to define the evolution and to detect research trends. Based on the main gaps identified in studies, a research agenda to guide for further opportunities in this field is suggested. The results obtained four clusters that address sustainable industrial infrastructure, biological waste management, recycling in developing countries and recovery processes. Four research propositions are established, focusing on plastic waste management and generation trends, circular municipal waste management, more sustainable landfill management, and enablers such as indicators and legislation. The transformation towards more bio and ecological models requires social, regulatory and organizational tools that consider the best interests and capacity of companies, public authorities and consumers. In addition, policy implications are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío González-Sánchez
- Department of Business Administration (ADO), Applied Economics II and Fundaments of Economic Analysis, Rey-Juan-Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Alonso-Muñoz
- Department of Business Administration (ADO), Applied Economics II and Fundaments of Economic Analysis, Rey-Juan-Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sonia Medina-Salgado
- Department of Business Administration (ADO), Applied Economics II and Fundaments of Economic Analysis, Rey-Juan-Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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Rejeb A, Rejeb K, Appolloni A, Treiblmaier H, Iranmanesh M. Circular Economy Research in the COVID-19 Era: a Review and the Road Ahead. CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-31. [PMID: 37360377 PMCID: PMC10042431 DOI: 10.1007/s43615-023-00265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The onset of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a major crisis that has severely impacted numerous economic, environmental, and social aspects of human life. During the pandemic, the potential of the circular economy (CE) has gained increasing attention as a prospective remedy for numerous sustainability problems. This systematic literature review charts CE research in the COVID-19 era. To this end, 160 journal articles were selected from the Scopus database. The performance indicators of the literature were determined and described through a bibliometric analysis. Moreover, the conceptual structure of CE research was identified via a keyword co-occurrence network. Based on bibliographic coupling, the focus of CE research in the COVID-19 era revolves mainly around five thematic areas, including: (1) waste management; (2) digitalization and sustainable supply chain management; (3) the impact of COVID-19 on food systems; (4) sustainable development goals, smart cities, and bioeconomy; and (5) closed-loop supply chains. Overall, this review contributes to enriching the literature by determining the main thematic areas and future research directions that can help to advance the transition to the CE and reduce the impact of COVID-19 and similar disasters in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderahman Rejeb
- Department of Management and Law, Faculty of Economics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Columbia, 2, Rome, 00133 Italy
| | - Karim Rejeb
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, Bizerte 7021 Tunisia
| | - Andrea Appolloni
- Department of Management and Law, Faculty of Economics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Columbia, 2, Rome, 00133 Italy
- School of Management, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL Cranfield, Bedford, UK
| | - Horst Treiblmaier
- School of International Management, Modul University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ranjbari M, Shams Esfandabadi Z, Gautam S, Ferraris A, Scagnelli SD. Waste management beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: Bibliometric and text mining analyses. GONDWANA RESEARCH : INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE JOURNAL 2023; 114:124-137. [PMID: 35153532 PMCID: PMC8816840 DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the demand for personal protective equipment, in particular face masks, thus leading to a huge amount of healthcare waste generated worldwide. Consequently, such an unprecedented amount of newly emerged waste has posed significant challenges to practitioners, policy-makers, and municipal authorities involved in waste management (WM) systems. This research aims at mapping the COVID-19-related scientific production to date in the field of WM. In this vein, the performance indicators of the target literature were analyzed and discussed through conducting a bibliometric analysis. The conceptual structure of COVID-19-related WM research, including seven main research themes, were uncovered and visualized through a text mining analysis as follows: (1) household and food waste, (2) personnel safety and training for waste handling, (3) sustainability and circular economy, (4) personal protective equipment and plastic waste, (5) healthcare waste management practices, (6) wastewater management, and (7) COVID-19 transmission through infectious waste. Finally, a research agenda for WM practices and activities in the post-COVID-19 era was proposed, focusing on the following three identified research gaps: (i) developing a systemic framework to properly manage the pandemic crisis implications for WM practices as a whole, following a systems thinking approach, (ii) building a circular economy model encompassing all activities from the design stage to the implementation stage, and (iii) proposing incentives to effectively involve informal sectors and local capacity in decentralizing municipal waste management, with a specific focus on developing and less-developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Ranjbari
- Department of Economics and Statistics "Cognetti de Martiis", University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- ESSCA School of Management, Lyon, France
| | - Zahra Shams Esfandabadi
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Energy Center Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sneha Gautam
- Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alberto Ferraris
- Department of Management, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Laboratory for International and Regional Economics, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University, Russia
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Simone Domenico Scagnelli
- Department of Management, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Wędrychowicz M, Papacz W, Walkowiak J, Bydałek A, Piotrowicz A, Skrzekut T, Kurowiak J, Noga P, Kostrzewa M. Determining the Mechanical Properties of Solid Plates Obtained from the Recycling of Cable Waste. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:9019. [PMID: 36556825 PMCID: PMC9782671 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the possibility of obtaining a solid plate from waste cable sheaths, by mechanical recycling, i.e., grinding, plasticising and pressing, is discussed-waste cable sheaths being pure PVC with a slight admixture of silicone. Press moulding was carried out under the following conditions: temperature 135 °C, heating duration 1 h and applied pressure 10 MPa. The yield point of the obtained solid plate obtained was 15.0 + -0.6 MPa, flexural strength 0.94 MPa, yield point 0.47 MPa and Charpy's impact strength 5.1 kJ/m2. The resulting solid plate does not differ significantly from the input material, in terms of mechanical strength, so, from the point of view of strength, that is, from a technical point of view, such promising processing of waste cables can be carried out successfully in industrial practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wędrychowicz
- Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana Street 4, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Władysław Papacz
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana Street 4, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Janusz Walkowiak
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana Street 4, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Adam Bydałek
- Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana Street 4, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Andrzej Piotrowicz
- Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana Street 4, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skrzekut
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Jagoda Kurowiak
- Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana Street 4, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Piotr Noga
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Mirosław Kostrzewa
- Eko Harpoon Recycling sp. z o. o., Cząstków Mazowiecki 128, 05-152 Czosnów, Poland
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Mahyari KF, Sun Q, Klemeš JJ, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M, Khoshnevisan B, Birkved M. To what extent do waste management strategies need adaptation to post-COVID-19? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155829. [PMID: 35561899 PMCID: PMC9087148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The world has been grappling with the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic for more than a year. Various sectors have been affected by COVID-19 and its consequences. The waste management system is one of the sectors affected by such unpredictable pandemics. The experience of COVID-19 proved that adaptability to such pandemics and the post-pandemic era had become a necessity in waste management systems and this requires an accurate understanding of the challenges that have been arising. The accurate information and data from most countries severely affected by the pandemic are not still available to identify the key challenges during and post-COVID-19. The documented evidence from literature has been collected, and the attempt has been made to summarize the rising challenges and the lessons learned. This review covers all raised challenges concerning the various aspects of the waste management system from generation to final disposal (i.e., generation, storage, collection, transportation, processing, and burial of waste). The necessities and opportunities are recognized for increasing flexibility and adaptability in waste management systems. The four basic pillars are enumerated to adapt the waste management system to the COVID-19 pandemic and post-COVID-19 conditions. Striving to support and implement a circular economy is one of its basic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Faraji Mahyari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Qiaoyu Sun
- Center for Science and Technology Personnel Exchange and Development Service, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, No.54 Sanlihe Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory - SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Benyamin Khoshnevisan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Morten Birkved
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
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Poranek N, Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk B, Lombardi L, Czajkowski A, Bogacka M, Pikoń K. Green Deal and Circular Economy of Bottom Ash Waste Management in Building Industry-Alkali (NaOH) Pre-Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3487. [PMID: 35629514 PMCID: PMC9148039 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the possibilities of municipal waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) utilization in the construction sector. MSWIBA development fits into the European Green Deal, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Circular Economy (CE). This manuscript describes current MSWIBA treatment such as solidification, ceramization, vitrification, chemical activation (NaOH, CaOH2, NA2SiO3 + NaOH, Na2CO3 + NaOH, NH4OH), acid treatment with diluted solutions (HCl, H2SO4), chemical stabilization (FeSO4, PO43-), chelation, etc. For the purpose of comparative research, MSWIBA before valorization, after valorization, and after NaOH pre-treatment was investigated. In terms of their physico-chemical properties, the tested samples were examined. Three kinds of MSWIBA were used as a substitute for 30% of cement in mortars. The mortars were tested for 28-day strength. Leachability tests were performed in acid, aggressive, alkali, and neutral water environments. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis was carried out, which presented the environmental benefits of MSWIBA management in construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Poranek
- Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.B.); (K.P.)
- Department of Building Engineering and Building Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Doctoral School, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk
- Department of Building Engineering and Building Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Lidia Lombardi
- Faculty of Engineering, Niccolò Cusano University, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Adrian Czajkowski
- Doctoral School, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- EnergySol s.c., Przepiórek 53, 43-100 Tychy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bogacka
- Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.B.); (K.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Pikoń
- Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.B.); (K.P.)
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Optimization of Energy Recovery from Hazardous Waste in a Waste Incineration Plant with the Use of an Application. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovering energy from waste is a positive element in the operation of a waste incineration plant. Hazardous waste is a very diverse group, including in terms of its fuel properties. Carrying out the thermal process in this case is associated with the difficulty in maintaining stable conditions. This may translate into the efficiency of energy recovery from waste. The article presents a tool supporting the work of hazardous waste incineration plant operators, the aim of which is to select waste for a batch of input material in a manner that ensures process stability and efficient energy recovery. The tool is an application in which the bee algorithm is implemented. It selects the optimal solution to the problem, in accordance with the assumed parameters. The application tests in laboratory conditions were satisfactory and indicated compliance with the assumptions and stability of the solution.
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Recycling of Plastics from Cable Waste from Automotive Industry in Poland as an Approach to the Circular Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213845. [PMID: 34771401 PMCID: PMC8588454 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the contemporary problems of polymer waste recycling, mainly recycling cables from end-of-life vehicles. The authors developed a new material based on mixed polymer waste (ASR) modified with a ductile polymer, mainly recycled low-density polyethylene (rLDPE), to produce moisture-resistant boards with beneficial mechanical properties. The ASR-based compositions without and with homogenization process-including physical, chemical, and shear-assisted compatibilization-were successfully applied and verified by evaluating final recycled product properties. The results showed that recycled polyethylene (rLDPE) was effective as a modifier increasing tensile modulus and flexural strength compare to an ASR mixture. It was found that the adding 5 wt % of polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) as a compatibilizer to the ASR mixture significantly increases the homogenization of the components in the ASR matrix. The optimal solution for management cable waste is the manufacture of ASR composites with homogenization using an internal mixer the adding 20 wt % of rLDPE and 5 wt % of PE-g-MAH to the mixed plastics cable waste. The results obtained demonstrate that the hot-pressing with the pre-blending with rLDPE and compatibilizer of the ASR based waste provides a high gain in mechanical and usage properties, enabling the circular economy of plastics from automotive cables.
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Technology Entrepreneurship and the Performance of Enterprises in the Conditions of Covid-19 Pandemic: The Fuzzy Set Analysis of Waste to Energy Enterprises in Poland. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14133891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article’s aim is to explain the impact of technology entrepreneurship phenomenon on waste management enterprise performance in the conditions of COVID-19 pandemic. The concept of technology entrepreneurship according to the configuration approach and the category of high-performance organization are the theoretical bases of empirical investigation. For the implementation of empirical research, Fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (FsQCA) was adopted. The research sample included a group of producers of Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) as a central part of the waste to energy industry located in Poland. The research results showed that the waste to energy sector is highly immune to pandemic threats. While during COVID-19, the basic economic parameters (i.e., sales, profitability and employment) of the entire industry in Poland clearly decreased, the same parameters in the case of the waste to energy industry remained at the same level. The research results allow the formulation of two high-performance models of technology entrepreneurship in the waste to energy industry under COVID-19 conditions. The first model is based on traditional technologies and hierarchical organizational structures, and the second is using innovative technologies and flexible structures. Both technology entrepreneurship models are determined by their emergence as complementary to implementation strategies and the opportunity-oriented allocation of resources within business model portfolios.
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