1
|
Elgiar TR, Lyman SN, Andron TD, Gratz L, Hallar AG, Horvat M, Vijayakumaran Nair S, O'Neil T, Volkamer R, Živković I. Traceable Calibration of Atmospheric Oxidized Mercury Measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10706-10716. [PMID: 38850513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Most previous measurements of oxidized mercury were collected using a method now known to be biased low. In this study, a dual-channel system with an oxidized mercury detection limit of 6-12 pg m-3 was deployed alongside a permeation tube-based automated calibrator at a mountain top site in Steamboat Springs Colorado, USA, in 2021 and 2022. Permeation tubes containing elemental mercury and mercury halides were characterized via an International System of Units (SI)-traceable gravimetric method and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry before deployment in the calibrator. The dual-channel system recovered 97 ± 4 and 100 ± 8% (±standard deviation) of injected elemental mercury and HgBr2, respectively. Total Hg permeation rates and Hg speciation from the gravimetric method, the chromatography system, the dual-channel system, and an independent SI-traceable measurement method performed at the Jožef Stefan Institute laboratory were all comparable within the respective uncertainties of each method. These are the first measurements of oxidized mercury at low environmental concentrations that have been verified against an SI-traceable calibration system in field conditions while sampling ambient air, and they show that accurate, routinely calibrated oxidized mercury measurements are achievable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Elgiar
- Bingham Research Center, Utah State University, Vernal, Utah 84078, United States
| | - Seth N Lyman
- Bingham Research Center, Utah State University, Vernal, Utah 84078, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan ,Utah 84322, United States
| | - Teodor D Andron
- JoŽef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- JoŽef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Lynne Gratz
- Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - A Gannet Hallar
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Milena Horvat
- JoŽef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- JoŽef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Sreekanth Vijayakumaran Nair
- JoŽef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- JoŽef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Trevor O'Neil
- Bingham Research Center, Utah State University, Vernal, Utah 84078, United States
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Igor Živković
- JoŽef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- JoŽef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vijayakumaran Nair S, Gačnik J, Živković I, Andron TD, Ali SW, Kotnik J, Horvat M. Application of traceable calibration for gaseous oxidized mercury in air. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342168. [PMID: 38220300 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current speciation methods for mercury (Hg) measurements are fraught with considerable uncertainty, from sample collection to calibration. High reactivity of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM) species and their ultra-trace level presence makes them difficult to sample and calibrate. Given that improper calibration may lead to measurement biases, reliable and metrologically traceable calibration methods are required for accurately quantifying GOM in air. In the present study, we applied the recently developed calibration method based on non-thermal plasma oxidation of elemental Hg, to a commercially available Hg air speciation system for actual environmental measurements of GOM for the first time. RESULTS Hg species such as HgO, HgCl2, and HgBr2 were produced with trace amounts of reactant gases (oxygen and electrolytically produced chlorine and bromine) and the production was driven by plasma-assisted oxidation. The plasma oxidation efficiency of elemental Hg with oxygen was 98.5 ± 7.5 % (k = 2), while that for chlorine and bromine was 96.8 ± 6.9 % (k = 2) and 97.4 ± 9.6 % (k = 2), respectively. The calibration method was tested against the internal permeation (Hg0) source of the Tekran 2537B Hg analyzer on-field by loading HgO to different KCl-coated denuders using the plasma. GOM concentrations were measured using the Tekran speciation system. With internal calibration, concentrations were up to 9.1 % lower than those in plasma calibration, thereby emphasizing the importance of the calibration strategy. Measurement uncertainty (k = 2) further emphasizes this distinction. Internal calibration measurement uncertainty was 36.8 %, while plasma calibration boasted lower uncertainty at 13.8 %. SIGNIFICANCE The non-thermal plasma calibration strategy, as a unique and discrete calibration method traceable to the NIST SRM 3133 for ambient air GOM measurements, provide a higher level of confidence in the accuracy of GOM measurements with several advantages over other methods. Calibrations at extreme low concentrations (<100 pg) are possible with this method relevant to ambient air GOM concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Vijayakumaran Nair
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Gačnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Živković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Teodor Daniel Andron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saeed Waqar Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Kotnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Božič D, Horvat M. Insights into seasonal variations in mercury isotope composition of lichens. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122740. [PMID: 37865331 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are commonly used to assess mercury (Hg) concentrations in air because of their cost-effectiveness. However, recent research has revealed temporal variations in the isotopic composition of Hg. Previous work on this topic leaves open questions about the repeatability of data over multiple seasons, different types of sampling (transplantation or in-situ collection), and diverse locations. This study aims to address these issues by conducting a high-frequency sampling campaign of in-situ and transplanted lichens and atmospheric particulate matter (APM). Sampling sites included a range of areas, from pristine to Hg-contaminated sites. Isotopic analysis showed that the isotopic composition of Hg in lichens undergoes mass-dependent fractionation and changes with time. The heaviest isotopic composition was observed in summer and the lightest in winter. These trends were consistent across polluted and unpolluted environments, as well as in both in-situ and transplanted lichens and in APM. The results further indicated towards a correlation between changes in Hg concentrations and isotopic composition in lichens and environmental factors. All of these variables seem to be changing at the same frequency and may have not just correlation but also causation relationship. Environmental factors seem to be influencing the Hg concentrations and isotopic composition. The summer high temperatures might be influencing the heavier isotopic fingerprint observed in lichens during the same season. Similarities with APM-bound Hg suggest a common underlying mechanism. This study highlights the importance of considering temporal and seasonal trends, as well as the method of lichen sampling, when interpreting results. Researchers using lichens as proxies for atmospheric Hg concentrations or isotope ratios should consider these findings when designing their studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Božič
- Department of Environmental Science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Science, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Božič D, Živković I, Hudobivnik MJ, Kotnik J, Amouroux D, Štrok M, Horvat M. Fractionation of mercury stable isotopes in lichens. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136592. [PMID: 36167212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bio-monitoring of mercury (Hg) in air using transplanted and in-situ lichens was conducted at three locations in Slovenia: (I) the town of Idrija in the area of the former Hg mine, where Hg contamination is well known; (II) Anhovo, a settlement with a cement production plant, which is a source of Hg contamination, and (III) Pokljuka, a part of a national park. Lichens from Pokljuka were transplanted to different sites and sampled four times-once per season, from January 2020 to February 2021. Lichens were set on tree branches, fences, and under cover, allowing them to be exposed to different environmental conditions (e.g., light and rain). The in-situ lichens were sampled at the beginning and the end of the sampling period. The highest concentrations were in the Idrija area, which was consistent with previous research. Significant mass-dependent fractionation has been observed in transplanted lichens during summer period. The δ202Hg changed from -3.0‰ in winter to -1.0‰ in summer and dropped again to the same value in winter the following year. This trend was observed in all samples, except those from the most polluted Idrija sampling site, which was in the vicinity of the former Hg ore-smelting plant. This was likely due to large amounts of Hg originating from polluted soil close to the former smelting plant with a distinct isotopic fingerprint in this local area. The Δ199Hg in transplanted lichens ranged from -0.5‰ to -0.1‰ and showed no seasonal trends. These findings imply that seasonality, particularly in summer months, may affect the isotopic fractionation of Hg and should be considered in the sampling design and data interpretation. This trend was thus described in lichens for the first time. The mechanism behind such change is not yet fully understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Božič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Živković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marta Jagodic Hudobivnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Kotnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Amouroux
- The Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials, 2 Avenue Pierre Angot, Pau Cedex 9, France
| | - Marko Štrok
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Street 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Castro PJ, Kellö V, Cernušák I, Dibble TS. Together, Not Separately, OH and O 3 Oxidize Hg (0) to Hg (II) in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8266-8279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Castro
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York13210, United States
| | - Vladimir Kellö
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Cernušák
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Theodore S. Dibble
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York13210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vijayakumaran Nair S, Kotnik J, Gačnik J, Živković I, Koenig AM, Mlakar TL, Horvat M. Dispersion of airborne mercury species emitted from the cement plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120057. [PMID: 36041570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cement industry is the second largest source of anthropogenic mercury (Hg) emissions in Europe, accounting for 11% of global anthropogenic Hg emissions. The main objective of this study was to examine the influence of Hg emissions from the Salonit Anhovo cement plant on Hg levels measured in the ambient air at Vodarna, 1 km downwind from the flue gas chimney. The findings reveal that the plant raw mill operational status plays an important role in Hg concentrations in the flue gas emitted from the plant. Emitted total gaseous mercury was, on average, higher (49.4 μg/m3) when raw mills were in the direct mode (both raw mills-off) and lower (23.4 μg/m3) in the combined mode (both raw mills-on). The average Hg concentrations in Vodarna were 3.14 ng/m3 for gaseous elemental mercury, 53.7 pg/m3 for gaseous oxidised mercury, and 41.9 pg/m3 for particulate bound mercury for the whole measurement period. Atmospheric Hg speciation in Vodarna, coupled with plant emissions and wind data, has revealed that the total gaseous mercury emitted from the cement plant is clearly related to all Hg species measured in Vodarna. Wind blowing from the northeastern quadrant (mostly NE, ENE) is responsible for the elevated Hg levels in Vodarna, where gaseous oxidised mercury levels are highly linked to the cement plant emissions. However, elevated levels of Hg species in the absence of northeastern winds indicate potential inputs from other unknown local sources as well as inputs from regional and global transport mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Vijayakumaran Nair
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Kotnik
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Gačnik
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Živković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alkuin Maximilian Koenig
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee H, Kurien U, Ariya PA. Uptake of Hg 0(g) on TiO 2, Al 2O 3, and Fe 2O 3 Nanoparticles: Importance in Atmospheric Chemical and Physical Processes. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6953-6962. [PMID: 36130723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mineral dust aerosols play an important role in tropospheric chemistry and aerosol-cloud interaction processes. Yet, their interactions with gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0(g)) are not currently well understood. Using a coated-wall flow tube (CWFT) reactor, we measured the uptake of Hg0(g) on some common components of mineral dust aerosols, including TiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, and the effects of irradiation (dark, visible and UV-A) and relative humidity (<2% to 60%) on the uptake kinetics. Under UV-A irradiation (320-400 nm) in dry air, we measured uptake coefficients (γ) equal to >1 × 10-3 and (3 ± 1) × 10-6 on TiO2 and Al2O3, respectively. Under visible light irradiation (380-700 nm), Hg0(g) uptake was only observed on TiO2, with γ = (4 ± 3) × 10-4. Raising the relative humidity inhibited the uptake on both TiO2 and Al2O3, and the uptake coefficient at 60% RH for TiO2 under UV-A irradiation was lower by ca. 3 orders of magnitude than dry conditions. Furthermore, we observed that water vapor induced the desorption of two distinct fractions from Hg-exposed surfaces via the displacement of weakly, physisorbed Hg and the photocatalyzed reduction of chemisorbed Hg. Based on the uptake coefficients from this report, we estimate that heterogeneous interactions with mineral dust may be significant under conditions with low relative humidity (<30%) and high dust loading masses. We herein discuss the implication of this study on understanding the life cycle analysis of atmospheric mercury in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Uday Kurien
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada.,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Atmospheric Modelling of Mercury in the Southern Hemisphere and Future Research Needs: A Review. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13081226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is a toxic pollutant that can negatively impact the population’s health and the environment. The research on atmospheric mercury is of critical concern because of the diverse process that this pollutant suffers in the atmosphere as well as its deposition capacity, which can provoke diverse health issues. The Minamata Convention encourages the protection of the adverse effects of mercury, where research is a part of the strategies and atmospheric modelling plays a critical role in achieving the proposed aim. This paper reviews the study of modelling atmospheric mercury based on the southern hemisphere (SH). The article discusses diverse aspects focused on the SH such as the spatial distribution of mercury, its emissions projections, interhemispheric transport, and deposition. There has been a discrepancy between the observed and the simulated values, especially concerning the seasonality of gaseous elemental mercury and total gaseous mercury. Further, there is a lack of research about the emissions projections in the SH and mercury deposition, which generates uncertainty regarding future global scenarios. More studies on atmospheric mercury behaviour are imperative to better understand the SH’s mercury cycle.
Collapse
|
9
|
Saiz‐Lopez A, Acuña AU, Mahajan AS, Dávalos JZ, Feng W, Roca‐Sanjuán D, Carmona‐García J, Cuevas CA, Kinnison DE, Gómez Martín JC, Francisco JS, Plane JMC. The Chemistry of Mercury in the Stratosphere. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2022GL097953. [PMID: 35860422 PMCID: PMC9285414 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl097953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mercury, a global contaminant, enters the stratosphere through convective uplift, but its chemical cycling in the stratosphere is unknown. We report the first model of stratospheric mercury chemistry based on a novel photosensitized oxidation mechanism. We find two very distinct Hg chemical regimes in the stratosphere: in the upper stratosphere, above the ozone maximum concentration, Hg0 oxidation is initiated by photosensitized reactions, followed by second-step chlorine chemistry. In the lower stratosphere, ground-state Hg0 is oxidized by thermal reactions at much slower rates. This dichotomy arises due to the coincidence of the mercury absorption at 253.7 nm with the ozone Hartley band maximum at 254 nm. We also find that stratospheric Hg oxidation, controlled by chlorine and hydroxyl radicals, is much faster than previously assumed, but moderated by efficient photo-reduction of mercury compounds. Mercury lifetime shows a steep increase from hours in the upper-middle stratosphere to years in the lower stratosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz‐Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
| | - A. Ulises Acuña
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
| | - Anoop S. Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change ResearchIndian Institute of Tropical MeteorologyMinistry of Earth SciencesPuneIndia
| | - Juan Z. Dávalos
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
| | - Wuhu Feng
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- NCASSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - Javier Carmona‐García
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
- Institut de Ciència MolecularUniversitat de ValènciaValènciaSpain
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSICMadridSpain
| | | | | | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of ChemistryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gómez Martín JC, Lewis TR, Douglas KM, Blitz MA, Saiz-Lopez A, Plane JMC. The reaction between HgBr and O 3: kinetic study and atmospheric implications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12419-12432. [PMID: 35575018 PMCID: PMC9131727 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00754a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rate constants of many reactions currently considered to be important in the atmospheric chemistry of mercury remain to be measured in the laboratory. Here we report the first experimental determination of the rate constant of the gas-phase reaction between the HgBr radical and ozone, for which a value at room temperature of k(HgBr + O3) = (7.5 ± 0.6) × 10-11 cm3 molecule s-1 (1σ) has been obtained. The rate constants of two reduction side reactions were concurrently determined: k(HgBr + O) = (5.3 ± 0.4) × 10-11 cm3 molecule s-1 and k(HgBrO + O) = (9.1 ± 0.6) × 10-11 cm3 molecule s-1. The value of k(HgBr + O3) is slightly lower than the collision number, confirming the absence of a significant energy barrier. Considering the abundance of ozone in the troposphere, our experimental rate constant supports recent modelling results suggesting that the main atmospheric fate of HgBr is reaction with ozone to form BrHgO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas R Lewis
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain. .,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mark A Blitz
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - John M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schiavo B, Morton-Bermea O, Salgado-Martínez E, García-Martínez R, Hernández-Álvarez E. Health risk assessment of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in Mexico City. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:456. [PMID: 35612636 PMCID: PMC9130986 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM or Hg0) from different sources in urban areas are important subjects for environmental investigations. In this study, atmospheric Hg measurements were conducted to investigate air pollution in the urban environment by carrying out several mobile surveys in Mexico City. This work presents atmospheric concentrations of GEM in terms of diurnal variation trends and comparisons with criteria for pollutant concentrations such as CO, SO2, NO2, PM2.5, and PM10. The concentration of GEM was measured during the pre-rainy period by using a high-resolution active air sampler, the Lumex RA 915 M mercury analyzer. In comparison with those for other cities worldwide, the GEM concentrations were similar or slightly elevated, and they ranged from 0.20 to 30.23 ng m-3. However, the GEM concentration was significantly lower than those in contaminated areas, such as fluorescent lamp factory locations and gold mining zones. The GEM concentrations recorded in Mexico City did not exceed the WHO atmospheric limit of 200 ng m-3. We performed statistical correlation analysis which suggests equivalent sources between Hg and other atmospheric pollutants, mainly NO2 and SO2, emitted from urban combustion and industrial plants. The atmospheric Hg emissions are basically controlled by sunlight radiation, as well as having a direct relationship with meteorological parameters. The area of the city studied herein is characterized by high traffic density, cement production, and municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment, which constantly release GEM into the atmosphere. In this study, we included the simulation with the HYSPLIT dispersion model from three potential areas of GEM release. Emissions from industrial corridors and volcanic plumes localized outside the urban area contribute to the pollution of Mexico City and mainly affect the northern area during specific periods and climate conditions. Using the USEPA model, we assessed the human health risk resulting from exposure to inhaled GEM among residents of Mexico City. The results of the health risk assessment indicated no significant noncarcinogenic risk (hazard quotient (HQ) < 1) or consequent adverse effects for children and adults living in the sampling area over the study period. GEM emissions inventory data is necessary to improve our knowledge about the Hg contribution and effect in urban megacity areas with the objective to develop public safe policy and implementing the Minamata Convention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Schiavo
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04150, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
| | - Ofelia Morton-Bermea
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04150, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Elias Salgado-Martínez
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04150, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Rocío García-Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04150, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Accumulation and Release of Mercury in the Lichen Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111198. [PMID: 34827191 PMCID: PMC8614937 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lichens are among the most used and most effective biomonitors of airborne mercury (Hg); however, although the ability of lichens to take up Hg and provide accurate patterns of Hg contamination around emission sources is well documented, information on their ability to reflect the decreasing environmental availability of this element is minimal and contrasting. The aim of this study was to investigate both the accumulation and release of Hg2+ in lichens, using Evernia prunastri as a model species, and hypothesizing that 24 months is sufficient for treated samples to return to background values. The results of this study highlighted the ability of the lichen E. prunastri to reflect very quickly the available Hg concentration, as well as to indicate an ameliorated situation (e.g., the closure of an Hg source). However, we have found evidence that an acute pollution episode can influence the content of Hg in lichens for several years. Abstract This study investigated the dynamics of the accumulation and release of Hg2+ in lichens, using Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. as a model species. Thalli were incubated with solutions containing 1, 10, and 100 µM Hg2+ and then exposed for 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months at the Botanical Garden of the University of Siena (a location free from local Hg sources). Lichen samples accumulated Hg proportionally to the exposure concentration, and after the exposure, reductions over time were evident, already starting from 1–2 months. After 24 months, samples released 72–74 (healthy thalli) to 94% (unhealthy thalli) of the accumulated Hg, but control values of untreated samples were never reached. Depending on the Hg content after the exposure, stable decreased concentrations were reached after 6–24 months. The results of this study highlight the ability of the lichen E. prunastri to reflect rapidly increasing environmental Hg concentrations, as well as to indicate an ameliorated situation (e.g., the closure of an Hg source). However, we have found evidence that an acute pollution episode can influence the content of Hg in lichens for several years.
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang Q, He X, Huang W, Reinfelder JR. Mass-Independent Fractionation of Mercury Isotopes during Photoreduction of Soot Particle Bound Hg(II). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13783-13791. [PMID: 34623141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soot and mercury (Hg) are two notorious air pollutants, and the fate and transport of Hg may be affected by soot at various scales in the environment as soot may be both a carrier and a reactant for active Hg species. This study was designed to quantify photoreduction of Hg(II) in the presence of soot and the associated Hg isotope fractionation under both atmospheric aerosol and aqueous conditions (water-saturated). Photoreduction experiments were conducted with diesel soot particulate matter under controlled temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions using a flow-through semibatch reactor system. Mass-dependent fractionation resulted in the enrichment of heavier Hg isotopes in the remaining Hg(II) with enrichment factors (ε202Hg) of 1.48 ± 0.02‰ (±2 standard deviation) to 1.75 ± 0.05‰ for aerosol-phase reactions (RH 28-68%) and from 1.26 ± 0.11 to 1.50 ± 0.04‰ for aqueous-phase reactions. Positive odd mass-independent fractionation (MIF) was observed in aqueous-phase reactions, resulting in Δ199Hg values for reactant Hg(II) as high as 5.29‰, but negative odd-MIF occurred in aerosol-phase reactions, in which Δ199Hg values of reactant Hg(II) varied from -1.02 to 0‰. The average ratio of Δ199Hg/Δ201Hg (1.1) indicated that under all conditions, MIF was dominated by magnetic isotope effects during photoreduction of Hg(II). Increasing RH resulted in higher reduction rates but lower extents of negative MIF in the aerosol-phase experiments, suggesting that the reduction of soot particle-bound Hg(II) was responsible for the observed negative odd-MIF. Our results suggest that mass-independent Hg isotope fractionation during Hg(II) photoreduction varies with soot aerosol water content and that Hg-stable isotope ratios may be used to understand the transformational histories of aerosol-bound Hg(II) in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, Guizhou, China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, New Jersey, United States
| | - Xiaoshuai He
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, New Jersey, United States
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, New Jersey, United States
| | - John R Reinfelder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, New Jersey, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Characteristics of Mercury Flux at the Interfaces between Two Typical Plants and the Air in Leymus chinensis Grasslands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910115. [PMID: 34639417 PMCID: PMC8507851 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is a global pollutant. The mercury exchanges between vegetation and the atmosphere are important for the global mercury cycle. Grassland ecosystems occupy more than 25% of the global land area and have different succession processes and ecological functions. The current research regarding mercury exchanges between forests and the atmosphere have attracted much attention, but the research regarding grasslands tends to be rare. To reveal the characteristics of mercury exchanges in grasslands, this study conducted field in-situ monitoring experiments in a Leymus meadow grassland regions of the Songnen Plains in northeastern China. The exchange flux values of the GEM (gaseous element mercury) between the plants and the atmosphere were measured using a dynamic flux bag method (DFB). The experiments were conducted for the purpose of assessing the mercury flux levels between the vegetation and the atmosphere in a typical Leymus chinensis meadow. The goal was to further the understanding of the change characteristics and influential factors and to describe the source and sink actions and dynamics between the grassland vegetation and the atmosphere. The diurnal variation characteristics were as follows: High during the day and low at night, with peaks generally appearing at noon. The growing period was characterized by absorption peaks of atmospheric mercury by the plants. The breeding period was characterized by the peak release of atmospheric mercury by the plants. The change characteristics were as follows: During the growing period, the duration of the plants in a mercury absorption state exceeded 96.5%, which was represented as the net sink of the atmospheric mercury. During the breeding period, the time of mercury release ranged between 46.4% and 66.8%, making the breeding period the net source of atmospheric mercury. The results of this study's analysis indicated that each environmental factor was correlated with the mercury flux, and the environmental factors had different effects on the mercury flux during the different stages of plant growth. The atmospheric mercury concentration levels were the main factor during the growing period. Atmospheric humidity was the main factor during the breeding period. Solar radiation was the decisive factor during the entire experimental period.
Collapse
|
15
|
Panchenko PA, Efremenko AV, Feofanov AV, Ustimova MA, Fedorov YV, Fedorova OA. Ratiometric Detection of Mercury (II) Ions in Living Cells Using Fluorescent Probe Based on Bis(styryl) Dye and Azadithia-15-Crown-5 Ether Receptor. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020470. [PMID: 33440801 PMCID: PMC7826577 DOI: 10.3390/s21020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bis(styryl) dye 1 bearing N-phenylazadithia-15-crown-5 ether receptor has been evaluated as a ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor for mercury (II) ions in living cells. In aqueous solution, probe 1 selectively responds to the presence of Hg2+ via the changes in the emission intensity as well as in the emission band shape, which is a result of formation of the complex with 1:1 metal to ligand ratio (dissociation constant 0.56 ± 0.15 µM). The sensing mechanism is based on the interplay between the RET (resonance energy transfer) and ICT (intramolecular charge transfer) interactions occurring upon the UV/Vis (380 or 405 nm) photoexcitation of both styryl chromophores in probe 1. Bio-imaging studies revealed that the yellow (500-600 nm) to red (600-730 nm) fluorescence intensity ratio decreased from 4.4 ± 0.2 to 1.43 ± 0.10 when cells were exposed to increasing concentration of mercury (II) ions enabling ratiometric quantification of intracellular Hg2+ concentration in the 37 nM-1 μM range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Panchenko
- Laboratory of Photoactive Supramolecular systems, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (Y.V.F.); (O.A.F.)
- Department of Technology of Fine Organic Synthesis and Chemistry of Dyes, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-905-525-07-93
| | - Anastasija V. Efremenko
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.E.); (A.V.F.)
- Laboratory of Optical Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Feofanov
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.E.); (A.V.F.)
- Laboratory of Optical Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariya A. Ustimova
- Laboratory of Photoactive Supramolecular systems, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (Y.V.F.); (O.A.F.)
| | - Yuri V. Fedorov
- Laboratory of Photoactive Supramolecular systems, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (Y.V.F.); (O.A.F.)
| | - Olga A. Fedorova
- Laboratory of Photoactive Supramolecular systems, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (Y.V.F.); (O.A.F.)
- Department of Technology of Fine Organic Synthesis and Chemistry of Dyes, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saiz-Lopez A, Travnikov O, Sonke JE, Thackray CP, Jacob DJ, Carmona-García J, Francés-Monerris A, Roca-Sanjuán D, Acuña AU, Dávalos JZ, Cuevas CA, Jiskra M, Wang F, Bieser J, Plane JMC, Francisco JS. Photochemistry of oxidized Hg(I) and Hg(II) species suggests missing mercury oxidation in the troposphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30949-30956. [PMID: 33229529 PMCID: PMC7733835 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922486117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg), a global contaminant, is emitted mainly in its elemental form Hg0 to the atmosphere where it is oxidized to reactive HgII compounds, which efficiently deposit to surface ecosystems. Therefore, the chemical cycling between the elemental and oxidized Hg forms in the atmosphere determines the scale and geographical pattern of global Hg deposition. Recent advances in the photochemistry of gas-phase oxidized HgI and HgII species postulate their photodissociation back to Hg0 as a crucial step in the atmospheric Hg redox cycle. However, the significance of these photodissociation mechanisms on atmospheric Hg chemistry, lifetime, and surface deposition remains uncertain. Here we implement a comprehensive and quantitative mechanism of the photochemical and thermal atmospheric reactions between Hg0, HgI, and HgII species in a global model and evaluate the results against atmospheric Hg observations. We find that the photochemistry of HgI and HgII leads to insufficient Hg oxidation globally. The combined efficient photoreduction of HgI and HgII to Hg0 competes with thermal oxidation of Hg0, resulting in a large model overestimation of 99% of measured Hg0 and underestimation of 51% of oxidized Hg and ∼66% of HgII wet deposition. This in turn leads to a significant increase in the calculated global atmospheric Hg lifetime of 20 mo, which is unrealistically longer than the 3-6-mo range based on observed atmospheric Hg variability. These results show that the HgI and HgII photoreduction processes largely offset the efficiency of bromine-initiated Hg0 oxidation and reveal missing Hg oxidation processes in the troposphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Oleg Travnikov
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East of EMEP, 115419 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Jeroen E Sonke
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)/Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Colin P Thackray
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | | | - Antonio Francés-Monerris
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, 46071 València, Spain
| | - A Ulises Acuña
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Z Dávalos
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Jiskra
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)/Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Feiyue Wang
- Department of Environment and Geography, Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Johannes Bieser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geethacht, Institute of Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - John M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9TJ Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Naharro R, Esbrí JM, Amorós JA, Higueras PL. Experimental assessment of the daily exchange of atmospheric mercury in Epipremnum aureum. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3185-3198. [PMID: 32303945 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) exchange at the plant leaf-atmosphere interface is an important issue when considering vegetation as a sink or source of this global pollutant. The aim of the study described here was to clarify this process by studying Hg exchange under laboratory conditions with a plant model, namely Epipremnum aureum. The desorption and absorption processes were studied under similar conditions in natural daylight. Hg exchange was measured at the foliar surface, and micrometeorological parameters and stomatal conductance were assessed. The results of the Hg exchange study showed different rhythms for the two processes, i.e. desorption (14-196 ng m-2 day-1) was slower than absorption (170-1341 ng m-2 day-1). The daily cycle was more complex in the desorption process, with a maximum when stomatal conductance was high but also with high values during nocturnal hours and a trend to absorption in the mornings. The daily absorption cycles were relatively simple, with values that coincided with positive stomatal conductance values and null values during nocturnal hours. The main factors involved in desorption were stomatal conductance and temperature, but other factors may need to be considered. The absorption process only involved total gaseous Hg, stomatal conductance and relative humidity. A net balance of the two experiments provided data on the amount of Hg transferred per unit leaf area (167 ng m-2 for desorption and 9213 ng m-2 for absorption), which implies total amounts of 23 ng of Hg desorbed and 1280 ng absorbed during the whole experiment. Finally, the reversible/non-reversible nature of the Hg exchange process must be reconsidered bearing in mind that Hg within the leaf can be emitted if changes in ambient conditions are appropriate to favour this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Naharro
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén (EIMIA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza Manuel Meca, 1, 13400, Almadén, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José María Esbrí
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén (EIMIA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza Manuel Meca, 1, 13400, Almadén, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José Angel Amorós
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo L Higueras
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén (EIMIA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza Manuel Meca, 1, 13400, Almadén, Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li P, Yin R, Du B, Qin C, Li B, Chan HM, Feng X. Kinetics and metabolism of mercury in rats fed with mercury contaminated rice using mass balance and mercury isotope approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139687. [PMID: 32485364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of mercury (Hg) contaminated rice can be a major environmental health issue but the toxicokinetics is not well known. Hg isotopes have been shown to be good tracers in studying Hg exposure and metabolic processes. We established a Hg mass balance and Hg isotope model in rats fed with Hg contaminated rice (THg 51.3 ng/g; MeHg 25 ng/g) for 90 days to investigate Hg toxicokinetics. Overall 80% of feeding THg was recovered in rat body and excrement, while the excrement accounted for 55% of total observed THg in rats. Feces were the main route of Hg elimination in rats, while urinary excretion was negligible. However, only 32% of utilized MeHg was recovered in rats, indicating significant demethylation of MeHg in rat body. Positive net fractionations of δ202Hg (relative to the feeding rice) were observed in hair and blood samples (1.21‰ and 1.25‰, respectively), which have similar trend with the results obtained in human hair study, exhibiting higher δ202Hg values (2‰- 3‰) than consumed fish and rice. Most importantly, we observed negative net fractionations in feces (-0.44‰), which confirmed the missed Hg with negative δ202Hg signal. We concluded that mass balance and Hg isotope are useful tools for quantifying toxicokinetics of Hg. Demethylation of MeHg in the intestine were the important detoxification process in rat body characterizing with negative net Hg fractionations in feces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Runsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Buyun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Chongyang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Baixiang Li
- Department of Toxicology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
McCarthy DN, Edwards GC. Gaseous mercury capture by coir fibre coated with a metal-halide. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:729-738. [PMID: 32223684 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1748141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Toxic gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is emitted to the atmosphere through a variety of routes at rates estimated at over 5000 tonnes per annum, a large fraction of which is Anthropogenic. It is then widely disbursed atmospherically and eventually deposited, where it is subject to further biogeochemical cycling, including re-emission. Research into capture of point source mercury emissions revolves almost exclusively around the use of activated carbons, various catalytic oxidation substrates, or as a by-product of acidic treatments of flue gas during SOx and NOx reduction methods. GEM is very non-reactive in its native state, but capture rates are greatly enhanced if GEM is first oxidized, or at least where oxidation states play a role at the substrate GEM interface. Little research has been devoted to capture of GEM directly. However, presented here is a novel adaption of coir fibers for use as a substrate in capturing GEM emissions directly. Various coir modifications were investigated, with the most effective being fibers coated with CuI crystals dispersed in a non-crosslinked poly-siloxane matrix. Scanning electron microscopy was used to view surface morphologies, and sorption characteristics were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). These results indicate that coir fibers modified by CuI-[SiO2] n show great promise in their ability to efficiently sorb GEM, and could potentially be utilized in a variety of configurations and settings where GEM emissions need to be captured. IMPLICATIONS Highly toxic gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) has proved very difficult to capture, requiring complex catalytic oxidation or expensive gas scrubbing technologies. The modified coir fiber described in this work can effectively capture GEM without prior catalytic oxidation or any other physicochemical treatment of the gas. The solution provided here is made from renewable resources, is low cost, and the raw materials are readily available in bulk. Further, the mercury is bound in a stable and insoluble form that can be readily isolated from the substrate. This filtration device can be adapted to suit a variety of settings for GEM capture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien N McCarthy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant C Edwards
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sommar J, Osterwalder S, Zhu W. Recent advances in understanding and measurement of Hg in the environment: Surface-atmosphere exchange of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg 0). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137648. [PMID: 32182462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere is the major transport pathway for distribution of mercury (Hg) globally. Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM, hereafter Hg0) is the predominant form in both anthropogenic and natural emissions. Evaluation of the efficacy of reductions in emissions set by the UN's Minamata Convention (UN-MC) is critically dependent on the knowledge of the dynamics of the global Hg cycle. Of these dynamics including e.g. red-ox reactions, methylation-demethylation and dry-wet deposition, poorly constrained atmosphere-surface Hg0 fluxes especially limit predictability of the timescales of its global biogeochemical cycle. This review focuses on Hg0 flux field observational studies, namely the theory, applications, strengths, and limitations of the various experimental methodologies applied to gauge the exchange flux and decipher active sub-processes. We present an in-depth review, a comprehensive literature synthesis, and methodological and instrumentation advances for terrestrial and marine Hg0 flux studies in recent years. In particular, we outline the theory of a wide range of measurement techniques and detail the operational protocols. Today, the most frequently used measurement techniques to determine the net Hg0 flux (>95% of the published flux data) are dynamic flux chambers for small-scale and micrometeorological approaches for large-scale measurements. Furthermore, top-down approaches based on Hg0 concentration measurements have been applied as tools to better constrain Hg emissions as an independent way to e.g. challenge emission inventories. This review is an up-dated, thoroughly revised edition of Sommar et al. 2013 (DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2012.671733). To the tabulation of >100 cited flux studies 1988-2009 given in the former publication, we have here listed corresponding studies published during the last decade with a few exceptions (2008-2019). During that decade, Hg stable isotope ratios of samples involved in atmosphere-terrestrial interaction is at hand and provide in combination with concentration and/or flux measurements novel constraints to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the bi-directional Hg0 flux. Recent efforts in the development of relaxed eddy accumulation and eddy covariance Hg0 flux methods bear the potential to facilitate long-term, ecosystem-scale flux measurements to reduce the prevailing large uncertainties in Hg0 flux estimates. Standardization of methods for Hg0 flux measurements is crucial to investigate how land-use change and how climate warming impact ecosystem-specific Hg0 sink-source characteristics and to validate frequently applied model parameterizations describing the regional and global scale Hg cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sommar
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China.
| | - Stefan Osterwalder
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bernhard GH, Neale RE, Barnes PW, Neale PJ, Zepp RG, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Bais AF, McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Young PJ, Liley JB, Lucas RM, Yazar S, Rhodes LE, Byrne SN, Hollestein LM, Olsen CM, Young AR, Robson TM, Bornman JF, Jansen MAK, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Williamson CE, Rose KC, Banaszak AT, Häder DP, Hylander S, Wängberg SÅ, Austin AT, Hou WC, Paul ND, Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Solomon KR, Li H, Schikowski T, Longstreth J, Pandey KK, Heikkilä AM, White CC. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:542-584. [PMID: 32364555 PMCID: PMC7442302 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp90011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595-828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University, New Orleans, USA
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - A L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - A F Bais
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - L E Rhodes
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - S N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L M Hollestein
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Manchester, The Netherlands
| | - C M Olsen
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College, London, London, UK
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - S A Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - C L Ballaré
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C E Williamson
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - D -P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - S -Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A T Austin
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - W -C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, China
| | - N D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - B Sulzberger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - H Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Schikowski
- Research Group of Environmental Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Longstreth
- Institute for Global Risk Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - K K Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C C White
- , 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Francés‐Monerris A, Carmona‐García J, Acuña AU, Dávalos JZ, Cuevas CA, Kinnison DE, Francisco JS, Saiz‐Lopez A, Roca‐Sanjuán D. Photodissociation Mechanisms of Major Mercury(II) Species in the Atmospheric Chemical Cycle of Mercury. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Francés‐Monerris
- Université de LorraineCNRS, LPCT 54000 Nancy France
- Departamento de Química FísicaUniversitat de València 46100 Burjassot Spain
| | | | - A. Ulises Acuña
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSIC 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Z. Dávalos
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSIC 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSIC 28006 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Alfonso Saiz‐Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSIC 28006 Madrid Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Francés‐Monerris A, Carmona‐García J, Acuña AU, Dávalos JZ, Cuevas CA, Kinnison DE, Francisco JS, Saiz‐Lopez A, Roca‐Sanjuán D. Photodissociation Mechanisms of Major Mercury(II) Species in the Atmospheric Chemical Cycle of Mercury. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7605-7610. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Francés‐Monerris
- Université de LorraineCNRS, LPCT 54000 Nancy France
- Departamento de Química FísicaUniversitat de València 46100 Burjassot Spain
| | | | - A. Ulises Acuña
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSIC 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Z. Dávalos
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSIC 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSIC 28006 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Alfonso Saiz‐Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and ClimateInstitute of Physical Chemistry RocasolanoCSIC 28006 Madrid Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Application of the Passive Sampler Developed for Atmospheric Mercury and Its Limitation. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a passive sampler for gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was developed and applied to field monitoring. Three Radiello® diffusive bodies with gold-coated beads as Hg adsorbent were installed in an acrylic external shield. Hg uptake mass linearly increased as the deployment time increased until 8 weeks with an average gaseous Hg concentration of 2 ng m−3. The average of the experimental sampling rate (SR) was 0.083 m3 day−1 and showed a good correlation with theoretical SRs, indicating that a major adsorption mechanism was molecular diffusion. Nonetheless, the experimental SR was approximately 33% lower than the modeled SR, which could be associated with inefficient uptake of GEM in the sampler or uncertainty in constraining model parameters. It was shown that the experimental SR was statistically affected by temperature and wind speed but the calibration equation for the SR by meteorological variables should be obtained with a wider range of variables in further investigation. When the uptake rates were compared to the active Hg measurements, the correlation was not significant because the passive sampler was not sufficiently adept at detecting a small difference in the GEM concentration of from 1.8 to 2.0 ng m−3. However, the results for spatial Hg concentrations measured near cement plants in Korea suggest a possible application in field monitoring. Future research is needed to fully employ the developed passive sampler in quantitative assessment of Hg concentrations.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kalinchuk V, Aksentov K, Karnaukh V. Gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the surface air over the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuril-Kamchatka sector of the Pacific Ocean in August-September 2017. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:668-679. [PMID: 30849628 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The northwestern Pacific Ocean including the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk is one of the least studied regions in terms of mercury behavior and distribution in the sea-atmosphere system. In August and September 2017, we determined gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the surface air over this water areas along a 12,000 km cruise. Concentrations varied from 1.07 to 2.74 ng m-3, with an average value of 1,68 ± 0.23 ng m-3 (N = 1853). The average concentrations for the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuril-Kamchatka sector of the Pacific Ocean were 1.61 ng m-3, 1.71 ng m-3 and 1.61 ng m-3, respectively. The maximum concentrations were observed in the Sea of Okhotsk during periods when air masses arrived from the southern and central Kuril Islands. We believe that the reason for that was volcanic activity. The minimum concentrations were registered in air masses arriving from the northeastern Russia and from open sea areas. In the Sea of Okhotsk we measured Hg(0) concentrations near the cyclone eye and did not register any increase due to increased turbulence. This fact contradicts the previously expressed hypothesis that a strong turbulence above the sea surface causes enhanced Hg(0) concentrations in the air. Apparently there are additional or completely different influencing factors which could provide such increase. Also we found that the diurnal Hg(0) cycle in the Sea of Japan was the opposite of the diurnal Hg(0) cycle in the Sea of Okhotsk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Kalinchuk
- V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 43, Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia.
| | - Kirill Aksentov
- V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 43, Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Viktor Karnaukh
- V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 43, Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|