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Prudinnik DS, Kussanova A, Vorobjev IA, Tikhonov A, Ataullakhanov FI, Barteneva NS. Deformability of Heterogeneous Red Blood Cells in Aging and Related Pathologies. Aging Dis 2025:AD.2024.0526. [PMID: 39012672 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is interrelated with changes in red blood cell parameters and functionality. In this article, we focus on red blood cells (RBCs) and provide a review of the known changes associated with the characterization of RBC deformability in aging and related pathologies. The biophysical parameters complement the commonly used biochemical parameters and may contribute to a better understanding of the aging process. The power of the deformability measurement approach is well established in clinical settings. Measuring RBCs' deformability has the advantage of relative simplicity, and it reflects the complex effects developing in erythrocytes during aging. However, aging and related pathological conditions also promote heterogeneity of RBC features and have a certain impact on the variance in erythrocyte cell properties. The possible applications of deformability as an early biophysical biomarker of pathological states are discussed, and modulating PIEZO1 as a therapeutic target is suggested. The changes in RBCs' shape can serve as a proxy for deformability evaluation, leveraging single-cell analysis with imaging flow cytometry and artificial intelligence algorithms. The characterization of biophysical parameters of RBCs is in progress in humans and will provide a better understanding of the complex dynamics of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Prudinnik
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigul Kussanova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ivan A Vorobjev
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexander Tikhonov
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Fazly I Ataullakhanov
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Natasha S Barteneva
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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Tuominen RK, Renko JM. Biomarkers of Parkinson's disease in perspective of early diagnosis and translation of neurotrophic therapies. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38973499 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopamine neurons and aberrant deposits of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain. The symptomatic treatment is started after the onset of motor manifestations in a late stage of the disease. Preclinical studies with neurotrophic factors (NTFs) show promising results of disease-modifying neuroprotective or even neurorestorative effects. Four NTFs have entered phase I-II clinical trials with inconclusive outcomes. This is not surprising because the preclinical evidence is from acute early-stage disease models, but the clinical trials included advanced PD patients. To conclude the value of NTF therapies, clinical studies should be performed in early-stage patients with prodromal symptoms, that is, before motor manifestations. In this review, we summarize currently available diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that could help identify at-risk patients benefiting from NTF therapies. Focus is on biochemical and imaging biomarkers, but also other modalities are discussed. Neuroimaging is the most important diagnostic tool today, but α-syn imaging is not yet viable. Modern techniques allow measuring various forms of α-syn in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, saliva, and skin. Digital biomarkers and artificial intelligence offer new means for early diagnosis and longitudinal follow-up of degenerative brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimo K Tuominen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho-Matti Renko
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Limanaqi F, Zecchini S, Ogno P, Artusa V, Fenizia C, Saulle I, Vanetti C, Garziano M, Strizzi S, Trabattoni D, Clerici M, Biasin M. Alpha-synuclein shapes monocyte and macrophage cell biology and functions by bridging alterations of autophagy and inflammatory pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1421360. [PMID: 39035028 PMCID: PMC11257978 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1421360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Abnormal spreading of alpha-synuclein (αS), a hallmark of Parkinson's disease, is known to promote peripheral inflammation, which occurs in part via functional alterations in monocytes/macrophages. However, underlying intracellular mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: Herein we investigate the subcellular, molecular, and functional effects of excess αS in human THP-1 monocytic cell line, THP-1-derived macrophages, and at least preliminarily, in primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In cells cultured w/wo recombinant αS (1 μM) for 4 h and 24 h, by Confocal microscopy, Western Blot, RT-qPCR, Elisa, and Flow Cytometry we assessed: i) αS internalization; ii) cytokine/chemokine expression/secretion, and C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) levels; iii) autophagy (LC3II/I, LAMP1/LysoTracker, p62, pS6/total S6); and iv) lipid droplets (LDs) accumulation, and cholesterol pathway gene expression. Transwell migration assay was employed to measure THP-1 cell migration/chemotaxis, while FITC-IgG-bead assay was used to analyze phagocytic capacity, and the fate of phagocytosed cargo in THP-1-derived macrophages. Results: Extracellular αS was internalized by THP-1 cells, THP-1-derived macrophages, and MDMs. In THP1 cells, αS induced a general pro-inflammatory profile and conditioned media from αS-exposed THP-1 cells potently attracted unstimulated cells. However, CCL2 secretion peaked at 4 h αS, consistent with early internalization of its receptor CCR2, while this was blunted at 24 h αS exposure, when CCR2 recycled back to the plasma membrane. Again, 4 h αS-exposed THP-1 cells showed increased spontaneous migration, while 24 h αS-exposed cells showed reduced chemotaxis. This occurred in the absence of cell toxicity and was associated with upregulation of autophagy/lysosomal markers, suggesting a pro-survival/tolerance mechanism against stress-related inflammation. Instead, in THP-1-derived macrophages, αS time-dependently potentiated the intracellular accumulation, and release of pro-inflammatory mediators. This was accompanied by mild toxicity, reduced autophagy-lysosomal markers, defective LDs formation, as well as impaired phagocytosis, and the appearance of stagnant lysosomes engulfed with phagocytosed cargo, suggesting a status of macrophage exhaustion reminiscent of hypophagia. Discussion: In summary, despite an apparently similar pro-inflammatory phenotype, monocytes and macrophages respond differently to intracellular αS accumulation in terms of cell survival, metabolism, and functions. Our results suggest that in periphery, αS exerts cell- and context-specific biological effects bridging alterations of autophagy, lipid dynamics, and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ogno
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Artusa
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Garziano
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Liu C, Su Y, Ma X, Wei Y, Qiao R. How close are we to a breakthrough? The hunt for blood biomarkers in Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2563-2576. [PMID: 38379501 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), being the second largest neurodegenerative disease, poses challenges in early detection, resulting in a lack of timely treatment options to effectively manage the disease. By the time clinical diagnosis becomes possible, more than 60% of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients have already degenerated. Therefore, early diagnosis or identification of warning signs is crucial for the prompt and timely beginning of the treatment. However, conducting invasive or complex diagnostic procedures on asymptomatic patients can be challenging, making routine blood tests a more feasible approach in such cases. Numerous studies have been conducted over an extended period to search for effective diagnostic biomarkers in blood samples. However, thus far, no highly effective biomarkers have been confirmed. Besides classical proteins like α-synuclein (α-syn), phosphorylated α-syn and oligomeric α-syn, other molecules involved in disease progression should also be given equal attention. In this review, we will not only discuss proposed biomarkers that are currently under investigation but also delve into the mechanisms underlying the disease, focusing on processes such as α-syn misfolding, intercellular transmission and the crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our aim is to provide an updated overview of molecules based on these processes that may potentially serve as blood biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Su
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wei
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Painous C, Fernández M, Pérez J, de Mena L, Cámara A, Compta Y. Fluid and tissue biomarkers in Parkinson's disease: Immunodetection or seed amplification? Central or peripheral? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 121:105968. [PMID: 38168618 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades there have been meaningful developments on biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, extensively (but not solely) focusing on their proteinopathic nature. Accordingly, in Alzheimer's disease determination of levels of total and phosphorylated tau (τ and p-τ, usually p-τ181) along with amyloid-beta1-42 (Aβ1-42) by immunodetection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and currently even in peripheral blood, have been widely accepted and introduced to routine diagnosis. In the case of Parkinson's disease, α-synuclein as a potential biomarker (both for diagnosis and progression tracking) has proved more elusive under the immunodetection approach. In recent years, the emergence of the so-called seed amplification assays is proving to be a game-changer, with mounting evidence under different technical approaches and using a variety of biofluids or tissues, yielding promising diagnostic accuracies. Currently the least invasive but at once more reliable source of biosamples and techniques are being sought. Here we overview these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Painous
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Fernández
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jesica Pérez
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lorena de Mena
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Cámara
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic i Universitari de Barcelona, Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders - Clinical and Experimental Research, IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències UBNeuro, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Nijakowski K, Owecki W, Jankowski J, Surdacka A. Salivary Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Cells 2024; 13:340. [PMID: 38391952 PMCID: PMC10887027 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease which manifests with motor features, such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. Using the non-invasive technique of saliva collection, we designed a systematic review to answer the question "Are salivary biomarkers reliable for the diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease?". Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 studies were included in this systematic review (according to the PRISMA statement guidelines). Mostly proteins were reported as potential biomarkers in saliva. Based on meta-analysis, in PD patients, salivary levels of total alpha-synuclein were significantly decreased, and those of oligomeric alpha-synuclein were significantly increased. Also, according to pooled AUC, heme oxygenase-1 demonstrated significant predictive value for saliva-based PD diagnosis. In conclusion, some potential biomarkers, especially alpha-synuclein, can be altered in the saliva of PD patients, which could be reliably useful for early diagnosis of this neurodegenerative disease differentiating other synucleopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Nijakowski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Owecki
- Student’s Scientific Group in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; (W.O.); (J.J.)
| | - Jakub Jankowski
- Student’s Scientific Group in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; (W.O.); (J.J.)
| | - Anna Surdacka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
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