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Li R, Yan C, Meng Q, Yue Y, Jiang W, Yang L, Zhu Y, Xue L, Gao S, Liu W, Chen T, Meng J. Key toxic components and sources affecting oxidative potential of atmospheric particulate matter using interpretable machine learning: Insights from fog episodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133175. [PMID: 38086305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Fog significantly affects the air quality and human health. To investigate the health effects and mechanisms of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during fog episodes, PM2.5 samples were collected from the coastal suburb of Qingdao during different seasons from 2021 to 2022, with the major chemical composition in PM2.5 analyzed. The oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 was determined using the dithiothreitol (DTT) method. A positive matrix factorization model was adopted for PM2.5. Interpretable machine learning (IML) was used to reveal and quantify the key components and sources affecting OP. PM2.5 exhibited higher oxidative toxicity during fog episodes. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), NH4+, K+, and water-soluble Fe positively affected the enhancement of DTTV (volume-based DTT activity) during fog episodes. The IML analysis demonstrated that WSOC and K+ contributed significantly to DTTV, with values of 0.31 ± 0.34 and 0.27 ± 0.22 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively. Regarding the sources, coal combustion and biomass burning contributed significantly to DTTV (0.40 ± 0.38 and 0.39 ± 0.36 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively), indicating the significant influence of combustion-related sources on OP. This study provides new insights into the effects of PM2.5 compositions and sources on OP by applying IML models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qingpeng Meng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Yue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Tianxing Chen
- College of Engineering, University of Washington, 1410 NE Campus Pkwy, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jingjing Meng
- College of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Oh SH, Park K, Park M, Song M, Jang KS, Schauer JJ, Bae GN, Bae MS. Comparison of the sources and oxidative potential of PM 2.5 during winter time in large cities in China and South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160369. [PMID: 36414057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regional air pollution is rising in Northeast Asia due to increasing energy consumption resulting from a growing population and intensifying industrialization. This study analyzes the sources of air pollution using fine particulate matter (PM2.5) sampling from the atmosphere over Korea and China. We then use this analysis to further investigate the relationship between organic compounds (source tracers) and the oxidative potential of PM2.5. The PM2.5 concentration during winter measured at a measurement stations in Korea showed no significant variation year-to-year. The PM2.5 concentrations measured during winter at a site near Beijing, China were 62.45 μg/m3 in 2018 and 33.07 μg/m3 in 2020. The sources, as determined from PMF, were analyzed at a site in Korea, the sources as secondary nitrate (34.10 %), secondary sulfate (20.20 %), coal combustion (4.01 %), vehicle emission (8.55 %), cooking and biomass burning (18.39 %), dust (8.45 %), and SOA (6.29 %) were identified. At a site in China, secondary nitrate (17.54 %), secondary sulfate (12.03 %), coal combustion (15.53 %), vehicle emission (12.43 %), cooking and biomass burning (9.25 %), dust (26.40 %), secondary organic aerosol (6.82 %) were identified. Our results show secondary organic carbon had a positive association with oxidative potential in Korea while primary organic carbon presented higher correlation with oxidative potential in China. Further, the ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) wind field during the high PM2.5 events demonstrated airflow from the west coast of China resulting in high polar organic compounds at the Korean monitoring site. The results further support that aged PM2.5, which contains secondary products, leads to increased oxidative potential. The results presented explain the high concentrations of secondary products and the impact on the biological activities of PM2.5, supporting additional actions to address the impacts of long-range transport of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sea-Ho Oh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungki Song
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - James J Schauer
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53705, USA
| | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- Center for FRIEND Project, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea.
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Yu-Xiao L, Shu-Han L, Li L, Shu-Di Y, Bin-Yu L, Chen W, Shih-Chieh H, Shuh-Ji K. Seasonal variations, source apportionment and dry deposition of chemical species of total suspended particulate in Pengjia Yu Island, East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114608. [PMID: 36652864 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Total of 172 total suspended particulate (TSP) samples and its chemical compositions were collected and analyzed from January to December 2010 in Pengjia Yu Island, an open region in East China Sea (ECS). Despite the predominance of sea-salt major ions (Na+, Cl-), the presence of non-sea-salt SO42- (nss-SO42-) and NO3- as well as combustion-derived trace metals clearly establishes the impact of anthropogenic sources over ECS. The annual contributions of coal, heavy-fuel oil and traffic to the measured chemical species were 21.0 %, 15.0 % and 15.5 %, respectively. Especially in spring, the contributions of crustal minerals to measured chemical species during dust period (33.6 %) were higher than that (13.2 %) during non-dust period. The calculated annual average dry deposition fluxes for trace metals and total inorganic nitrogen were 246.1 ± 345.8 μg/m2/d and 2950.4 ± 2245.0 μg/m2/d, suggesting that atmospheric deposition is an important source of nutrient elements for the south of ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu-Xiao
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Liu Shu-Han
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Luo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yang Shu-Di
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lu Bin-Yu
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hsu Shih-Chieh
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, China
| | - Kao Shuh-Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Liu J, Zhang T, Ding X, Li X, Liu Y, Yan C, Shen Y, Yao X, Zheng M. A clear north-to-south spatial gradience of chloride in marine aerosol in Chinese seas under the influence of East Asian Winter Monsoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154929. [PMID: 35367263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Particulate chloride is a major component of sea salt particles and plays a key role in atmospheric chemistry. Anthropogenic pollutants over the northeastern Asia can be transported to the adjacent seas through the northwest monsoon, which profoundly influences the chloride chemistry over the seas. In this study, spatial distribution of particulate chloride and its sources over the Chinese seas were investigated based on shipboard particle samplings especially online Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) over Bohai Sea, North Yellow Sea, and South Yellow Sea (SYS) during a cruise in November 2012. A strong north-to-south (N-S) gradience in marine aerosol composition was found. The Cl-/Na+ ratios in PM2.5 and single particle composition by SPAMS indicated remarkable chloride enrichment in marine aerosol in the north (Bohai Sea), while depletion in southern SYS. The results of size distribution showed that particulate chloride had higher concentration in coarse particles, while the Cl-/Na+ ratio was much higher in submicron particles. In the north (38-40°N), biomass burning, carbonaceous, and Pb-rich type particles had high fractions in all chloride-containing particles identified by SPAMS (on average 66%). Combining chemical composition with back trajectory, it was found that fine-mode chloride enrichment in the north was mainly due to anthropogenic emission especially coal combustion and biomass burning from northern China. However, the high fine-mode chloride depletion in the south (32-34°N) was probably due to acid replacement by sulfate in aged aerosol during atmospheric transport. Our new findings reveal that marine aerosol in Chinese seas would show a clear N-S pattern of more fresh and anthropogenic enriched particles in the north, but more aged aerosol in the south during the East Asia Winter Monsoon, which provides new insights for the quantitative assessment of anthropogenic impact on marine aerosol and future modeling study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianle Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanjie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Zhan Y, Tsona NT, Li J, Chen Q, Du L. Water-soluble matter in PM 2.5 in a coastal city over China: Chemical components, optical properties, and source analysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:21-36. [PMID: 35459486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although marine and terrestrial emissions simultaneously affect the formation of atmospheric fine particles in coastal areas, knowledge on the optical properties and sources of water-soluble matter in these areas is still scarce. In this work, taking Qingdao, China as a typical coastal location, the chemical composition of PM2.5 during winter 2019 was analyzed. Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy was combined with parallel factor analysis model to explain the components of water-soluble atmospheric chromophores of PM2.5. Our analysis indicated that NO3-, NH4+ and SO42- ions accounted for 86.80% of the total ion mass, dominated by NO3-. The ratio of [NO3-]/[SO42-] was up to 2.42 ± 0.84, suggesting that mobile sources play an important role in local pollutants emission. The result of positive correlation between Abs365 with K+ suggests that biomass burning is an important source of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC). Six types of fluorophores (C1-C6), all humic-like substances, were identified in WSOC. Humification index, biological index and fluorescence index in winter were 1.66 ± 0.34, 0.51 ± 0.44 and 1.09 ± 0.78, respectively, indicating that WSOC in Qingdao were mainly terrestrial organic matters. Overall, although the study area is close to the ocean, the contribution of terrestrial sources to PM2.5, especially vehicle exhaust and coal combustion, is still much higher than that of marine sources. Our study provides a more comprehensive understanding of chemical and optical properties of WSOC based on PM2.5 in coastal areas, and may provide ground for improving local air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Zhang JB, Rong YM, Yin QF, Zhang P, Zhao LR, Chen CL. Spatiotemporal Variation and Influencing Factors of TSP and Anions in Coastal Atmosphere of Zhanjiang City, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042030. [PMID: 35206218 PMCID: PMC8871972 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble anions and suspended fine particles have negative impacts on ecosystems and human health, which is a current research hotspot. In this study, coastal suburb, coastal urban area, coastal tourist area, and coastal industrial area were explored to study the spatiotemporal variation and influencing factors of water-soluble anions and total suspended particles (TSP) in Zhanjiang atmosphere. In addition, on-site monitoring, laboratory testing, and analysis were used to identify the difference of each pollutant component at the sampling stations. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, PO43−, and TSP were 29.8 μg/m3, 19.6 μg/m3, 45.6 μg/m3, 13.5 μg/m3, and 0.28 mg/m3, respectively. The concentration of Cl−, NO3−, PO43−, and atmospheric TSP were the highest in coastal urban area, while the concentration of SO42− was the highest in coastal industrial area. Moreover, there were significantly seasonal differences in the concentration of various pollutants (p < 0.05). Cl− and SO42− were high in summer, and NO3− and TSP were high in winter. Cl−, SO42−, PO43−, and TSP had significant correlations with meteorological elements (temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed). Besides, the results showed the areas with the most serious air pollution were coastal urban area and coastal industrial area. Moreover, the exhaust emissions from vehicles, urban enterprise emissions, and seawater evaporation were responsible for the serious air pollution in coastal urban area. It provided baseline information for the coastal atmospheric environment quality in Zhanjiang coastal city, which was critical to the mitigation strategies for the emission sources of air pollutants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Biao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (J.-B.Z.); (Y.-M.R.); (Q.-F.Y.); (L.-R.Z.)
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yu-Mei Rong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (J.-B.Z.); (Y.-M.R.); (Q.-F.Y.); (L.-R.Z.)
| | - Qi-Feng Yin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (J.-B.Z.); (Y.-M.R.); (Q.-F.Y.); (L.-R.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (J.-B.Z.); (Y.-M.R.); (Q.-F.Y.); (L.-R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0759-2383300
| | - Li-Rong Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (J.-B.Z.); (Y.-M.R.); (Q.-F.Y.); (L.-R.Z.)
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Analytical and Testing Centre, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
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Variation Characteristics and Transportation of Aerosol, NO2, SO2, and HCHO in Coastal Cities of Eastern China: Dalian, Qingdao, and Shanghai. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper studied the method for converting the aerosol extinction to the mass concentration of particulate matter (PM) and obtained the spatio-temporal distribution and transportation of aerosol, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO) based on multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations in Dalian (38.85°N, 121.36°E), Qingdao (36.35°N, 120.69°E), and Shanghai (31.60°N, 121.80°E) from 2019 to 2020. The PM2.5 measured by the in situ instrument and the PM2.5 simulated by the conversion formula showed a good correlation. The correlation coefficients R were 0.93 (Dalian), 0.90 (Qingdao), and 0.88 (Shanghai). A regular seasonality of the three trace gases is found, but not for aerosols. Considerable amplitudes in the weekly cycles were determined for NO2 and aerosols, but not for SO2 and HCHO. The aerosol profiles were nearly Gaussian, and the shapes of the trace gas profiles were nearly exponential, except for SO2 in Shanghai and HCHO in Qingdao. PM2.5 presented the largest transport flux, followed by NO2 and SO2. The main transport flux was the output flux from inland to sea in spring and winter. The MAX-DOAS and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) models’ results were compared. The overestimation of NO2 and SO2 by CAMS is due to its overestimation of near-surface gas volume mixing ratios.
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Bie S, Yang L, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Li J, Zhao T, Zhang X, Wang P, Wang W. Source appointment of PM 2.5 in Qingdao Port, East of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142456. [PMID: 33017760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Field measurements were conducted near Qingdao Port to characterize the particulate air pollutants, assess the spatial and seasonal characteristics of the pollutants, and identify the contribution from ship traffic emissions. By utilizing multiple statistical methods and data collected at two sites in Qingdao, we comprehensively explored the PM2.5 seasonal characteristics and source apportionments of different PM2.5 constituents, especially those originating from ship emissions, and identified potential source regions for samples collected in Qingdao. In this study, 118 concurrent daily PM2.5 samples were collected from August 2018 to May 2019 at a port site (QH) and a coastal background site (BG). Vanadium (V) and Nickel (Ni) are the dominant metal elements from crude oil and crude oil combustion emissions. The significant correlations between V and Ni at both sampling sites, indicating that shipping emissions have a significant impact on the port and background area. Additionally, Ni and other metals showed significant correlations at the BG site, implying Ni also emission from the land-based oil at this site. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified six main sources for the PM2.5 samples in Qingdao, and they are coal combustion, industrial emissions/mineral dust, marine vessel emissions, secondary aerosols/biomass burning, sea salt/crustal emissions, and vehicle exhaust, respectively. Marine vessel emissions were the dominant contributor to PM2.5 in Qingdao during the sampling periods (25.05%). The potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis suggested that the Yellow Sea and Jiaodong Peninsula were the major sources regions for PM2.5 in Qingdao. The Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea were the potential source regions for shipping emissions in Qingdao. Therefore, efforts to control shipping emissions should be strengthened not only at the Qingdao Port but also in surrounding ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Bie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingshu Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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9
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Gao Y, Shan H, Zhang S, Sheng L, Li J, Zhang J, Ma M, Meng H, Luo K, Gao H, Yao X. Characteristics and sources of PM 2.5 with focus on two severe pollution events in a coastal city of Qingdao, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125861. [PMID: 31931317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the seasonal mean PM2.5 concentration in Qingdao, a coastal city, during 2014-2018 was first analyzed and the winter, in particular of 2015, showed the highest concentration. To elucidate the sources and control factors of PM2.5, three dimensional model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ), as well as Flexible Particle model (FLEXPART), were used. During December 2015 and January 2016, modeling results showed that the mean contribution to PM2.5 mass concentrations from local emissions in Qingdao was 25%, and the transport from north and west accounted for almost half. Over the two episodically polluted periods (29-31 December 2015; 15-17 January 2016), the local emissions in Qingdao surprisingly contributed to only 18% and 24% to PM2.5 mass concentrations, respectively, indicating the dominant contributions from other regions, such as areas outside Qingdao in Shandong and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH). The results show the sources region and contribution may vary remarkably along with the change in the pathways of the air parcel, inferred by the FLEXPART, while the near-surface PM2.5 enhancement is largely caused by downward vertical advection and enhanced aerosol chemistry reactions, accompanied by simultaneous drop in the boundary layer height. This study also reveals that the transport contribution is sensitive to the air parcel trajectories. We, therefore, recommend the efficient emission control based on transport trajectories in short-term air quality improvement in Qingdao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Huayao Shan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study/Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (DOMES), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; International Laboratory for High-Resolution Earth System Prediction (iHESP), Qingdao, 266237, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Lifang Sheng
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study/Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (DOMES), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Junxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Department of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Mingchen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Environmental Monitoring Station, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Department of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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10
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Tang S, Zhou X, Zhang J, Xue L, Luo Y, Song J, Wang W. Characteristics of water-soluble organic acids in PM 2.5 during haze and Chinese Spring Festival in winter of Jinan, China: concentrations, formations, and source apportionments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:12122-12137. [PMID: 31989492 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 aerosols from Jinan (36°256'N, 117°106'E) in the North China Plain region were investigated for water-soluble organic acids (WSOAs, i.e., oxalic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), and lactic acid) during 30 December 2016 to 21 February 2017. The average PM2.5 concentration was 168.77 μg/m3 with about 90.74% samples beyond the National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standards (Grade II). The total concentration of the measured WSOAs averaged at 1.34 μg/m3, contributing to 0.80% of PM2.5 mass. In the observation, acetic acid was the most abundant WSOA, followed by oxalic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, and MSA. During the period, serious haze events frequently happened. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and every WSOA species were higher in haze than those in non-haze. The correlations among species suggested that WSOAs in haze had complicated sources and secondary pathways, especially aqueous-phase reactions which played an important role on WSOAs. The concentrations of WSOAs declined in the Spring Festival compared with those in the non-Spring Festival due to holiday effect. Fireworks burning during the Spring Festival had different influences on WSOAs with slight increases for acetic acid and lactic acid. Five source factors were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model for five WSOAs, respectively, and the results revealed that secondary reactions were the main sources of WSOAs in haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Tang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
| | - Jingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Song
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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The Concentrations and Removal Effects of PM10 and PM2.5 on a Wetland in Beijing. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11051312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is an essential source of atmospheric pollution in metropolitan areas since it has adverse effects on human health. However, previous research suggested wetlands can remove particulate matter from the atmosphere to land surfaces. This study was conducted in the Hanshiqiao Wetland National Nature Reserve in Beijing during 2016. The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 on a wetland and bare land in the park, as well as metrological data, were collected during the whole year. Based on the observed data, removal efficiency of each land use type was calculated by empirical models and the relationships between concentrations and metrological factors were also analyzed. The results indicated that: (1) In general, the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations on the bare land surface were higher than those on the wetland surface, in both of which the highest value appeared at night and evening, while the lowest value appeared near noon. In terms of season, the average concentration of PM10 was higher in winter (wetland: 137.48 μg·m−3; bare land: 164.75 μg·m−3) and spring (wetland: 205.18 μg·m−3; bare land: 244.85 μg·m−3) in general. The concentration of PM2.5 on the wetland surface showed the same pattern, while that on the bare land surface was higher in spring and summer. (2) Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were significantly correlated with the relative humidity (p < 0.01) and inversely correlated with wind speed (p < 0.05). The relationship between PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations and temperature was more complicated—it showed a significantly negative correlation (p < 0.01) between them in winter and spring, however, the correlation was insignificant in autumn. In summer, only the correlation between PM10 concentration and temperature on the wetland surface was significant (p < 0.01). (3) The dry removal efficiency of PM10 was greater than that of PM2.5. The dry removal efficiencies of PM10 and PM2.5 followed the order of spring > winter > autumn > summer on the wetland. This study seeks to provide practical measures to improve air quality and facilitate sustainable development in Beijing.
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Chemical Characteristics and Sources of Submicron Particles in a City with Heavy Pollution in China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Submicron particle (PM1) pollution has received increased attention in recent years; however, few studies have focused on such pollution in the city of Shijiazhuang (SJZ), which is one of the most polluted cities in the world. In this study, we conducted an intensive simultaneous sampling of PM1 and PM2.5 in autumn 2016, in order to explore pollution characteristics and sources in SJZ. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 were 70.51 μg/m3 and 91.68 μg/m3, respectively, and the average ratio of PM1/PM2.5 was 0.75. Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was the dominant component in PM1 (35.9%) and PM2.5 (32.3%). An analysis of haze episodes found that SIA had a significant influence on PM1 pollution, NH4+ promoted the formation of pollution, and SO42− and NO3− presented different chemical mechanisms. Additionally, the results of source apportionment implied that secondary source, biomass burning and coal combustion, traffic, industry, and dust were the major pollution sources for SJZ, accounting for 45.4%, 18.9%, 15.7%, 10.3%, and 9.8% of PM1, respectively, and for 42.4%, 18.8%, 12.2%, 10.2%, and 16.4% of PM2.5, respectively. Southern Hebei, mid-eastern Shanxi, and northern Henan were the major contribution regions during the study period. Three transport pathways of pollutants were put forward, including airflows from Shanxi with secondary source, airflows from the central Beijng–Tianjin–Hebei region with fossil fuel burning source, and airflows from the southern North China Plain with biomass burning source. The systematic analysis of PM1 could provide scientific support for the creation of an air pollution mitigation policy in SJZ and similar regions.
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Statistical Analysis of Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of the Distribution of Air Quality and Dominant Air Pollutants and the Effect Factors in Qingdao Urban Zones. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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