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Kumar R, Chhillar N, Gupta DS, Kaur G, Singhal S, Chauhan T. Cholesterol Homeostasis, Mechanisms of Molecular Pathways, and Cardiac Health: A Current Outlook. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102081. [PMID: 37716543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of lipoproteins, which regulate the transit of the lipid to and from tissues, is crucial to maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. Cardiac remodeling is referred to as a set of molecular, cellular, and interstitial changes that, following injury, affect the size, shape, function, mass, and geometry of the heart. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which can be made from glucose, amino acids, or fatty acids, is the precursor for the synthesis of cholesterol. In this article, the authors explain concepts behind cardiac remodeling, its clinical ramifications, and the pathophysiological roles played by numerous various components, such as cell death, neurohormonal activation, oxidative stress, contractile proteins, energy metabolism, collagen, calcium transport, inflammation, and geometry. The levels of cholesterol are traditionally regulated by 2 biological mechanisms at the transcriptional stage. First, the SREBP transcription factor family regulates the transcription of crucial rate-limiting cholesterogenic and lipogenic proteins, which in turn limits cholesterol production. Immune cells become activated, differentiated, and divided, during an immune response with the objective of eradicating the danger signal. In addition to creating ATP, which is used as energy, this process relies on metabolic reprogramming of both catabolic and anabolic pathways to create metabolites that play a crucial role in regulating the response. Because of changes in signal transduction, malfunction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma, impairment of calcium handling, increases in cardiac fibrosis, and progressive loss of cardiomyocytes, oxidative stress appears to be the primary mechanism that causes the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. De novo cholesterol production, intestinal cholesterol absorption, and biliary cholesterol output are consequently crucial processes in cholesterol homeostasis. In the article's final section, the pharmacological management of cardiac remodeling is explored. The route of treatment is explained in different steps: including, promising, and potential strategies. This chapter offers a brief overview of the history of the study of cholesterol absorption as well as the different potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neelam Chhillar
- Deparetment of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, DY Patil University, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Dhruv Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Shailey Singhal
- Cluster of Applied Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Tanya Chauhan
- Division of Forensic Biology, National Forensic Sciences University, Delhi Campus (LNJN NICFS) Delhi, India
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Holý P, Brynychová V, Šeborová K, Haničinec V, Koževnikovová R, Trnková M, Vrána D, Gatěk J, Kopečková K, Mrhalová M, Souček P. Integrative analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression profiles and somatic variants in oxysterol signaling in early-stage luminal breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:2074-2089. [PMID: 37491786 PMCID: PMC10552891 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, oxidized derivatives of cholesterol, act in breast cancer (BC) as selective estrogen receptor modulators and affect cholesterol homeostasis, drug transport, nuclear and cell receptors, and other signaling proteins. Using data from three highly overlapping sets of patients (N = 162 in total) with early-stage estrogen-receptor-positive luminal BC-high-coverage targeted DNA sequencing (113 genes), mRNA sequencing, and full micro-RNA (miRNA) transcriptome microarrays-we describe complex oxysterol-related interaction (correlation) networks, with validation in public datasets (n = 538) and 11 databases. The ESR1-CH25H-INSIG1-ABCA9 axis was the most prominent, interconnected through miR-125b-5p, miR-99a-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-143-3p, miR-199b-5p, miR-376a-3p, and miR-376c-3p. Mutations in SC5D, CYP46A1, and its functionally linked gene set were associated with multiple differentially expressed oxysterol-related genes. STARD5 was upregulated in patients with positive lymph node status. High expression of hsa-miR-19b-3p was weakly associated with poor survival. This is the first study of oxysterol-related genes in BC that combines DNA, mRNA, and miRNA multiomics with detailed clinical data. Future studies should provide links between intratumoral oxysterol signaling depicted here, circulating oxysterol levels, and therapy outcomes, enabling eventual clinical exploitation of present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Holý
- Third Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
- Toxicogenomics UnitNational Institute of Public HealthPragueCzech Republic
| | - Veronika Brynychová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
- Toxicogenomics UnitNational Institute of Public HealthPragueCzech Republic
| | - Karolína Šeborová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
- Toxicogenomics UnitNational Institute of Public HealthPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Haničinec
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
| | | | | | - David Vrána
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Novy JicinHospital Novy JicinCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Gatěk
- Department of SurgeryEUC Hospital Zlin and Tomas Bata University in ZlinCzech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kopečková
- Department of Oncology, Second Faculty of MedicineCharles University and Motol University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Marcela Mrhalová
- Department of Pathology, Second Faculty of MedicineCharles University and Motol University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Pavel Souček
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in PilsenCharles UniversityPilsenCzech Republic
- Toxicogenomics UnitNational Institute of Public HealthPragueCzech Republic
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Palma GBH, Kaur M. miRNA-128 and miRNA-223 regulate cholesterol-mediated drug resistance in breast cancer. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:743-764. [PMID: 37070323 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy worldwide and 70% of all breast cancer cases are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+). Endocrine therapy, Tamoxifen (TAM), is a popular treatment for ER+ breast cancer patients; however, despite its success in reducing breast cancer mortality, cancer drug resistance remains a significant challenge. A major contributor to this resistance is the dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis, where breast cancer cells have elevated cholesterol levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are master regulators of cholesterol-related and cancer drug resistance pathways, and their aberrant expression often confers resistance. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the roles of miRNA-128 and miRNA-223 in cholesterol-mediated TAM resistance. METHODS Three breast cancer cell lines were treated with a combination of 1 μM TAM and 10 μM of a cholesterol depleting agent (Acetyl Plumbagin: AP) following transfection with a miR-128 inhibitor or a miR-223 mimic. Cell viability and cholesterol levels were assessed using an MTT assay and fluorescence staining, respectively. In addition, expression levels of several genes and proteins involved in cancer drug resistance and cholesterol homeostasis were also assessed using RT-qPCR and western blotting. RESULTS The combination treatment with altered miRNA expression led to reduced cell viability due to a reduction in free cholesterol and lipid rafts in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and long-term estrogen-deprived cells (resistant breast cancer cells). Moreover, reduced miR-128 expression was favoured in all breast cancer cell lines as this alteration lowered the expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and transport, drug resistance, and cell signalling. CONCLUSIONS Investigating the gene expression profiles in different breast cancer cell lines was important to elucidate further the molecular mechanisms involved in miRNA-regulated cholesterol homeostasis and cancer drug resistance. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that miR-128 and miR-223 could be potential targets in reducing TAM resistance through the depletion of excess cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Meng Q, Ma M, Zhang W, Bi Y, Cheng P, Yu X, Fu Y, Chao Y, Ji T, Li J, Chen Q, Zhang Q, Li Y, Shan J, Bian H. The gut microbiota during the progression of atherosclerosis in the perimenopausal period shows specific compositional changes and significant correlations with circulating lipid metabolites. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-27. [PMID: 33691599 PMCID: PMC7954427 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1880220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is exacerbated in the perimenopausal period, which significantly increases the incidence rate of cardiovascular disease. The disruption of the gut microbiota has been associated with AS or menopause, but the specific changes of AS-associated gut microbiota in the perimenopausal period remain largely unknown. As lipid abnormalities are mainly responsible for AS, the relationship between lipid metabolism abnormalities and gut microbiota disruptions during menopause is rarely reported hitherto. In the present study, ApoE-/- mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) were subjected to ovariectomy and supplemented with estrogen. The ovariectomized HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice underwent significant AS damage, hepatic lipid damage, hyperlipidemia, and changes of lipid metabolism- and transport-related enzymes. There was significantly higher abundance of some lipid metabolites in the plasma of ovariectomized HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice than in non-ovariectomized ones, including cholesterol esters, triglycerides, phospholipids, and other types of lipids (free fatty acids, acylcarnitine, sphingomyelins, and ceramides). The administration of estrogen significantly reduced the contents of most lipid metabolites. The diversity and composition of gut microbiota evidently changed in ovariectomized HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice, compared to HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice without ovariectomy. In contrast, with estrogen supplementation, the diversity and composition of gut microbiota were restored to approach that of non-ovariectomized HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice, and the relative abundances of some bacteria were even like those of C57BL/6 mice fed with a normal diet. On the other hand, the transplantation of feces from C57BL/6 mice fed with normal diet to ovariectomized HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice was sufficient to correct the hyperlipidemia and AS damage, and to reverse the characteristics changing of lipid metabolomics in ovariectomized HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice. These phenomena were also been observed after transplantation of feces from estrogen-treated ovariectomized HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice to ovariectomized HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice. Moreover, the gut microbiota and lipid metabolites were significantly correlated, demonstrating that the changes of serum lipids may be associated with the gut microbiota disruptions in the perimenopausal period. In conclusion, the gut microbiota during the progression of AS in the perimenopausal period showed specific compositional changes and significant correlations with circulating lipid metabolites. Estrogen supplementation may exert beneficial effects on gut bacteria and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghua Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhui Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xichao Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,CONTACT Huimin Bian School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing320561, China; Jinjun Shan First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
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Zhang K, Qin X, Zhou X, Zhou J, Wen P, Chen S, Wu M, Wu Y, Zhuang J. Analysis of genes and underlying mechanisms involved in foam cells formation and atherosclerosis development. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10336. [PMID: 33240650 PMCID: PMC7678445 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foam cells (FCs) play crucial roles in the process of all stages of atherosclerosis. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages are the major sources of FCs. This study aimed to identify the common molecular mechanism in these two types of FCs. Methods GSE28829, GSE43292, GSE68021, and GSE54666 were included to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with FCs derived from SMCs and macrophages. Gene Ontology biological process (GO-BP) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed by using the DAVID database. The co-regulated genes associated with the two origins of FCs were validated (GSE9874), and their expression in vulnerable atherosclerosis plaques (GSE120521 and GSE41571) was assessed. Results A total of 432 genes associated with FCs derived from SMCs (SMC-FCs) and 81 genes associated with FCs derived from macrophages (M-FCs) were identified, and they were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, cell cycle/apoptosis. Furthermore, three co-regulated genes associated with FCs were identified: GLRX, RNF13, and ABCA1. These three common genes showed an increased tendency in unstable or ruptured plaques, although in some cases, no statistically significant difference was found. Conclusions DEGs related to FCs derived from SMCs and macrophages have contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of FCs and atherosclerosis. GLRX, RNF13, and ABCA1 might be potential targets for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianyu Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianwu Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianrong Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengju Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoxian Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yueheng Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Shin PK, Kim MS, Park SJ, Kwon DY, Kim MJ, Yang HJ, Kim SH, Kim K, Chun S, Lee HJ, Choi SW. A Traditional Korean Diet Alters the Expression of Circulating MicroRNAs Linked to Diabetes Mellitus in a Pilot Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092558. [PMID: 32846929 PMCID: PMC7551128 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Korean diet (K-diet) is considered to be healthy and circulating microRNAs (miRs) have been proposed as useful markers or targets in diet therapy. We, therefore, investigated the metabolic influence of the K-diet by evaluating the expression of plasma and salivary miRs. Ten women aged 50 to 60 years were divided into either a K-diet or control diet (a Westernized Korean diet) group. Subjects were housed in a metabolic unit-like condition during the two-week dietary intervention. Blood and saliva samples were collected before and after the intervention, and changes in circulating miRs were screened by an miR array and validated by individual RT-qPCRs. In the K-diet group, eight plasma miRs were down-regulated by array (p < 0.05), out of which two miRs linked to diabetes mellitus, hsa-miR26a-5p and hsa-miR126-3p, were validated (p < 0.05). Among five down-regulated salivary miRs, hsa-miR-92-3p and hsa-miR-122a-5p were validated, which are associated with diabetes mellitus, acute coronary syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In the control diet group, validated were down-regulated plasma hsa-miR-25-3p and salivary hsa-miR-31-5p, which are associated with diabetes mellitus, adipogenesis and obesity. The K-diet may influence the metabolic conditions associated with diabetes mellitus, as evidenced by changes in circulating miRs, putative biomarkers for K-diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil-Kyung Shin
- CHA Bio Complex, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (P.-K.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Myung Sunny Kim
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.S.K.); (D.Y.K.); (M.J.K.); (H.J.Y.); (S.-H.K.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Seon-Joo Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Dae Young Kwon
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.S.K.); (D.Y.K.); (M.J.K.); (H.J.Y.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.S.K.); (D.Y.K.); (M.J.K.); (H.J.Y.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Hye Jeong Yang
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.S.K.); (D.Y.K.); (M.J.K.); (H.J.Y.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Soon-Hee Kim
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.S.K.); (D.Y.K.); (M.J.K.); (H.J.Y.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - KyongChol Kim
- Department of Healthy Aging, GangNam Major Hospital, Seoul 06279, Korea;
| | - Sukyung Chun
- CHA Bio Complex, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (P.-K.S.); (S.C.)
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-J.L.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Sang-Woon Choi
- CHA Bio Complex, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea; (P.-K.S.); (S.C.)
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Correspondence: (H.-J.L.); (S.-W.C.)
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Abstract
Over sixty percent of all mammalian protein-coding genes are estimated to be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), and unsurprisingly miRNA dysregulation has been linked with cancer. Aberrant miRNA expression in cancer cells has been linked with tumourigenesis and drug resistance. In the past decade, increasing number of studies have demonstrated that cholesterol accumulation fuels tumour growth and contributes to drug resistance, therefore, miRNAs controlling cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis are obvious hypothetical targets for investigating their role in cholesterol-mediated drug resistance in cancer. In this review, we have collated published evidences to consolidate this hypothesis and have scrutinized it by utilizing computational tools to explore the role of miRNAs in cholesterol-mediated drug resistance in breast cancer cells. We found that hsa-miR-128 and hsa-miR-223 regulate genes mediating lipid signalling and cholesterol metabolism, cancer drug resistance and breast cancer genes. The analysis demonstrates that targeting these miRNAs in cancer cells presents an opportunity for developing new strategies to combat anticancer drug resistance.
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Zhou XJ, Wang J, Ye HH, Fa YZ. Signature MicroRNA expression profile is associated with lipid metabolism in African green monkey. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:55. [PMID: 30819205 PMCID: PMC6396449 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-human primates (NHPs) are important models of medical research on obesity and cardiovascular diseases. As two of the most commonly used NHPs, cynomolgus macaque (CM) and African green monkey (AGM) own different capacities in lipid metabolism of which the mechanism is unknown. This study investigated the expression profiles of lipid metabolism-related microRNAs (miRNAs) in CM and AGM and their possible roles in controlling lipid metabolism-related gene expression. Methods By small RNA deep sequencing, the plasma miRNA expression patterns of CM and AGM were compared. The lipid metabolism-related miRNAs were validated through quantitative reverse-transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Related-target genes were predicted by TargetScan and validated in Vero cells. Results Compared to CM, 85 miRNAs were upregulated with over 1.5-fold change in AGM of which 12 miRNAs were related to lipid metabolism. miR-122, miR-9, miR-185, miR-182 exhibited the greatest fold changes(fold changes are 51.2, 3.8, 3.7, 3.3 respectively; all P < 0.01). And 77 miRNAs were downregulated with over 1.5-fold change in AGM of which 3, miR-370, miR-26, miR-128 (fold changes are 9.3, 1.8, 1.7 respectively; all P < 0.05) were related to lipid metabolism. The lipid metabolism-related gene targets were predicted by TargetScan and confirmed in the Vero cells. Conclusion We report for the first time a circulating lipid metabolism-related miRNA profile for CM and AGM, which may add to knowledge of differences between these two non-human primate species and miRNAs’ roles in lipid metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-0999-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Hu Ye
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Zhi Fa
- Laboratory Animal Center, the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
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DiStefano JK. Angiopoietin-like 8 (ANGPTL8) expression is regulated by miR-143-3p in human hepatocytes. Gene 2019; 681:1-6. [PMID: 30261196 PMCID: PMC6330893 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) is associated with reduced HDL-cholesterol levels and may contribute to the development of dyslipidemia. Factors regulating ANGPTL8 expression remain poorly understood. Here we analyzed the relationship between miRNA-143-3p and ANGPTL8 in liver cells. Using target prediction algorithms, we identified a putative binding site for miR-143-3p in the ANGPTL8 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). Exogenous miR-143-3p interacted with the ANGPTL8 3'UTR to downregulate its expression compared to scrambled sequence control. Transfection of HepG2 cells with miR-143-3p mimic or siRNA resulted in decreased or increased ANGPTL8 transcript and protein levels, respectively. Treatment of HepG2 cells with 30 mM glucose, 100 nM insulin, or 75 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide to mimic hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, and proinflammatory conditions corresponded with increased miR-143-3p and ANGPTL8 levels. Inhibition of miR-143-3p amplified ANGPTL8 response to these treatments, suggesting that the miRNA acts to suppress ANGPTL8 expression under metabolically distorted conditions. These results, combined with growing evidence supporting a role for ANGPTL8 in the regulation of HDL-C metabolism, provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ANGPTL8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K DiStefano
- Diabetes and Fibrotic Disease Unit, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States of America.
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Roy S, Trautwein C, Luedde T, Roderburg C. A General Overview on Non-coding RNA-Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches for Liver Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:805. [PMID: 30158867 PMCID: PMC6104154 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases contribute to the global mortality and morbidity and still represent a major health problem leading to the death of people worldwide. Although there are several treatment options available for Hepatitis C infections, for most liver disease the pharmacological options are still limited. Therefore, the development of new targets against liver diseases is of high interest. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) such as microRNA (miRNA) or long ncRNA (lncRNA) have been shown to be deeply involved in the pathophysiology of almost all acute and chronic liver diseases. The emerging evidence showed the potential therapeutic use of miRNA associated with different steps of hepatic pathophysiology. In the present review, we summarize emerging insights of ncRNA in liver diseases. We also highlight example of ncRNAs participating in the pathogenesis of different forms of liver disease and how they can be used as potential therapeutic targets for novel treatment paradigms. Furthermore, we describe an overview of up-to-date clinical trials and discuss about its future in clinical applications. Finally, we highlight the role of circulating ncRNAs in diagnosis of liver diseases and discuss the challenges and drawbacks of the usage of ncRNAs in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Roy
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Maguire EM, Pearce SWA, Xiao Q. Foam cell formation: A new target for fighting atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 112:54-71. [PMID: 30115528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During atherosclerosis, the gradual accumulation of lipids into the subendothelial space of damaged arteries results in several lipid modification processes followed by macrophage uptake in the arterial wall. The way in which these modified lipoproteins are dealt with determines the likelihood of cholesterol accumulation within the monocyte-derived macrophage and thus its transformation into the foam cell that makes up the characteristic fatty streak observed in the early stages of atherosclerosis. The unique expression of chemokine receptors and cellular adhesion molecules expressed on the cell surface of monocytes points to a particular extravasation route that they can take to gain entry into atherosclerotic site, in order to undergo differentiation into the phagocytic macrophage. Indeed several GWAS and animal studies have identified key genes and proteins required for monocyte recruitment as well cholesterol handling involving lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification and cholesterol efflux. A re-examination of the previously accepted paradigm of macrophage foam cell origin has been called into question by recent studies demonstrating shared expression of scavenger receptors, cholesterol transporters and pro-inflammatory cytokine release by alternative cell types present in the neointima, namely; endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and stem/progenitor cells. Thus, therapeutic targets aimed at a more heterogeneous foam cell population with shared functions, such as enhanced protease activity, and signalling pathways, mediated by non-coding RNA molecules, may provide greater therapeutic outcome in patients. Finally, studies targeting each aspect of foam cell formation and death using both genetic knock down and pharmacological inhibition have provided researchers with a clearer understanding of the cellular processes at play, as well as helped researchers to identify key molecular targets, which may hold significant therapeutic potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithne M Maguire
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stuart W A Pearce
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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12
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Benil P, Lekshmi R, Viswanathan N, Jollykutty E, Rajakrishnan R, Thomas J, Alfarhan A. Combined efficacy of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek and Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson on serum lipids in albino rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:1249-1254. [PMID: 28855818 PMCID: PMC5562459 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a major killer disease throughout the world. Dyslipidemia is a major contributor to the risk of CAD. Several dietary articles traditionally used in India and other South Asian countries reduced dyslipidemia. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the combined effect of Mung bean (Vigna radiata) and Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) on serum lipids and atherogenic indices in albino rats and to compare it with a standard drug Cholestyramine. Thirty healthy albino rats of both sexes (150-200 g) were randomized to 5 groups of 6 animals each. The grouping were done based on the following criteria: Group I: Normal Control Group, Group II: (Standard Group): Cholestyramine resin 5 mg/kg bw, Group III: (Half Dose Group): Drug powder at 540 mg/kg bw, Group IV: (Effective Dose Group): Drug powder at 1080 mg/kg bw, and Group V: (Double Dose Group): Drug powder at 2160 mg/kg bw. Lipid profile was estimated at the beginning and after 30 days of treatment. The Effective and Double doses of the drug reduced Total cholesterol along with levels of Triglycerides, Low density lipoprotein and Very low density lipoprotein levels significantly (p < 0.01) along with a significant (p < 0.01) increase in high density lipoproteins (HDL) in rats. There was also significant (p < 0.01) improvement in atherogenic indices like Castelli Risk Index I, Non HDL C/HDL, Castelli risk Index II, TG/HDL, Atherogenic coefficient and Atherogenic Index of Plasma. The combination of powdered sprouted mung bean and yam powder have excellent lipid lowering potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.B. Benil
- Dept. of Agadatantra, Vaidyaratnam P.S Varier Ayurveda College, Edarikode P.O, Kottakkal, Kerala, India
| | - R. Lekshmi
- Dept. of Botany and Biotechnology, MSM College, Kayamkulam, Kerala, India
| | - N. Viswanathan
- Dept. of Dravyagunavijnan, Govt. Ayurveda College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - E. Jollykutty
- Dept. of Dravyagunavijnan, Govt. Ayurveda College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - R. Rajakrishnan
- Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Thomas
- Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A.H. Alfarhan
- Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Murillo AG, DiMarco DM, Fernandez ML. The Potential of Non-Provitamin A Carotenoids for the Prevention and Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5040042. [PMID: 27834813 PMCID: PMC5192422 DOI: 10.3390/biology5040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an obesity-associated spectrum of comorbidities defined by the presence of metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver. If left untreated, NAFLD can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is recognized as the most common liver disease in the United States, affecting around 30% of the population. Identification of dietary components capable of reducing or preventing NAFLD is therefore essential to battle this condition. Dietary carotenoids including astaxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin have been demonstrated to be potent antioxidants as well as to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. Many studies report the protective effect(s) of these carotenoids against different conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetic complications, age-related macular degeneration, and liver diseases. In this review, we will focus on the effects of these carotenoids in the prevention or reduction of NAFLD as seen in epidemiological observations and clinical trials, as well as the suggested mechanism of action derived from animal and cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gabriela Murillo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Diana M DiMarco
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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14
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Wei Y, Schober A. MicroRNA regulation of macrophages in human pathologies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3473-95. [PMID: 27137182 PMCID: PMC11108364 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in the innate immune system and contribute to a broad spectrum of pathologies, like in the defence against infectious agents, in inflammation resolution, and wound repair. In the past several years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play important roles in immune diseases by regulating macrophage functions. In this review, we will summarize the role of miRNAs in the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, in the classical and alternative activation of macrophages, and in the regulation of phagocytosis and apoptosis. Notably, miRNAs preferentially target genes related to the cellular cholesterol metabolism, which is of key importance for the inflammatory activation and phagocytic activity of macrophages. miRNAs functionally link various mechanisms involved in macrophage activation and contribute to initiation and resolution of inflammation. miRNAs represent promising diagnostic and therapeutic targets in different conditions, such as infectious diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wei
- Experimental Vascular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Schober
- Experimental Vascular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Yoon H, Flores LF, Kim J. MicroRNAs in brain cholesterol metabolism and their implications for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:2139-2147. [PMID: 27155217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is important for various neuronal functions in the brain. Brain has elaborate regulatory mechanisms to control cholesterol metabolism that are distinct from the mechanisms in periphery. Interestingly, dysregulation of the cholesterol metabolism is strongly associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs acting as post-transcriptional gene regulators. Recently, several microRNAs are demonstrated to be involved in regulating cholesterol metabolism in the brain. This article reviews the regulatory mechanisms of cellular cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. In addition, we discuss the role of microRNAs in brain cholesterol metabolism and their potential implications for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This article is part of a special issue entitled: MicroRNAs and lipid/energy metabolism and related diseases edited by Carlos Fernández-Hernando and Yajaira Suárez.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Yoon
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Luis F Flores
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.
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MIR494 reduces renal cancer cell survival coinciding with increased lipid droplets and mitochondrial changes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:33. [PMID: 26794413 PMCID: PMC4722626 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miRNAs can regulate cellular survival in various cancer cell types. Recent evidence implicates the formation of lipid droplets as a hallmark event during apoptotic cell death response. It is presently unknown whether MIR494, located at 14q32 which is deleted in renal cancers, reduces cell survival in renal cancer cells and if this process is accompanied by changes in the number of lipid droplets. Methods 769-P renal carcinoma cells were utilized for this study. Control or MIR494 mimic was expressed in these cells following which cell viability (via crystal violet) and apoptotic cell numbers (via Annexin V/PI staining) were assessed. By western blotting, MIR494 cellular responses were validated using MIR494 antagomir and Argonaute 2 siRNA. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed in MIR494-transfected 769-P cells to identify ultrastructural changes. LipidTOX green neutral lipid staining and cholesterol measurements were conducted to assess accumulation of lipids droplets and total cholesterol levels, respectively, in MIR494 expressing 769-P cells. Indirect immunofluorescence and western analyses were also performed to examine changes in mitochondria organization. Co-transfection of MIR494 mimic with siRNA targeting LC3B and ATG7 was conducted to assess their contribution to formation of lipid droplets in MIR494-expressing cells. Results MIR494 expression reduces viability of 769-P renal cancer cells; this was accompanied by increased cleaved PARP (an apoptotic marker) and LC3B protein. Further, expression of MIR494 increased LC3B mRNA levels and LC3B promoter activity (2.01-fold; 50 % increase). Interestingly, expression of MIR494 markedly increased multilamellar bodies and lipid droplets (by TEM and validated by LipidTOX immunostaining) while reducing total cholesterol levels. Via immunocytochemistry, we observed increased LC3B-associated endogenous punctae upon MIR494 expression. In contrast to ATG7 siRNA, knockdown of LC3B reduced the numbers of lipid droplets in MIR494-expressing cells. Our results also identified that MIR494 expression altered the organization of mitochondria which was accompanied by co-localization with LC3B punctae, decreased PINK1 protein, and altered Drp1 intracellular distribution. Conclusion Collectively, our findings indicate that MIR494 reduces cell survival in 769-P renal cancer cells which is accompanied by increased lipid droplet formation (which occurs in a LC3B-dependent manner) and mitochondrial changes.
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Interdependence of nutrient metabolism and the circadian clock system: Importance for metabolic health. Mol Metab 2016; 5:133-152. [PMID: 26977390 PMCID: PMC4770266 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While additional research is needed, a number of large epidemiological studies show an association between circadian disruption and metabolic disorders. Specifically, obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and other signs of metabolic syndrome all have been linked to circadian disruption in humans. Studies in other species support this association and generally reveal that feeding that is not in phase with the external light/dark cycle, as often occurs with night or rotating shift workers, is disadvantageous in terms of energy balance. As food is a strong driver of circadian rhythms in the periphery, understanding how nutrient metabolism drives clocks across the body is important for dissecting out why circadian misalignment may produce such metabolic effects. A number of circadian clock proteins as well as their accessory proteins (such as nuclear receptors) are highly sensitive to nutrient metabolism. Macronutrients and micronutrients can function as zeitgebers for the clock in a tissue-specific way and can thus impair synchrony between clocks across the body, or potentially restore synchrony in the case of circadian misalignment. Circadian nuclear receptors are particularly sensitive to nutrient metabolism and can alter tissue-specific rhythms in response to changes in the diet. Finally, SNPs in human clock genes appear to be correlated with diet-specific responses and along with chronotype eventually may provide valuable information from a clinical perspective on how to use diet and nutrition to treat metabolic disorders. SCOPE OF REVIEW This article presents a background of the circadian clock components and their interrelated metabolic and transcriptional feedback loops, followed by a review of some recent studies in humans and rodents that address the effects of nutrient metabolism on the circadian clock and vice versa. We focus on studies in which results suggest that nutrients provide an opportunity to restore or, alternatively, can destroy synchrony between peripheral clocks and the central pacemaker in the brain as well as between peripheral clocks themselves. In addition, we review several studies looking at clock gene SNPs in humans and the metabolic phenotypes or tendencies associated with particular clock gene mutations. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Targeted use of specific nutrients based on chronotype has the potential for immense clinical utility in the future. Macronutrients and micronutrients have the ability to function as zeitgebers for the clock by activating or modulating specific clock proteins or accessory proteins (such as nuclear receptors). Circadian clock control by nutrients can be tissue-specific. With a better understanding of the mechanisms that support nutrient-induced circadian control in specific tissues, human chronotype and SNP information might eventually be used to tailor nutritional regimens for metabolic disease treatment and thus be an important part of personalized medicine's future.
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Noncoding RNAs in Regulation of Cancer Metabolic Reprogramming. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 927:191-215. [PMID: 27376736 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1498-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the description of the Warburg effect 90 years ago, metabolic reprogramming has been gradually recognized as a major hallmark of cancer cells. Mounting evidence now indicates that cancer is a kind of metabolic disease, quite distinct from conventional perception. While metabolic alterations in cancer cells have been extensively observed in glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolisms, its underlying regulatory mechanisms are still poorly understood. Noncoding RNA, also known as the "dark matter in life," functions through various mechanisms at RNA level regulating different biological pathways. The last two decades have witnessed the booming of noncoding RNA study on microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), circular RNA (circRNA), PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), etc. In this chapter, we will discuss the regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs on cancer metabolism.
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Arora S, Patra SK, Saini R. HDL—A molecule with a multi-faceted role in coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 452:66-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Guillemot J, Asselin MC, Susan-Resiga D, Essalmani R, Seidah NG. Deferoxamine stimulates LDLR expression and LDL uptake in HepG2 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:600-8. [PMID: 26577249 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Iron overload contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and iron chelators are beneficial through their antioxidant properties. Hepatic iron loading increases cholesterol synthesis. Whether iron depletion could affect hepatic cholesterol metabolism is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effect of the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) on mRNA expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism and/or cholesterol uptake. Our results revealed that DFO increases LDL receptor (LDLR) mRNA levels in human hepatocyte-derived cell lines HepG2 and Huh7 cells, and in K562 cells. In HepG2 cells, we observed that DFO increases (i) LDLR-mRNA levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner, (ii) LDLR-protein levels; (iii) cell surface LDLR; and (iv) LDL uptake. In contrast, the mRNA levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, and the mRNA/protein levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin 9 were not modulated by DFO, suggesting that the LDLR regulation by DFO is not at the transcriptional or posttranslational levels. Since LDLR-mRNA was stabilized by DFO, a posttranscriptional mechanism is suggested for the DFO-mediated upregulation of LDLR. CONCLUSION DFO induced an increase in LDLR expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism resulting in an enhancement of LDL uptake in HepG2 cells, suggesting increased LDLR activity as one of the underlying causes of the hypocholesterolemic effect of iron reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Guillemot
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Asselin
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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