Co-Application of Eugenol and QX-314 Elicits the Prolonged Blockade of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Nociceptive Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons

Eugenol Suppresses Platelet Activation and Mitigates Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Humans and Murine Models

Platelets assume a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), emphasizing their significance in disease progression. Consequently, addressing CVDs necessitates a targeted approach focused on mitigating platelet activation. Eugenol, predominantly derived from clove oil, is recognized for its antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, rendering it a valuable medicinal agent. This investigation delves into the intricate mechanisms through which eugenol influences human platelets. At a low concentration of 2 μM, eugenol demonstrates inhibition of collagen and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation. Notably, thrombin and U46619 remain unaffected by eugenol. Its modulatory effects extend to ATP release, P-selectin expression, and intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i). Eugenol significantly inhibits various signaling cascades, including phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2)/protein kinase C (PKC), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)/thromboxane A2 (TxA2) formation induced by collagen. Eugenol selectively inhibited cPLA2/TxA2 phosphorylation induced by AA, not affecting p38 MAPK. In ADP-treated mice, eugenol reduced occluded lung vessels by platelet thrombi without extending bleeding time. In conclusion, eugenol exerts a potent inhibitory effect on platelet activation, achieved through the inhibition of the PLCγ2-PKC and cPLA2-TxA2 cascade, consequently suppressing platelet aggregation. These findings underscore the potential therapeutic applications of eugenol in CVDs.

Targeting cardiovascular risk factors with eugenol: an anti-inflammatory perspective

Inflammation is a multifaceted biological reaction to a wide range of stimuli, and it has been linked to the onset and progression of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Inflammatory markers found in the blood, including C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-6, and soluble adhesion molecules (like intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. These markers play a crucial role in understanding and assessing cardiovascular health. Due to this complicated relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular disease, anti-inflammatory agents of natural origin have been the subject of many preclinical and clinical studies in recent years. Eugenol is a natural phenolic compound found in clove oil, nutmeg oil, cinnamon oil, and bay leaf oil, as well as other essential oils. Eugenol has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in many forms of experimental inflammation. It may scavenge free radicals, which contribute to inflammation and tissue damage. Various studies also suggest that eugenol can limit the production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines. Animal models of arthritis, colitis, and lung damage, as well as human clinical studies, have shown that eugenol has phenomenal anti-inflammatory properties. These properties suggest that eugenol may be able to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Therapeutic activity of eugenol towards mitigation of anaemia and oxidative organ damage caused by Plasmodium berghei

The parasite responsible for causing malaria infection, Plasmodium, is known to exhibit resistance to a number of already available treatments. This has prompted the continue search for new antimalarial drugs ranging from medicinal plant parts to synthetic compounds. In lieu of this, the mitigative action of the bioactive compound, eugenol towards P. berghei-induced anaemia and oxidative organ damage was investigated following a demonstration of in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial effects. Mice were infected with chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. berghei and thereafter treated with eugenol at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) for seven days. The packed cell volume and redox sensitive biomarkers in the liver, brain and spleen were measured. Our result demonstrated that eugenol significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the P. berghei-associated anaemia at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW. In addition, the compound, at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW, significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated the P. berghei-induced organ damage. This evidently confirmed that eugenol plays an ameliorative role towards P. berghei-related pathological alterations. Hence, the study opens up a new therapeutic use of eugenol against plasmodium parasite.

Eugenol inhibits the biological activities of an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCC9 via targeting MIF

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a rampant cancer type in head and neck cancers with a poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate. Eugenol shows anticancer effect in a variety of cancers, but it has been rarely studied in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

OBJECTIVE

Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the role of Eugenol in OSCC and the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

After different concentrations of Eugenol (0, 200, 400 and 800 μM) treatment, the viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of OSCC cell line SCC9 was measured by CCK-8, colony formation, wound-healing and transwell assays, respectively. TUNEL staining was employed to detect the apoptosis. Western blotting was used to evaluate gene expression at protein level. Molecular docking was used to identify the target of Eugenol.

RESULTS

Eugenol decreased the proliferation, reduced the abilities of invasion and migration along with the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and MMP9 in SCC9 cells. On the contrary, the ratio of apoptotic cells was increased by Eugenol. In addition, Eugenol down-regulated B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression, but up-regulated BCL-2 associated X (Bax), cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) expression. Meanwhile, Eugenol exerted its effect on SCC9 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Eugenol could bind to macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), the expression of which was down-regulated after Eugenol treatment. Besides, overexpression of MIF reversed all the effects of Eugenol on OSCC cells.

CONCLUSION

In summary, Eugenol suppressed the malignant processes of OSCC cells by targeting MIF, which could guide the clinical application of Eugenol in OSCC.

Anticancer Properties of Eugenol: A Review

Conventional cancer treatments have shown several unfavourable adverse effects, as well as an increase in anticancer drug resistance, which worsens the impending cancer therapy. Thus, the emphasis is currently en route for natural products. There is currently great interest in the natural bioactive components from medicinal plants possessing anticancer characteristics. For example, clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) (Family Myrtaceae) is a highly prized spice that has been historically utilized as a food preservative and for diverse medical uses. It is reckoned amongst the valued sources of phenolics. It is indigenous to Indonesia but currently is cultivated in various places of the world. Among diverse active components, eugenol, the principal active component of S. aromaticum, has optimistic properties comprising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer actions. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a musky oil that is mainly obtained from clove. It has long been utilized all over the world as a result of its broad properties like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Eugenol continues to pique investigators’ interest because of its multidirectional activities, which suggests it could be used in medications to treat different ailments. Anticancer effects of eugenol are accomplished by various mechanisms like inducing cell death, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis on several cancer cell lines. Besides, eugenol might be utilized as an adjunct remedy for patients who are treated with conventional chemotherapy. This combination leads to a boosted effectiveness with decreased toxicity. The present review focuses on the anticancer properties of eugenol to treat several cancer types and their possible mechanisms.

Platinum nanoparticles-embedded raspberry-liked SiO2 for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of eugenol and methyleugenol

Based on platinum nanoparticle-embedded raspberry-liked SiO₂, a sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor was developed for simultaneous determination of eugenol (EU) and methyleugenol (MEU). Raspberry-liked SiO₂ (RL-SiO₂) was characterized with open pores on the surface, which can be used as a path for utilizing the inner space fully. So, platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) could be embedded in the inner and outer surface of RL-SiO₂. As a carrier, RL-SiO₂ not only avoided the agglomeration of the Pt NPs but also improved the catalytic performance. Therefore, the prepared Pt NPs@RL-SiO₂/GCE exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for simultaneous determination of EU and MEU; the linearity ranges were 0.50 ~ 60 μmol/L for EU at a working potential of 0.65 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode) and 0.50 ~ 50 μmol/L for MEU at a working potential of 1.10 V; the detection limits were 0.12 μmol/L and 0.16 μmol/L (S/N=3); and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 3.2% and 4.5%, respectively. In addition, Pt NPs@RL-SiO₂/GCE was successfully applied to the analysis of fish samples; the obtained recoveries were between 92.0 and 107%. Notably, the results conducted on samples were highly consistent with those obtained from high-performance liquid chromatography. It can be concluded that the study provided a simple method for simultaneous electrochemical determination of EU and MEU in fish samples. Schematic illustration of the preparation of RL-SiO2@Pt NPs/GCE for simultaneous determination of eugenol and methyleugenol in fish samples.

Biological Properties and Prospects for the Application of Eugenol-A Review

Eugenol is a phenolic aromatic compound obtained mainly from clove oil. Due to its known antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, it has long been used in various areas, such as cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacology. However, high concentrations can be toxic. A dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight is regarded as safe. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the activities and application of eugenol and its derivatives and recent research of these compounds. This review is based on information concerning eugenol characteristics and recent research from articles in PubMed. Eugenol remains of great interest to researchers, since its multidirectional action allows it to be a potential component of drugs and other products with therapeutic potential against a range of diseases.