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Ullah MS, Kamrujjaman M, Kabir KMA. Understanding the relationship between stay-at-home measures and vaccine shortages: a conventional, heterogeneous, and fractional dynamic approach. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2024; 43:32. [PMID: 38424608 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In light of the global prevalence of a highly contagious respiratory disease, this study presents a novel approach to address the pressing and unanticipated issues by introducing a modified vaccination and lockdown-centered epidemic model. The rapid spread of the disease is attributed to viral transmissibility, the emergence of new strains (variants), lack of immunization, and human unawareness. This study aims to provide policymakers with crucial insights for making informed decisions regarding lockdown strategies, vaccine availability, and other control measures. The research adopts three types of models: deterministic, heterogeneous, and fractional-order dynamics, on both theoretical and numerical approaches. The heterogeneous network considers varying connectivity and interaction patterns among individuals, while the ABC fractional-order derivatives analyze the impact of integer-order control in different semi-groups. An extensive theoretical analysis is conducted to validate the proposed model. A comprehensive numerical investigation encompasses deterministic, stochastic, and ABC fractional-order derivatives, considering the combined effects of an effective vaccination program and non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as lockdowns and shutdowns. The findings of this research are expected to be valuable for policymakers in different countries, helping them implement dynamic strategies to control and eradicate the epidemic effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K M Ariful Kabir
- Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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2
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Reflections on the multi-sectoral response to COVID-19 in Bangladesh’s Rohingya refugee camps. ASIAN AND PACIFIC MIGRATION JOURNAL 2023; 32:01171968231190331. [PMCID: PMC10372499 DOI: 10.1177/01171968231190331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact people globally, refugees comprise a vulnerable population, particularly those living in densely populated areas. In Bangladesh, Cox’s Bazar is currently home to almost a million Rohingya refugees. Because of the lack of healthcare, sanitation and water, as well as overcrowding, refugees were at high risk of becoming ill during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Moreover, superstitions and lack of trust in the healthcare system threaten to put the community at further risk. To prevent tragic consequences, national and international attention and action are required to strengthen the health system for Rohingya refugees. The community will require surveillance and testing, infection prevention and control measures, adequate food supplies, and access to improved healthcare services. This paper calls for a multi-sectoral approach to developing an action plan and implementation strategy to minimize the impact of COVID-19 on this vulnerable population.
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Chanda SK, Kabir MR, Roy T, Shohel TA, Howlader MH, Razu SR. Sociocultural Costs of the Long-term COVID-19 Outbreak in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review. SAGE OPEN 2022; 12:21582440221143298. [PMID: 36575745 PMCID: PMC9773001 DOI: 10.1177/21582440221143298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Beyond the physical transmission of COVID-19, the pandemic has had far-reaching consequences in Bangladesh, including social and cultural implications. This review paper aimed at identifying and synthesizing the costs of COVID-19 on sociocultural issues in Bangladesh. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic search in MEDLINE, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar up to August 2021. Studies related to the costs of COVID-19 were identified, tabulated, analyzed, and synthesized by using a thematic approach. Our final synthesis of 19 studies resulted in five analytical themes: (i) disruption in education, (ii) loss of everyday social interaction, (iii) increase of "new poor" and suicide, (iv) rise of violence against women, and (v) worsening the life of refugees. Our findings showed that the costs of disruption in education, loss of everyday social interaction, and increase of "new poor" and suicide were more evident. Finally, we recommend the government and the community to adopt some integrated actions and policies to combat the problems in improving Bangladeshi sociocultural situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tuhin Roy
- Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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Zhang W, Huggins T, Zheng W, Liu S, Du Z, Zhu H, Raza A, Tareq AH. Assessing the Dynamic Outcomes of Containment Strategies against COVID-19 under Different Public Health Governance Structures: A Comparison between Pakistan and Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159239. [PMID: 35954595 PMCID: PMC9368361 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 scenarios were run using an epidemiological mathematical model (system dynamics model) and counterfactual analysis to simulate the impacts of different control and containment measures on cumulative infections and deaths in Bangladesh and Pakistan. The simulations were based on national-level data concerning vaccination level, hospital capacity, and other factors, from the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and the Our World in Data web portal. These data were added to cumulative infections and death data from government agencies covering the period from 18 March 2020 to 28 February 2022. Baseline curves for Pakistan and Bangladesh were obtained using piecewise fitting with a consideration of different events against the reported data and allowing for less than 5% random errors in cumulative infections and deaths. The results indicate that Bangladesh could have achieved more reductions in each key outcome measure by shifting its initial lockdown at least five days backward, while Pakistan would have needed to extend its lockdown to achieve comparable improvements. Bangladesh’s second lockdown appears to have been better timed than Pakistan’s. There were potential benefits from starting the third lockdown two weeks earlier for Bangladesh and from combining this with the fourth lockdown or canceling the fourth lockdown altogether. Adding a two-week lockdown at the beginning of the upward slope of the second wave could have led to a more than 40 percent reduction in cumulative infections and a 35 percent reduction in cumulative deaths for both countries. However, Bangladesh’s reductions were more sensitive to the duration of the lockdown. Pakistan’s response was more constrained by medical resources, while Bangladesh’s outcomes were more sensitive to both vaccination timing and capacities. More benefits were lost when combining multiple scenarios for Bangladesh compared to the same combinations in Pakistan. Clearly, cumulative infections and deaths could have been highly impacted by adjusting the control and containment measures in both national settings. However, COVID-19 outcomes were more sensitive to adjustment interventions for the Bangladesh context. Disaggregated analyses, using a wider range of factors, may reveal several sub-national dynamics. Nonetheless, the current research demonstrates the relevance of lockdown timing adjustments and discrete adjustments to several other control and containment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Research Institute of Economics and Management, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610074, China; (W.Z.); (H.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Thomas Huggins
- Division of Science & Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Personal Finance Department, HQ of China Construction Bank, Beijing 100033, China;
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Zhanwei Du
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Hongli Zhu
- Research Institute of Economics and Management, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610074, China; (W.Z.); (H.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Ahmad Raza
- Research Institute of Economics and Management, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610074, China; (W.Z.); (H.Z.); (A.R.)
| | - Ahmad Hussen Tareq
- Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination, Islamabad 44010, Pakistan;
- Health Services Academy, Islamabad 44010, Pakistan
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Aylett-Bullock J, Gilman RT, Hall I, Kennedy D, Evers ES, Katta A, Ahmed H, Fong K, Adib K, Al Ariqi L, Ardalan A, Nabeth P, von Harbou K, Hoffmann Pham K, Cuesta-Lazaro C, Quera-Bofarull A, Gidraf Kahindo Maina A, Valentijn T, Harlass S, Krauss F, Huang C, Moreno Jimenez R, Comes T, Gaanderse M, Milano L, Luengo-Oroz M. Epidemiological modelling in refugee and internally displaced people settlements: challenges and ways forward. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-007822. [PMID: 35264317 PMCID: PMC8915287 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 presents many challenges to healthcare systems and infrastructures across the world, exacerbating inequalities and leaving the world’s most vulnerable populations at risk. Epidemiological modelling is vital to guiding evidence-informed or data-driven decision making. In forced displacement contexts, and in particular refugee and internally displaced people (IDP) settlements, it meets several challenges including data availability and quality, the applicability of existing models to those contexts, the accurate modelling of cultural differences or specificities of those operational settings, the communication of results and uncertainties, as well as the alignment of strategic goals between diverse partners in complex situations. In this paper, we systematically review the limited epidemiological modelling work applied to refugee and IDP settlements so far, and discuss challenges and identify lessons learnt from the process. With the likelihood of disease outbreaks expected to increase in the future as more people are displaced due to conflict and climate change, we call for the development of more approaches and models specifically designed to include the unique features and populations of refugee and IDP settlements. To strengthen collaboration between the modelling and the humanitarian public health communities, we propose a roadmap to encourage the development of systems and frameworks to share needs, build tools and coordinate responses in an efficient and scalable manner, both for this pandemic and for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Aylett-Bullock
- UN Global Pulse, United Nations, New York, New York, USA .,Institute for Data Science, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Robert Tucker Gilman
- Centre for Crisis Studies and Mitigation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian Hall
- Centre for Crisis Studies and Mitigation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Kennedy
- UK Public Health Rapid Support Team, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine/Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Egmond Samir Evers
- WHO Cox's Bazar Emergency Sub-Office, United Nations, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Anjali Katta
- UN Global Pulse, United Nations, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hussien Ahmed
- UNHCR Cox's Bazar Sub-Office, United Nations, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Kevin Fong
- Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Keyrellous Adib
- WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, United Nations, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lubna Al Ariqi
- WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, United Nations, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali Ardalan
- WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, United Nations, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Pierre Nabeth
- WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, United Nations, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kai von Harbou
- WHO Cox's Bazar Emergency Sub-Office, United Nations, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Katherine Hoffmann Pham
- UN Global Pulse, United Nations, New York, New York, USA.,Stern School of Business, New York University, New York City, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tinka Valentijn
- OCHA Centre for Humanitarian Data, United Nations, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Harlass
- UNHCR Public Health Unit, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frank Krauss
- Institute for Data Science, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Chao Huang
- UNHCR Global Data Service, United Nations, Copenhagen, New York, USA
| | | | - Tina Comes
- Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management, Department of Engineering Systems and Services, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mariken Gaanderse
- Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management, Department of Engineering Systems and Services, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Milano
- OCHA Centre for Humanitarian Data, United Nations, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Mahmud MS, Kamrujjaman M, Adan MMIY, Hossain MA, Rahman MM, Islam MS, Mohebujjaman M, Molla MM. Vaccine efficacy and SARS-CoV-2 control in California and U.S. during the session 2020-2026: A modeling study. Infect Dis Model 2022; 7:62-81. [PMID: 34869959 PMCID: PMC8627016 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides maintaining health precautions, vaccination has been the only prevention from SARS-CoV-2, though no clinically proved 100% effective vaccine has been developed till date. At this stage, to withhold the debris of this pandemic-experts need to know the impact of the vaccine efficacy rates, the threshold level of vaccine effectiveness and how long this pandemic may extent with vaccines that have different efficacy rates. In this article, a mathematical model study has been done on the importance of vaccination and vaccine efficiency rate during an ongoing pandemic. METHODS We simulated a five compartment mathematical model to analyze the pandemic scenario in both California, and whole U.S. We considered four vaccines, Pfizer (95%), Moderna (94%), AstraZeneca (79%), and Johnson & Johnson (72%), which are being used rigorously to control the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, in addition with two special cases: a vaccine with 100% efficacy rate and no vaccine under use. SARS-CoV-2 related data of California, and U.S. were used in this study. FINDINGS Both the infection and death rates are very high in California. Our model suggests that the pandemic situation in California will be under control in the last quartile of the year 2023 if vaccination program is continued with the Pfizer vaccine. During this time, six waves may happen from the beginning of the immunization where the case fatality and recovery rates will be 1.697% and 98.30%, respectively. However, according to the considered model, this period might be extended to the mid of 2024 when vaccines with lower efficacy rates are used. On the other hand, the daily cases and deaths in the U.S. will be under control at the end of 2026 with multiple waves. Although the number of susceptible people will fall down to none in the beginning of 2027, there is less chance to stop the vaccination program if vaccinated with a vaccine other than a 100% effective vaccine or Pfizer, and at that case vaccination program must run till the mid of 2028. According to this study, the unconfirmed-infectious and infected cases will be under control at the end of 2027 and at the mid of 2028, respectively. INTERPRETATION The more effective a vaccine is, the less people suffer from this malign infection. Vaccines which are less than 90% effective do not have notable contribution to control the pandemic besides hard immunity. Furthermore, specific groups of people are getting prioritized initially, mass vaccination and quick responses are required to control the spread of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahriar Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamrujjaman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Md Alamgir Hossain
- Computational Biology Research Lab (CBRL), Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University, Naka Kunitachi, Tokyo, 186-8601, Japan
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Mohebujjaman
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX, 78 041, USA
| | - Md Mamun Molla
- Department of Mathematics & Physics, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
- Center for Applied Scientific Computing (CASC), North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
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Hassan MN, Mahmud MS, Nipa KF, Kamrujjaman M. Mathematical Modeling and COVID-19 Forecast in Texas, USA: A Prediction Model Analysis and the Probability of Disease Outbreak. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 17:e19. [PMID: 34006346 PMCID: PMC8314068 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Response to the unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak needs to be augmented in Texas, United States, where the first 5 cases were reported on March 6, 2020, and were rapidly followed by an exponential rise within the next few weeks. This study aimed to determine the ongoing trend and upcoming infection status of COVID-19 in county levels of Texas. METHODS Data were extracted from the following sources: published literature, surveillance, unpublished reports, and websites of Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS), Natality report of Texas, and WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. The 4-compartment Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removal (SEIR) mathematical model was used to estimate the current trend and future prediction of basic reproduction number and infection cases in Texas. Because the basic reproduction number is not sufficient to predict the outbreak, we applied the Continuous-Time Markov Chain (CTMC) model to calculate the probability of the COVID-19 outbreak. RESULTS The estimated mean basic reproduction number of COVID-19 in Texas is predicted to be 2.65 by January 31, 2021. Our model indicated that the third wave might occur at the beginning of May 2021, which will peak at the end of June 2021. This prediction may come true if the current spreading situation/level persists, i.e., no clinically effective vaccine is available, or this vaccination program fails for some reason in this area. CONCLUSION Our analysis indicates an alarming ongoing and upcoming infection rate of COVID-19 at county levels in Texas, thereby emphasizing the promotion of more coordinated and disciplined actions by policy-makers and the population to contain its devastating impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazmul Hassan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Sciences and Mathematics, Schreiner University, Kerrville, Texas, USA
| | - Md. Shahriar Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kaniz Fatema Nipa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Md. Kamrujjaman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Islam MS, Chaudhuri I, Mobin MA, Islam M, Mahmud MS, KutubUddin M, Kabir KMA, Kamrujjaman M. The Perspective of Acquired Immunity to Combat against Infectious Diseases: An Overview. Health (London) 2021. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2021.139077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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