1
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Minervini G, Panniello A, Dibenedetto CN, Madonia A, Fanizza E, Curri ML, Striccoli M. Exploring Carbon Dots: Green Nanomaterials for Unconventional Lasing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403653. [PMID: 39165080 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the progress toward lighting miniaturization is focused on luminescent nanomaterials. Among them, fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) are receiving increasing attention thanks to their astonishing optical properties complemented by their intrinsic biocompatibility and low toxicity. The CDs can be easily dispersed in water, organic solvents or incorporated in polymeric matrices, preserving their emission properties. However, the relationship between their structural and optical properties is still not fully elucidated, motivating a consistent research effort for the comprehension of their features. Nevertheless, CDs demonstrate to be efficient gain materials for lasing, thanks to their high quantum yield (QY), emission tunability in the visible and near infrared (NIR) range, short lifetimes, and high absorption cross section, even if the synthetic reproducibility, the low reaction yield and the spectral width of the emission may limit their effective exploitation. This review summarizes the latest advancements in the investigation of the characteristic properties of CDs that make laser action possible, illustrating optical geometries for lasing and random lasing, both in solution and solid state, and the few currently demonstrated breakthroughs. While the journey toward their effective application is still long, the potential of CD-based laser sources is promising in various technological fields and futuristic perspectives will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Minervini
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF), CNR, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF), CNR, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Madonia
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "E. Segré", University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, Palermo, 90123, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF), CNR, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Bari Research Unit, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF), CNR, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Bari Research Unit, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF), CNR, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Bari Research Unit, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
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2
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Roscigno G, Affinito A, Quintavalle C, Cillari R, Condorelli G, Cavallaro G, Mauro N. Ultrasmall Carbon Nanodots as Theranostic Nanoheaters for Precision Breast Cancer Phototherapy: Establishing the Translational Potential in Tumor-in-a-Dish Models. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:4269-4278. [PMID: 38916153 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the remarkable attributes of sulfur-doped carbon nanodots (CDs) synthesized in high yield and a narrow size distribution (4.8 nm). These CDs exhibit notable features, including potential bioelimination through renal clearance and efficient photothermal conversion in the near-infrared region with multicolor photoluminescence across the visible spectrum. Our research demonstrates high biocompatibility and effective near-infrared (NIR)-triggered photothermal toxicity when targeting mammospheres and patient-derived tumor organoids. Moreover, the study delves into the intricate cellular responses induced by CD-mediated hyperthermia. This involves efficient tumor mass death, activation of the p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and upregulation of genes associated with apoptosis, hypoxia, and autophagy. The interaction of CDs with mammospheres reveals their ability to penetrate the complex microenvironment, impeded at 4 °C, indicating an energy-dependent endocytosis mechanism. This observation underscores the CDs' potential for targeted drug delivery, particularly in anticancer therapeutics. This investigation contributes to understanding the multifunctional properties of sulfur-doped CDs and highlights their promising applications in cancer therapeutics. Utilizing 3-D tumor-in-a-dish patients' organoids enhances translational potential, providing a clinically relevant platform for assessing therapeutic efficacy in a context mirroring the physiological conditions of cancerous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Roscigno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
- Department of Biology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Cinthia 21, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - Alessandra Affinito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Cristina Quintavalle
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), CNR, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Roberta Cillari
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of "Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche" (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
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3
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Kayani KF, Rahim MK, Mohammed SJ, Ahmed HR, Mustafa MS, Aziz SB. Recent Progress in Folic Acid Detection Based on Fluorescent Carbon Dots as Sensors: A Review. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03728-3. [PMID: 38625574 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) is a water-soluble vitamin found in diverse natural sources and is crucial for preserving human health. The risk of health issues due to FA deficiency underscores the need for a straightforward and sensitive FA detection methodology. Carbon dots (CDs) have gained significant attention owing to their exceptional fluorescence performance, biocompatibility, and easy accessibility. Consequently, numerous research studies have concentrated on developing advanced CD fluorescent probes to enable swift and precise FA detection. Despite these efforts, there is still a requirement for a thorough overview of the efficient synthesis of CDs and their practical applications in FA detection to further promote the widespread use of CDs. This review paper focuses on the practical applications of CD sensors for FA detection. It begins with an in-depth introduction to FA and CDs. Following that, based on various synthetic approaches, the prepared CDs are classified into diverse detection methods, such as single sensing, visual detection, and electrochemical methods. Furthermore, persistent challenges and potential avenues are highlighted for future research to provide valuable insights into crafting effective CDs and detecting FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawan F Kayani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qliasan Street,, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, 46002, Iraq.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Charmo University, Chamchamal/Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, 46023, Iraq.
- Department of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Technical Institute, Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq.
| | - Mohammed K Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qliasan Street,, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, 46002, Iraq
| | - Sewara J Mohammed
- Anesthesia department, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Kurdistan Region, 46001, Iraq
- Research and Development Center, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq
| | - Harez Rashid Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qliasan Street,, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, 46002, Iraq
- College of Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq
| | - Muhammad S Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qliasan Street,, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, 46002, Iraq
| | - Shujahadeen B Aziz
- Research and Development Center, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaymaniyah, 46001, Iraq
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4
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Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Sousa DA, Berberan-Santos MN, Prata JV. Are "Carbon Dots" Always Carbon Dots? Evidence for their Supramolecular Nature from Structural and Dynamic Studies in Solution and in the Pure Solid. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302955. [PMID: 37943001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A model for the morphology (size, shape, and crystallinity) of carbon dots (CDs) in the solid state consistent with the observed photoluminescence in solution is proposed herein. Overwhelming evidence has been collected that links the data coming from solid-state analysis (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS)) to that of solution (pulsed-field gradient (PFG)-NMR spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA), and steady-state/time-resolved fluorescence), allowing the establishment of an overall structural model for CDs. According to this model, the so-called carbon dots, observed under HRTEM imaging, are in fact supramolecular organized structures dynamically assembled from small to medium-sized molecular species when the solvent is removed to give the solid form. In this way, the imaged nanoparticles (TEM/AFM) are not covalently bound entities formed during the synthetic process, but instead supramolecular entities formed by noncovalent interactions. These particles, if at all present in solution, have the form of loose associations of relatively small molecules. This study was conducted on CDs obtained from the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of a biomass waste (olive wet pomace).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário N Berberan-Santos
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José V Prata
- Department of Chemical Engineering Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
- CQ-VR-Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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6
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Madonia A, Minervini G, Terracina A, Pramanik A, Martorana V, Sciortino A, Carbonaro CM, Olla C, Sibillano T, Giannini C, Fanizza E, Curri ML, Panniello A, Messina F, Striccoli M. Dye-Derived Red-Emitting Carbon Dots for Lasing and Solid-State Lighting. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21274-21286. [PMID: 37870465 PMCID: PMC10655242 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are carbon-based nanoparticles renowned for their intense light-emitting capabilities covering the whole visible light range. Achieving carbon dots emitting in the red region with high efficiency is extremely relevant due to their huge potential in biological applications and in optoelectronics. Currently, photoluminescence in such an energy interval is often associated with polyheterocyclic molecular domains forming during the synthesis that, however, present low emission efficiency and issues in controlling the optical features. Here, we overcome these problems by solvothermally synthesizing carbon dots starting from Neutral Red, a common red-emitting dye, as a molecular precursor. As a result of the synthesis, such molecular fluorophore is incorporated into a carbonaceous core while retaining its original optical properties. The obtained nanoparticles are highly luminescent in the red region, with a quantum yield comparable to that of the starting dye. Most importantly, the nanoparticle carbogenic matrix protects the Neutral Red molecules from photobleaching under ultraviolet excitation while preventing aggregation-induced quenching, thus allowing solid-state emission. These advantages have been exploited to develop a fluorescence-based color conversion layer by fabricating polymer-based highly concentrated solid-state carbon dot nanocomposites. Finally, the dye-based carbon dots demonstrate both stable Fabry-Perot lasing and efficient random lasing emission in the red region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Madonia
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Gianluca Minervini
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
- Department
of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Angela Terracina
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Ashim Pramanik
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Martorana
- Institute
of Biophysics Palermo Division, Italian
National Research Council, Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Alice Sciortino
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
- ATeN
Center, Università degli Studi di
Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Olla
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - Teresa Sibillano
- CNR-IC
Institute of Crystallography, Italian National
Research Council, Bari 70122, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- CNR-IC
Institute of Crystallography, Italian National
Research Council, Bari 70122, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, University of Bari “Aldo
Moro”, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Maria L. Curri
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, University of Bari “Aldo
Moro”, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
- ATeN
Center, Università degli Studi di
Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
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7
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Arezki Y, Harmouch E, Delalande F, Rapp M, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Galli O, Cianférani S, Lebeau L, Pons F, Ronzani C. The interplay between lysosome, protein corona and biological effects of cationic carbon dots: Role of surface charge titratability. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123388. [PMID: 37683981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are nanoparticles (NPs) with potential applications in the biomedical field. When in contact with biological fluids, most NPs are covered by a protein corona. As well, upon cell entry, most NP are sequestered in the lysosome. However, the interplay between the lysosome, the protein corona and the biological effects of NPs is still poorly understood. In this context, we investigated the role of the lysosome in the toxicological responses evoked by four cationic CDs exhibiting protonatable or non-protonatable amine groups at their surface, and the associated changes in the CD protein corona. The four CDs accumulated in the lysosome and led to lysosomal swelling, loss lysosome integrity, cathepsin B activation, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and cell death by pyroptosis in a human macrophage model, but with a stronger effect for CDs with titratable amino groups. The protein corona formed around CDs in contact with serum partially dissociated under lysosomal conditions with subsequent protein rearrangement, as assessed by quantitative proteomic analysis. The residual protein corona still contained binding proteins, catalytic proteins, and proteins involved in the proteasome, glycolysis, or PI3k-Akt KEGG pathways, but with again a more pronounced effect for CDs with titratable amino groups. These results demonstrate an interplay between lysosome, protein corona and biological effects of cationic NPs in link with the titratability of NP surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Arezki
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Ezeddine Harmouch
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - François Delalande
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mickaël Rapp
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Christine Schaeffer-Reiss
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ophélie Galli
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc Lebeau
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Françoise Pons
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Carole Ronzani
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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8
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A/P Chowmasundaram Y, Tan TL, Nulit R, Jusoh M, Rashid SA. Recent developments, applications and challenges for carbon quantum dots as a photosynthesis enhancer in agriculture. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25093-25117. [PMID: 37622012 PMCID: PMC10445218 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01217d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the world's population is expanding, mankind may be faced with a huge dilemma in the future, which is food scarcity. The situation can be mitigated by employing sustainable cutting-edge agricultural methods to maintain the food supply chain. In recent years, carbon quantum dots (CQD), a member of the well-known carbon-based nanomaterials family, have given rise to a new generation of technologies that have the potential to revolutionise horticulture and agriculture research. CQD has drawn much attention from the research community in agriculture owing to their remarkable properties such as good photoluminescence behaviour, high biocompatibility, photo-induced electron transfer, low cost, and low toxicity. These unique properties have led CQD to become a promising material to increase plant growth and yield in the agriculture field. This review paper highlights the recent advances of CQD application in plant growth and photosynthesis rate at different concentrations, with a focus on CQD uptake and translocation, as well as electron transfer mechanism. The toxicity and biocompatibility studies of CQD, as well as industrial scale applications of CQD for agriculture are discussed. Finally, the current challenges of the present and future perspectives in this agriculture research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna A/P Chowmasundaram
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Tong Ling Tan
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rosimah Nulit
- Department of Biology, Faculty Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mashitah Jusoh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Suraya Abdul Rashid
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
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9
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Egorova M, Tomskaya A, Smagulova SA. Optical Properties of Carbon Dots Synthesized by the Hydrothermal Method. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114018. [PMID: 37297152 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the optical and structural properties of carbon dots (CDs) synthesized using a hydrothermal method were investigated. CDs were prepared from various precursors such as citric acid (CA), glucose, and birch bark soot. The SEM and AFM results show that the CDs are disc-shaped nanoparticles with dimensions of ~7 nm × 2 nm for CDs from CA, ~11 nm × 4 nm for CDs from glucose, and ~16 nm × 6 nm for CDs from soot. The TEM images of CDs from CA showed stripes with a distance of 0.34 nm between them. We assumed that the CDs synthesized from CA and glucose consisted of graphene nanoplates located perpendicular to the disc plane. The synthesized CDs contain oxygen (hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl) and nitrogen (amino, nitro) functional groups. CDs have strong absorption in the ultraviolet region in the range of 200-300 nm. All CDs synthesized from different precursors displayed bright luminescence in the blue-green region of the spectrum (420-565 nm). We found that the luminescence of CDs depended on the synthesis time and type of precursors. The results show that the radiative transitions of electrons occur from two levels with energies ~3.0 eV and ~2.6 eV, which are due to the presence of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marfa Egorova
- Institute of Physics and Technologies, North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Tomskaya
- Institute of Physics and Technologies, North-Eastern Federal University, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy of Nanomaterials, A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Phystech School of Electronics, Photonics and Molecular Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
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10
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Lagos KJ, García D, Cuadrado CF, de Souza LM, Mezzacappo NF, da Silva AP, Inada N, Bagnato V, Romero MP. Carbon dots: Types, preparation, and their boosted antibacterial activity by photoactivation. Current status and future perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1887. [PMID: 37100045 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) correspond to carbon-based materials (CBM) with sizes usually below 10 nm. These nanomaterials exhibit attractive properties such us low toxicity, good stability, and high conductivity, which have promoted their thorough study over the past two decades. The current review describes four types of CDs: carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon nanodots (CNDs), and carbonized polymers dots (CPDs), together with the state of the art of the main routes for their preparation, either by "top-down" or "bottom-up" approaches. Moreover, among the various usages of CDs within biomedicine, we have focused on their application as a novel class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, concretely, owing their photoactivation capability that triggers an enhanced antibacterial property. Our work presents the recent advances in this field addressing CDs, their composites and hybrids, applied as photosensitizers (PS), and photothermal agents (PA) within antibacterial strategies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and synchronic PDT/PTT. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects for the possible future development of large-scale preparation of CDs, and the potential for these nanomaterials to be employed in applications to combat other pathogens harmful to human health. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Lagos
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - David García
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Ana Paula da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
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11
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Azami M, Wei J, Valizadehderakhshan M, Jayapalan A, Ayodele OO, Nowlin K. Effect of Doping Heteroatoms on the Optical Behaviors and Radical Scavenging Properties of Carbon Nanodots. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:7360-7370. [PMID: 37113457 PMCID: PMC10123816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom doping is regarded as a promising method for controlling the optoelectronic properties of carbon nanodots (CNDs), notably their fluorescence and antioxidation activities. In this study, phosphorous (P) and boron (B) are doped at different quantities in the CNDs' structures to investigate their effects on the optical and antioxidation properties. Both the dopants can enhance light absorption and fluorescence, yet via different approaches. After doping, the UV-vis absorption of high P%-CNDs demonstrated a slight blue shift (348-345 nm), while the high B%-CNDs showed a minor red shift (348-351 nm), respectively. The fluorescence emission wavelength of doped CNDs changes marginally while the intensity increases significantly. Structural and composition characterizations show elevated levels of C=O on the surface of high P%-CND compared to low P%-CNDs. In B-doped CNDs, more NO3 - functional groups and O-C=O bonds and fewer C-C bonds form at the surface of high B%-CNDs compared to the low B%-CNDs. A radical scavenging study using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was carried out for all CNDs. It was found that the high B%-CNDs exhibited the highest scavenging capacity. The effects of the atomic properties of dopants and the resulting structures of CNDs, including atomic radius, electronegativity, and bond lengths with carbon, on the optoelectronic property and antioxidative reactions of CNDs are comprehensively discussed. It suggests that the effect of P-doping has a major impact on the carbogenic core structure of the CNDs, while the B-doping mainly impacts the surface functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Azami
- Department
of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN), University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Jianjun Wei
- Department
of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN), University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Mehrab Valizadehderakhshan
- Joint
School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN), North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Anitha Jayapalan
- Department
of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN), University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Olubunmi O Ayodele
- Department
of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN), University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Kyle Nowlin
- Department
of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN), University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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12
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Mohapatra D, Pratap R, Pandey V, Shreya S, Naik GG, Mandal SC, Otimenyin SO, Dubey PK, Parmar AS, Sahu AN. Bioengineered dual fluorescent carbon nano dots from Indian long pepper leaves for multifaceted environmental and health utilities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:52182-52208. [PMID: 36826772 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present the synthesis of Piper longum leaves-derived ethanolic carbon dots (PLECDs) using the most simplistic environmentally friendly solvothermal carbonization method. The PLECDs fluoresced pink color with maximum emission at 670 nm at 397 nm excitation. Additionally, the dried PLECDs dissolved in water showed green fluorescence with higher emission at 452 nm at 370 nm excitation. The UV spectra showed peaks in the UV region (271.25 nm and 320.79 nm) and a noticeable tail in the visible region, signifying the efficient synthesis of nano-sized carbon particles and the Mie scattering effect. Various functional groups (-OH, -N-H, -C-H, -C = C, -C-N, and -C-O) were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Its nanocrystalline property was revealed by the sharp peaks in the X-ray diffraction (XRD). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) photomicrograph displayed a roughly spherical structure with a mean size of 2.835 nm. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the elemental abundance of C, O, and N. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint of PLECDs showed an altered pattern than its precursor (Piper longum leaves ethanolic extract or PLLEE). The PLECDs sensed Cu2+ selectively with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.063 μM and 0.193 μM, respectively. It showed excellent cytotoxicity toward MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer), SiHa (human cervical carcinoma), and B16F10 (murine melanoma) cell lines with excellent in vitro bioimaging outcomes. It also has free radical scavenging activity. The PLECDs also showed outstanding bacterial biocompatibility, pH-dependent fluorescence stability, photostability, physicochemical stability, and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debadatta Mohapatra
- Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Pratap
- Department of Physics, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Singh Shreya
- Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Gopal Naik
- Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subhash C Mandal
- Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy Research Laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sunday O Otimenyin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Pawan K Dubey
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avanish S Parmar
- Department of Physics, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alakh N Sahu
- Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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13
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Lu T, Chen J, Zhang Q, Zhang M, Li Y, Qi Z. Surfactant-mediated mobility of carbon dots in saturated soil: comparison between anionic and cationic surfactants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37622-37633. [PMID: 36572776 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mobility, retention, and fate of carbon dots (CDs) is critical for the risk management of this emerging carbon material. However, the influences of surfactants on CDs' transport through subsurface media are still poorly understood. Herein, column experiments were conducted to explore the different influences of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), on the CDs' transport in water-saturated soil. In the Na+ background electrolyte, both surfactants facilitated the transport of CDs at pH 7.0. The trend stemmed from steric hindrance, a decline in the straining effect, and competitive deposition between CDs and surfactant molecules. Additionally, SDBS increased the electrostatic repulsion of CDs and soil. Interestingly, in the divalent cation background electrolytes (i.e., Ca2+ or Cu2+), SDBS suppressed CDs' mobility, whereas CTAB had the opposite effect. The transport-inhibited effect of SDBS was mainly due to anionic surfactant ion (DBS-) precipitation with metal cations and the formation of adsorbed SDBS-Cu2+/Ca2+-CDs complexes. The enhanced effect of CTAB resulted from the CTAB coating on soil grains, which suppressed the cation bridging between CDs and soil. Furthermore, the magnitude of the SDBS promotion effect was pH-dependent. Surprisingly, CTAB could inhibit CDs' mobility at pH 9.0, owing to the binding cationic surfactant's strong hydrophobicity effect on the soil surface. Moreover, the experimental breakthrough curves of CDs were well described using a two-site transport model. Overall, the observations obtained from this study shed light on the relative mobility of CDs with different surfactants in typical groundwater conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Lu
- College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiuyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ecology Institute of the Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Mengli Zhang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yanxiang Li
- The Testing Center of Shandong Bureau of China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhichong Qi
- College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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14
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Minervini G, Madonia A, Panniello A, Fanizza E, Curri ML, Striccoli M. One-Pot Synthesis of Dual Color-Emitting CDs: Numerical and Experimental Optimization towards White LEDs. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:374. [PMID: 36770335 PMCID: PMC9920914 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon Dots (CDs) are fluorescent carbon-based nanoparticles that have attracted increasing attention in recent years as environment-friendly and cost-effective fluorophores. An application that can benefit from CDs in a relatively short-term perspective is the fabrication of color-converting materials in phosphor-converted white LEDs (WLEDs). In this work we present a one-pot solvothermal synthesis of polymer-passivated CDs that show a dual emission band (in the green and in the red regions) upon blue light excitation. A purposely designed numerical approach enables evaluating how the spectroscopic properties of such CDs can be profitable for application in WLEDs emulating daylight characteristics. Subsequently, we fabricate nanocomposite coatings based on the dual color-emitting CDs via solution-based strategies, and we compare their color-converting properties with those of the simulated ones to finally accomplish white light emission. The combined numerical and experimental approach can find a general use to reduce the number of experimental trial-and-error steps required for optimization of CD optical properties for lighting application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Minervini
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonino Madonia
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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15
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Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity for Toluene Removal of CDs/TiO2 - Zeolite Y. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.17.4.16137.862-871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermally synthesized carbon nanodots (CDs) were impregnated on TiO2. The product (CDs/TiO2) was mechanically mixed with zeolite Y for application in toluene photocatalytic oxidation reaction under UV radiation. Material properties of the samples were investigated by different methods. Toluene vapor was chosen as a typical volatile organic compound to investigate the performance of CDs/TiO2 – zeolite Y photocatalyst when these technological parameters were changed: toluene concentration, gas flow rate, humidity and UV light intensity. In each reaction, only one parameter was changed and the remaining conditions were fixed. The toluene concentrations at the beginning and the end of each reaction were analyzed with the use of gas chromatography (GC). The results of different reaction conditions show the trends for toluene treatment of the CDs/TiO2 – zeolite Y catalyst, thereby providing specific explanations for these trends. The experiments also show that toluene removal is highest when the toluene concentration in the inlet gas is 314 ppmv, the flow rate is 3 L/h, the humidity is 60%, and the catalyst (CDs/TiO2 – zeolite Y composite with 70% zeolite in weight) is illuminated by 4 UV lamps. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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16
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Amal NM, Shiddiq M, Armynah B, Tahir D. High reactive oxygen species produced from fluorescence carbon dots for anticancer and photodynamic therapies: A review. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:2006-2017. [PMID: 36136299 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-photoluminescence carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized from various sources and various methods using two approaches, namely bottom up and top down, with emission-dependent excitation wavelength. Electronic transition from the higher-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) state to the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) state, surface defect states, wider excitation spectrum, higher quantum yield, efficient energy transfer, and element doping affected the fluorescence properties of CDs. Using 102 references listed in this review, the authors studied the relationship between fluorescence mechanism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and materials anticancer applications. We described how the radical atom or ROS work as anticancer therapy and PDT and described the chemical reaction of high-resolution fluorescence CDs. We summarized experimental techniques that are used for producing CDs and discussed their characteristics. Finally, conclusions and future prospects in this field are also discussed. The important characteristics of CD-based design for high ROS may usher in new prospects and challenges for high efficiency and stability of PDT and anticancer therapy. In conclusion, we have provided perspectives and challenges of the future development of CD s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhandis Shiddiq
- Research Center for Physics, Indonesia Institute of Sciences, Puspiptek, Banten, Indonesia
| | | | - Dahlang Tahir
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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17
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Podkolodnaya YA, Kokorina AA, Goryacheva IY. A Facile Approach to the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticle/Carbon Nanostructure Luminescent Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8469. [PMID: 36499966 PMCID: PMC9737401 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent carbon nanostructures (CNSs) have been intensively researched, but there is still no consensus on a fundamental understanding of their structure and properties that limits their potential applications. In this study, we developed a facile approach to the synthesis of luminescent composite SiO2 nanoparticles/CNSs by the targeted formation of a molecular fluorophore, as the significant luminescent component of CNSs, on the surface of a silica matrix during a one-stage hydrothermal synthesis. Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by reverse microemulsion and used as a matrix for luminescent composites. The as-prepared silica nanoparticles had a functional surface, a spherical shape, and a narrow size distribution of about 29 nm. One-stage hydrothermal treatment of citric acid and modified silica nanoparticles made it possible to directly form the luminescent composite. The optical properties of composites could be easily controlled by changing the hydrothermal reaction time and temperature. Thus, we successfully synthesized luminescent composites with an emission maximum of 450 nm, a quantum yield (QY) of 65 ± 4%, and an average size of ~26 nm. The synthesis of fluorophore doped composite, in contrast to CNSs, makes it possible to control the shape, size, and surface functionality of particles and allows for avoiding difficult and time-consuming fractionation steps.
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18
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Corti V, Bartolomei B, Mamone M, Gentile G, Prato M, Filippini G. Amine-Rich Carbon Dots as Novel Nano-Aminocatalytic Platforms in Organic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202200879. [PMID: 36632560 PMCID: PMC9826489 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel and effective metal-free catalytic systems, which can drive value-added organic transformations in environmentally benign solvents (for instance, water), is highly desirable. Moreover, these new catalysts need to be harmless, easy-to-prepare, and potentially recyclable. In this context, amine-rich carbon dots (CDs) have recently emerged as promising nano-catalytic platforms. These nitrogen-doped nanoparticles, which show dimensions smaller than 10 nm, generally consist of carbon cores that are surrounded by shells containing numerous amino groups. In recent years, organic chemists have used these surface amines to guide the design of several synthetic methodologies under mild operative conditions. This Concept highlights the recent advances in the synthesis of amine-rich carbon dots and their applications in organic catalysis, including forward-looking opportunities within this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Corti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Beatrice Bartolomei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Martina Mamone
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo de Miramón 19420014Donostia San SebastiánSpain
- Basque Fdn SciIkerbasque48013BilbaoSpain
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
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19
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Arezki Y, Delalande F, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Cianférani S, Rapp M, Lebeau L, Pons F, Ronzani C. Surface charge influences protein corona, cell uptake and biological effects of carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14695-14710. [PMID: 36168840 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03611h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are emerging nanoparticles (NPs) with tremendous applications, especially in the biomedical field. Herein is reported the first quantitative proteomic analysis of the protein corona formed on CDs with different surface charge properties. Four CDs were synthesized from citric acid and various amine group-containing passivation reagents, resulting in cationic NPs with increasing zeta (ζ)-potential and density of positive charges. After CD contact with serum, we show that protein corona identity is influenced by CD surface charge properties, which in turn impacts CD uptake and viability loss in macrophages. In particular, CDs with high ζ-potential (>+30 mV) and charge density (>2 μmol mg-1) are the most highly internalized, and their cell uptake is strongly correlated with a corona enriched in vitronectin, fibulin, fetuin, adiponectin and alpha-glycoprotein. On the contrary, CDs with a lower ζ-potential (+11 mV) and charge density (0.01 μmol mg-1) are poorly internalized, while having a corona with a very different protein signature characterized by a high abundance of apolipoproteins (APOA1, APOB and APOC), albumin and hemoglobin. These data illustrate how corona characterization may contribute to a better understanding of CD cellular fate and biological effects, and provide useful information for the development of CDs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Arezki
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - François Delalande
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Schaeffer-Reiss
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mickaël Rapp
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - Luc Lebeau
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - Françoise Pons
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - Carole Ronzani
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
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20
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Sousa DA, Ferreira LFV, Fedorov AA, do Rego AMB, Ferraria AM, Cruz AB, Berberan-Santos MN, Prata JV. Luminescent Carbon Dots from Wet Olive Pomace: Structural Insights, Photophysical Properties and Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196768. [PMID: 36235306 PMCID: PMC9573145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials endowed with significant luminescence have been synthesized for the first time from an abundant, highly localized waste, the wet pomace (WP), a semi-solid by-product of industrial olive oil production. Synthetic efforts were undertaken to outshine the photoluminescence (PL) of carbon nanoparticles through a systematic search of the best reaction conditions to convert the waste biomass, mainly consisting in holocellulose, lignin and proteins, into carbon dots (CDs) by hydrothermal carbonization processes. Blue-emitting CDs with high fluorescence quantum yields were obtained. Using a comprehensive set of spectroscopic tools (FTIR, Raman, XPS, and 1H/13C NMR) in combination with steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, a rational depiction of WP-CDs structures and their PL properties was reached. WP-CDs show the up-conversion of PL capabilities and negligible cytotoxicity against two mammalian cell lines (L929 and HeLa). Both properties are excellent indicators for their prospective application in biological imaging, biosensing, and dynamic therapies driven by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A. Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal
- CQ-VR-Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís F. V. Ferreira
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexander A. Fedorov
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. B. do Rego
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Ferraria
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adriana B. Cruz
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário N. Berberan-Santos
- BSIRG-iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José V. Prata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisbon, Portugal
- CQ-VR-Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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21
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Rizk M, Toubar S, Ramzy E, Helmy MI. Fluorescent carbon dots as selective nano probe for determination of diacerein in presence of co-formulated drugs. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 278:121388. [PMID: 35588607 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new and simple carbon dots (CDs) based fluorescent probe was introduced for selective determination of diacerein (DIA) in presence of two co-formulated drugs. This highly fluorescent sensor was constructed using chitosan as a carbon and nitrogen source by single step carbonization. The constructed probe is based on the inner filter effect (IFE), in which DIA serves as a strong absorber, influencing the excitation of the fluorescer (CDs). This overlap leads to quenching of CDs fluorescence upon increasing DIA concentration within the range of 2.5-17.5 µg/mL with mean % recovery reached to 99.7 ± 0.7. The performance of the constructed sensor had been validated according to the ICH guidelines and the results revealed that it is precise and accurate. Moreover, it has many advantages such as simplicity, saving time and good selectivity for the determination of DIA as a minor component in presence of co-formulated drugs in its tablet dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rizk
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, 11795 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safaa Toubar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, 11795 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad Ramzy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, 11795 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Marwa I Helmy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, 11795 Cairo, Egypt.
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22
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Terracina A, Armano A, Meloni M, Panniello A, Minervini G, Madonia A, Cannas M, Striccoli M, Malfatti L, Messina F. Photobleaching and Recovery Kinetics of a Palette of Carbon Nanodots Probed by In Situ Optical Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36038-36051. [PMID: 35895314 PMCID: PMC9376924 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a family of fluorescent nanoparticles displaying a wide range of interesting properties, which make them attractive for potential applications in different fields like bioimaging, photocatalysis, and many others. However, despite many years of dedicated studies, wide variations exist in the literature concerning the reported photostability of CDs, and even the photoluminescence mechanism is still unclear. Furthermore, an increasing number of recent studies have highlighted the photobleaching (PB) of CDs under intense UV or visible light beams. PB phenomena need to be fully addressed to optimize practical uses of CDs and can also provide information on the fundamental mechanism underlying their fluorescence. Moreover, the lack of systematic studies comparing several types of CDs displaying different fluorescence properties represents another gap in the literature. In this study, we explored the optical properties of a full palette of CDs displaying a range from blue to red emissions, synthesized using different routes and varying precursors. We investigated the photostability of different CDs by observing in situ their time-resolved fluorescence degradation or optical absorption changes under equivalent experimental conditions and laser irradiation. The results about different PB kinetics clearly indicate that even CDs showing comparable emission properties may exhibit radically different resistances to PB, suggesting systematic connections between the resistance to PB, the characteristic spectral range of emission, and CD quantum yields. To exploit the PB dynamics as a powerful tool to investigate CD photophysics, we also carried out dedicated experiments in a partial illumination geometry, allowing us to analyze the recovery of the fluorescence due to diffusion. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that the nature of the CD fluorescence cannot be solely ascribable to small optically active molecules free diffusing in solution, contributing to shed light on one of the most debated issues in the photophysics of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Terracina
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Armano
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuela Meloni
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology,
CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- CNR-IPCF-Bari
Division, c/o Chemistry Department, and Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Minervini
- CNR-IPCF-Bari
Division, c/o Chemistry Department, and Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department
of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonino Madonia
- CNR-IPCF-Bari
Division, c/o Chemistry Department, and Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Cannas
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- CNR-IPCF-Bari
Division, c/o Chemistry Department, and Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Malfatti
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology,
CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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23
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Farmand M, Jahanpeyma F, Gholaminejad A, Azimzadeh M, Malaei F, Shoaie N. Carbon nanostructures: a comprehensive review of potential applications and toxic effects. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:159. [PMID: 35814038 PMCID: PMC9259781 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no doubt that nanotechnology has revolutionized our life since the 1970s when it was first introduced. Nanomaterials have helped us to improve the current products and services we use. Among the different types of nanomaterials, the application of carbon-based nanomaterials in every aspect of our lives has rapidly grown over recent decades. This review discusses recent advances of those applications in distinct categories, including medical, industrial, and environmental applications. The first main section introduces nanomaterials, especially carbon-based nanomaterials. In the first section, we discussed medical applications, including medical biosensors, drug and gene delivery, cell and tissue labeling and imaging, tissue engineering, and the fight against bacterial and fungal infections. The next section discusses industrial applications, including agriculture, plastic, electronic, energy, and food industries. In addition, the environmental applications, including detection of air and water pollutions and removal of environmental pollutants, were vastly reviewed in the last section. In the conclusion section, we discussed challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farmand
- Department of Biology, Tehran University, PO Box: 14155-6619, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jahanpeyma
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alieh Gholaminejad
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 73461-81746, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 89195-999, Yazd, Iran
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 89195-999, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 8916188635, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Malaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Shoaie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Carbon dots on paper for determination of Cu2+ in sugar cane spirits samples for fluorescence digital image-based method. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Mokoloko LL, Forbes RP, Coville NJ. The Transformation of 0-D Carbon Dots into 1-, 2- and 3-D Carbon Allotropes: A Minireview. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2515. [PMID: 35893483 PMCID: PMC9330435 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) represent a relatively new type of carbon allotrope with a 0-D structure and with nanoparticle sizes < 10 nm. A large number of research articles have been published on the synthesis, characteristics, mechanisms and applications of this carbon allotrope. Many of these articles have also shown that CDs can be synthesized from “bottom-up” and “top-down” methods. The “top-down” methods are dominated by the breaking down of large carbon structures such as fullerene, graphene, carbon black and carbon nanotubes into the CDs. What is less known is that CDs also have the potential to be used as carbon substrates for the synthesis of larger carbon structures such as 1-D carbon nanotubes, 2-D or 3-D graphene-based nanosheets and 3-D porous carbon frameworks. Herein, we present a review of the synthesis strategies used to convert the 0-D carbons into these higher-dimensional carbons. The methods involve the use of catalysts or thermal procedures to generate the larger structures. The surface functional groups on the CDs, typically containing nitrogen and oxygen, appear to be important in the process of creating the larger carbon structures that typically are formed via the generation of covalent bonds. The CD building blocks can also ‘aggregate’ to form so called supra-CDs. The mechanism for the formation of the structures made from CDs, the physical properties of the CDs and their applications (for example in energy devices and as reagents for use in medicinal fields) will also be discussed. We hope that this review will serve to provide valuable insights into this area of CD research and a novel viewpoint on the exploration of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil J. Coville
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis and the Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; (L.L.M.); (R.P.F.)
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26
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Naik VM, Waghmare RD, Gore AH, Anbhule PV, Kolekar GB. Greenish‐Yellow Emitting Carbon Dots as ‘On‐Off‐On’ Fluorescent Probe for Selective Determination of Mercury (II) and Sulphide Ions. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav M. Naik
- P. E. S.'s Ravi S. Naik College of Arts and Science Farmagudi Ponda-Goa 403401
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry Shivaji University Kolhapur 416004, (MS India
| | - Ravindra D. Waghmare
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry Shivaji University Kolhapur 416004, (MS India
| | - Anil H. Gore
- Tarsadia Institute of Chemical Science Uka Tarsadia University Bardoli Gujarat India
| | - Prashant V. Anbhule
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry Shivaji University Kolhapur 416004, (MS India
| | - Govind B. Kolekar
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry Shivaji University Kolhapur 416004, (MS India
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27
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Chen J, Xie L, Zhang Q, Wei Q, Farooq U, Chen W, Miao R, Qi Z. `Anionic surfactant-assisted the transport of carbon dots through saturated soil and its variation with aqueous chemistry. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Podkolodnaya YA, Kokorina AA, Ponomaryova TS, Goryacheva OA, Drozd DD, Khitrov MS, Huang L, Yu Z, Tang D, Goryacheva IY. Luminescent Composite Carbon/SiO2 Structures: Synthesis and Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060392. [PMID: 35735539 PMCID: PMC9221055 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent carbon nanostructures (CNSs) have attracted great interest from the scientific community due to their photoluminescent properties, structural features, low toxicity, and a great variety of possible applications. Unfortunately, a few problems hinder their further development. These include the difficulties of separating a mixture of nanostructures after synthesis and the dependence of their properties on the environment and the aggregate state. The application of a silica matrix to obtain luminescent composite particles minimizes these problems and improves optical properties, reduces photoluminescence quenching, and leads to wider applications. We describe two methods for the formation of silica composites containing CNSs: inclusion of CNSs into silica particles and their grafting onto the silica surface. Moreover, we present approaches to the synthesis of multifunctional particles. They combine the unique properties of silica and fluorescent CNSs, as well as magnetic, photosensitizing, and luminescent properties via the combination of functional nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, quantum dots (QDs), and gold nanoclusters (AuNCs). Lastly, we discuss the advantages and challenges of these structures and their applications. The novelty of this review involves the detailed description of the approaches for the silica application as a matrix for the CNSs. This will support researchers in solving fundamental and applied problems of this type of carbon-based nanoobjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya A. Podkolodnaya
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (Y.A.P.); (T.S.P.); (O.A.G.); (D.D.D.); (M.S.K.); (I.Y.G.)
| | - Alina A. Kokorina
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (Y.A.P.); (T.S.P.); (O.A.G.); (D.D.D.); (M.S.K.); (I.Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(951)-8861027
| | - Tatiana S. Ponomaryova
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (Y.A.P.); (T.S.P.); (O.A.G.); (D.D.D.); (M.S.K.); (I.Y.G.)
| | - Olga A. Goryacheva
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (Y.A.P.); (T.S.P.); (O.A.G.); (D.D.D.); (M.S.K.); (I.Y.G.)
| | - Daniil D. Drozd
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (Y.A.P.); (T.S.P.); (O.A.G.); (D.D.D.); (M.S.K.); (I.Y.G.)
| | - Mikhail S. Khitrov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (Y.A.P.); (T.S.P.); (O.A.G.); (D.D.D.); (M.S.K.); (I.Y.G.)
| | - Lingting Huang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (L.H.); (Z.Y.); (D.T.)
| | - Zhichao Yu
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (L.H.); (Z.Y.); (D.T.)
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (L.H.); (Z.Y.); (D.T.)
| | - Irina Yu. Goryacheva
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Institute, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (Y.A.P.); (T.S.P.); (O.A.G.); (D.D.D.); (M.S.K.); (I.Y.G.)
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29
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Bartolomei B, Bogo A, Amato F, Ragazzon G, Prato M. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Reveals Molecular Species in Carbon Nanodot Samples Disclosing Flaws. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200038. [PMID: 35157359 PMCID: PMC9304307 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots are currently one of the hot topics in the nanomaterials world, due to their accessible synthesis and promising features. However, the purification of these materials is still a critical aspect, especially for syntheses involving molecular precursors. Indeed, the presence of unreacted species or small organic molecules formed during solvothermal treatments can affect the properties of the synthesized nanomaterials. To illustrate the extreme importance of this issue, we present two case studies in which insufficient purification results in misleading conclusions regarding the chiral and fluorescent properties of the investigated materials. Key to identify molecular species is the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, which proves to be an effective tool. Our work highlights the need to include nuclear magnetic resonance as a standard characterization technique for carbon-based nanomaterials, to minimize the risk of observing properties that arise from molecular species, rather than the target carbon nanodots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bartolomei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of Triestevia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Andrea Bogo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of Triestevia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Francesco Amato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of Triestevia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of Triestevia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires UMR7006University of Strasbourg, CNRS8 allée Gaspard Monge67000StrasbourgFrance
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of Triestevia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo de Miramón 19420014Donostia San SebastiánSpain
- Basque Fdn SciIkerbasque48013BilbaoSpain
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30
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Raji K, Thiyagarajan SK, Suresh R, Vadivel R, Palanivel D, Ramamurthy P. Neem seed derived green C-dots: A highly sensitive luminescent probe for aqueous Au3+ ions and nurtures green gold recovery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Xue Y, Liu C, Andrews G, Wang J, Ge Y. Recent advances in carbon quantum dots for virus detection, as well as inhibition and treatment of viral infection. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:15. [PMID: 35366117 PMCID: PMC8976173 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, carbon quantum dots (CQDs), as a novel class of carbon-based nanomaterials, have received increasing attention due to their distinct properties. CQDs are ultimately small nanoparticles with an average size below 10 nm, possessing high water solubility, alluring photoluminescence, photostability, excellent biocompatibility, low/none toxicity, environmental friendliness, and high sustainability, etc. In history, there are intermittent threats from viruses to humans, animals and plants worldwide, resulting in enormous crises and impacts on our life, environment, economy and society. Some recent studies have unveiled that certain types of CQDs exhibited high and potent antiviral activities against various viruses such as human coronavirus, arterivirus, norovirus and herpesvirus. Moreover, they have been successfully explored and developed for different virus detections including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This article exclusively overviews and discusses the recent progress of designing, synthesizing, modifying/functionalizing and developing CQDs towards effective virus detection as well as the inhibition and treatment of viral infection. Their mechanisms and applications against various pathogenic viruses are addressed. The latest outcomes for combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) utilizing CQDs are also highlighted. It can be envisaged that CQDs could further benefit the development of virus detectors and antiviral agents with added broad-spectrum activity and cost-effective production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Xue
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3HL, UK
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproductive, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gavin Andrews
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Jinyan Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yi Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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32
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Highly Photostable Carbon Dots from Citric Acid for Bioimaging. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072395. [PMID: 35407731 PMCID: PMC9000082 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioimaging supported by nanoparticles requires low cost, highly emissive and photostable systems with low cytotoxicity. Carbon dots (C-dots) offer a possible solution, even if controlling their properties is not always straightforward, not to mention their potentially simple synthesis and the fact that they do not exhibit long-term photostability in general. In the present work, we synthesized two C-dots starting from citric acid and tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (tris) or arginine methyl ester dihydrochloride. Cellular uptake and bioimaging were tested in vitro using murine neuroblastoma and ovine fibroblast cells. The C-dots are highly biocompatible, and after 24 h of incubation with the cells, 100% viability was still observed. Furthermore, the C-dots synthesized using tris have an average dimension of 2 nm, a quantum yield of 37%, high photostability and a zeta potential (ζ) around −12 mV. These properties favor cellular uptake without damaging cells and allow for very effective bioimaging.
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33
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Fluorescent Mechanism in Zero-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials: A Review. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:887-906. [PMID: 35303239 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have acquired growing interest from different areas over decades. Their fascinating property of tunable fluorescence by changing the excitation wavelength has attracted researchers worldwide. Understanding the mechanisms behind fluorescence is of great importance, as they help with the synthesis and applications, significantly when narrowed down to applications with color-tunable mechanisms. But, due to a lack of practical and theoretical information, the fluorescence mechanisms of CDs remain unknown, preventing the production of CDs with desired optical qualities. This review focuses on the PL mechanisms of carbon dots. The quantum confinement effect determined the carbon core, the surface and edge states determined by various surface defects and the connected functional/chemical groups on the surface/edges, the molecular state solely determined the fluorophores in the interior or surface of the CDs, and the Crosslink Enhanced Emission Effect are the currently confirmed PL mechanisms.
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34
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Otun KO, Amusat SO, Bello IT, Abdulsalam J, Ajiboye AT, Adeleke AA, Azeez SO. Recent advances in the synthesis of various analogues of MOF-based nanomaterials: A mini-review. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.120890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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35
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Bartolomei B, Bogo A, Amato F, Ragazzon G, Prato M. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Reveals Molecular Species in Carbon Nanodot Samples Disclosing Flaws. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bartolomei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences INSTM UdR Trieste University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Andrea Bogo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences INSTM UdR Trieste University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Francesco Amato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences INSTM UdR Trieste University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences INSTM UdR Trieste University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires UMR7006 University of Strasbourg, CNRS 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences INSTM UdR Trieste University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Paseo de Miramón 194 20014 Donostia San Sebastián Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci Ikerbasque 48013 Bilbao Spain
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36
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Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Sciortino A, Messina F, Cannas M, Popescu R, Gerthsen D, Buscarino G, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. Decagram-Scale Synthesis of Multicolor Carbon Nanodots: Self-Tracking Nanoheaters with Inherent and Selective Anticancer Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2551-2563. [PMID: 34985246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CDs) are a new class of carbon-based nanoparticles endowed with photoluminescence, high specific surface area, and good photothermal conversion, which have spearheaded many breakthroughs in medicine, especially in drug delivery and cancer theranostics. However, the tight control of their structural, optical, and biological properties and the synthesis scale-up have been very difficult so far. Here, we report for the first time an efficient protocol for the one-step synthesis of decagram-scale quantities of N,S-doped CDs with a narrow size distribution, along with a single nanostructure multicolor emission, high near-infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion efficiency, and selective reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cancer cells. This allows achieving targeted and multimodal cytotoxic effects (i.e., photothermal and oxidative stresses) in cancer cells by applying biocompatible NIR laser sources that can be remotely controlled under the guidance of fluorescence imaging. Hence, our findings open up a range of possibilities for real-world biomedical applications, among which is cancer theranostics. In this work, indocyanine green is used as a bidentate SOx donor which has the ability to tune surface groups and emission bands of CDs obtained by solvothermal decomposition of citric acid and urea in N,N-dimethylformamide. The co-doping implies various surface states providing transitions in the visible region, thus eliciting a tunable multicolor emission from blue to red and excellent photothermal efficiency in the NIR region useful in bioimaging applications and image-guided anticancer phototherapy. The fluorescence self-tracking capability of SOx-CDs reveals that they can enter cancer cells more quickly than healthy cell lines and undergo a different intracellular fate after cell internalization. This could explain why sulfur doping entails pro-oxidative activities by triggering more ROS generation in cancer cells when compared to healthy cell lines. We also find that oxidative stress can be locally enhanced under the effects of a NIR laser at moderate power density (2.5 W cm-2). Overall, these findings suggest that SOx-CDs are endowed with inherent drug-independent cytotoxic effects toward cancer cells, which would be selectively enhanced by external NIR light irradiation and helpful in precision anticancer approaches. Also, this work opens a debate on the role of CD surface engineering in determining nanotoxicity as a function of cell metabolism, thus allowing a rational design of next-generation nanomaterials with targeted anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Sciortino
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) "E. Segrè", University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) "E. Segrè", University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- ATeNCenter, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze─Ed. 18/A, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Cannas
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) "E. Segrè", University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Radian Popescu
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology|KIT, Finanzmanagement Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology|KIT, Finanzmanagement Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gianpiero Buscarino
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) "E. Segrè", University of Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- ATeNCenter, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze─Ed. 18/A, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- ATeNCenter, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze─Ed. 18/A, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Laboratory of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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37
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Laine RM. Unconventional Conjugation in macromonomers and polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10596-10618. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03968k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple reviews have been written concerning conjugated macromonomers and polymers both as general descriptions and for specific applications. In most examples, conjugation occurs via elec-tronic communication via continuous overlap of...
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Laddha H, Yadav P, Jain Y, Sharma M, Reza M, Agarwal M, Gupta R. One-pot microwave-assisted synthesis of blue emissive multifunctional N-S-P co-doped carbon dots as a nanoprobe for sequential detection of Cr(VI) and ascorbic acid in real samples, fluorescent ink and logic gate operation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mohapatra D, Pratap R, Pandey V, Dubey PK, Agrawal AK, Parmar AS, Sahu AN. Tinospora cordifolia Leaves Derived Carbon dots for Cancer Cell Bioimaging, Free radical Scavenging, and Fe 3+ Sensing Applications. J Fluoresc 2021; 32:275-292. [PMID: 34773523 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the fabrication of Tinospora cordifolia leaves-derived carbon dots (TCLCDs) from aqueous extract of leaves as carbon source via simple, environmentally friendly, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technique. The synthesized TCLCDs were characterized for their physicochemical properties and further explored for in-vitro cancer cell bioimaging, radical scavenging, and metal ion sensing. The synthesized TCLCDs showed excitation-dependent emission property with maximum emission at 435 nm under the excitation of 350 nm. The High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) results revealed a roughly spherical shape with an average diameter of 5.47 nm. The diffused ring pattern of Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) and halo diffraction pattern of X-ray diffraction (XRD) disclosed their amorphous nature. The Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed the existence of C, N, and O. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of -OH, -NH, -CN, and -CH groups. The TCLCDs showed excellent cellular biocompatibility with dose-dependent bioimaging results in melanoma (B16F10) and cervical cancer (SiHa) cell lines. Also, they exhibited excellent scavenging of free radicals with an IC50 value of 0.524 mg/mL & selective Fe3+ ion sensing with a detection limit of 0.414 µM. Further, they exerted excellent bacterial biocompatibility, photostability, and thermal stability. The overall results reflected their potential for in-vitro cancer cell bioimaging, free radical scavenging, and selective Fe3+ ion sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debadatta Mohapatra
- Phytomedicine Research Lab., Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ravi Pratap
- Department of Physics, IIT (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Centre for Genetics Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Pawan K Dubey
- Centre for Genetics Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ashish K Agrawal
- Phytomedicine Research Lab., Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Avanish S Parmar
- Department of Physics, IIT (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Alakh N Sahu
- Phytomedicine Research Lab., Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Wareing TC, Gentile P, Phan AN. Biomass-Based Carbon Dots: Current Development and Future Perspectives. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15471-15501. [PMID: 34559522 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots have been considered as a solution to the challenges that semiconductor quantum dots have encountered because they are more biocompatible and can be synthesized from abundant and nontoxic materials such as biomass. This review will highlight the advantages of these biomass-based carbon dots in terms of synthesis, properties, and applications in the biomedical field. Furthermore, future applications especially in the biomedical field of biomass-based carbon dots as well as the challenges of semiconductor quantum dots such as biocompatibility, photobleaching, environmental challenges, toxicity, and poor solubility will be discussed in detail. Biomass-derived quantum dots, a subsection of carbon dots that are the most desirable for future research, will be focused upon including from synthesis to applications. Finally, the future development of biomass derived quantum dots in the biomedical field will be discussed and evaluated to unlock the potential for their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Wareing
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anh N Phan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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41
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Sciortino A, Ferrante F, Gonçalves G, Tobias G, Popescu R, Gerthsen D, Mauro N, Giammona G, Buscarino G, Gelardi FM, Agnello S, Cannas M, Duca D, Messina F. Ultrafast Interface Charge Separation in Carbon Nanodot-Nanotube Hybrids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49232-49241. [PMID: 34609127 PMCID: PMC8532113 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are an emerging family of zero-dimensional nanocarbons behaving as tunable light harvesters and photoactivated charge donors. Coupling them to carbon nanotubes, which are well-known electron acceptors with excellent charge transport capabilities, is very promising for several applications. Here, we first devised a route to achieve the stable electrostatic binding of carbon dots to multi- or single-walled carbon nanotubes, as confirmed by several experimental observations. The photoluminescence of carbon dots is strongly quenched when they contact either semiconductive or conductive nanotubes, indicating a strong electronic coupling to both. Theoretical simulations predict a favorable energy level alignment within these complexes, suggesting a photoinduced electron transfer from dots to nanotubes, which is a process of high functional interest. Femtosecond transient absorption confirms indeed an ultrafast (<100 fs) electron transfer independent of nanotubes being conductive or semiconductive in nature, followed by a much slower back electron transfer (≈60 ps) from the nanotube to the carbon dots. The high degree of charge separation and delocalization achieved in these nanohybrids entails significant photocatalytic properties, as we demonstrate by the reduction of silver ions in solution. The results are very promising in view of using these "all-carbon" nanohybrids as efficient light harvesters for applications in artificial photocatalysis and photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sciortino
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrante
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Gil Gonçalves
- TEMA,
Mechanical Engineering Department, University
of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gerard Tobias
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
| | - Radian Popescu
- Laboratory
for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Engesserstrasse
7, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratory
for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Engesserstrasse
7, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Buscarino
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
- CHAB—ATeN
Center, Università degli studi di
Palermo, Viale delle
scienze, Edificio 18, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Franco M. Gelardi
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Simonpietro Agnello
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
- CHAB—ATeN
Center, Università degli studi di
Palermo, Viale delle
scienze, Edificio 18, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Marco Cannas
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Dario Duca
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
- CHAB—ATeN
Center, Università degli studi di
Palermo, Viale delle
scienze, Edificio 18, Palermo 90128, Italy
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42
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Mansuriya BD, Altintas Z. Carbon Dots: Classification, Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Health Care-An Updated Review (2018-2021). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2525. [PMID: 34684966 PMCID: PMC8541690 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are usually smaller than 10 nm in size, and are meticulously formulated and recently introduced nanomaterials, among the other types of carbon-based nanomaterials. They have gained significant attention and an incredible interest in the field of nanotechnology and biomedical science, which is merely due to their considerable and exclusive attributes; including their enhanced electron transferability, photobleaching and photo-blinking effects, high photoluminescent quantum yield, fluorescence property, resistance to photo-decomposition, increased electrocatalytic activity, good aqueous solubility, excellent biocompatibility, long-term chemical stability, cost-effectiveness, negligible toxicity, and acquaintance of large effective surface area-to-volume ratio. CDs can be readily functionalized owing to the abundant functional groups on their surfaces, and they also exhibit remarkable sensing features such as specific, selective, and multiplex detectability. In addition, the physico-chemical characteristics of CDs can be easily tunable based on their intended usage or application. In this comprehensive review article, we mainly discuss the classification of CDs, their ideal properties, their general synthesis approaches, and primary characterization techniques. More importantly, we update the readers about the recent trends of CDs in health care applications (viz., their substantial and prominent role in the area of electrochemical and optical biosensing, bioimaging, drug/gene delivery, as well as in photodynamic/photothermal therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
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Khayal A, Dawane V, Amin MA, Tirth V, Yadav VK, Algahtani A, Khan SH, Islam S, Yadav KK, Jeon BH. Advances in the Methods for the Synthesis of Carbon Dots and Their Emerging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3190. [PMID: 34578091 PMCID: PMC8469539 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutting-edge technologies are making inroads into new areas and this remarkable progress has been successfully influenced by the tiny level engineering of carbon dots technology, their synthesis advancement and impressive applications in the field of allied sciences. The advances of science and its conjugation with interdisciplinary fields emerged in carbon dots making, their controlled characterization and applications into faster, cheaper as well as more reliable products in various scientific domains. Thus, a new era in nanotechnology has developed into carbon dots technology. The understanding of the generation process, control on making processes and selected applications of carbon dots such as energy storage, environmental monitoring, catalysis, contaminates detections and complex environmental forensics, drug delivery, drug targeting and other biomedical applications, etc., are among the most promising applications of carbon dots and thus it is a prominent area of research today. In this regard, various types of carbon dot nanomaterials such as oxides, their composites and conjugations, etc., have been garnering significant attention due to their remarkable potential in this prominent area of energy, the environment and technology. Thus, the present paper highlights the role and importance of carbon dots, recent advancements in their synthesis methods, properties and emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areeba Khayal
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
| | - Vinars Dawane
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India;
| | - Mohammed A. Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Vineet Tirth
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia or (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University Guraiger, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Algahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia or (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University Guraiger, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samreen Heena Khan
- Centre of Research and Development, YNC ENVIS PRIVATE LIMITED, New Delhi 110059, India;
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad 462044, India;
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Rizk M, Ramzy E, Ghany NA, Toubar S, Helmy MI. Microanalysis of Two Members of Oxicam Drugs by Quenching the Fluorescence of Newly Isolated Carbonaceous Materials From Incense Ash. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1525-1535. [PMID: 34313880 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
For the first time ever, useful fluorescent (FL) carbonaceous materials (CMTS) were isolated from incense ash using facile procedure on two steps; dispersion of the CMTS in water followed by filtration. The CMTS were characterized using the following techniques; dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The CMTS exhibit excitation wavelength dependent fluorescence emission, so it can be used as a FL probe. The FL probe was employed for sensing and quantitative determination of two members of oxicam family (tenoxicam (TEN) and meloxicam (MEL)) that belongs to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The method is based on the quenching of the FL intensity of the isolated CMTS by inner filter effect mechanism (IFE). The FL intensity decreases in linear relationship with increasing the concentrations of the two cited drugs within the range of 4.0 - 30.0 µg/mL with mean percentage recoveries of 100.04 ± 0.95 and 100.07 ± 1.06 with detection limits of 1.31 µg/mL and 1.06 µg/mL for TEN and MEL, respectively. Finally, the developed sensing system was validated as per ICH guidelines and it was proved to be accurate and precise and applied successfully for quantitative determination of the two cited drugs in their capsule dosage forms with excellent percentage recoveries reaching to 97.66 ± 0.39and 98.19 ± 1.12 for TEN and MEL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rizk
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, EinHelwanCairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Emad Ramzy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, EinHelwanCairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Nabil Abdel Ghany
- Electrochemistry and Corrosion Lab, Physical Chemistry Dept, National Research Centre, DokkiCairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Safaa Toubar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, EinHelwanCairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Marwa I Helmy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, EinHelwanCairo, 11795, Egypt.
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Gavalas S, Kelarakis A. Towards Red Emissive Systems Based on Carbon Dots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2089. [PMID: 34443920 PMCID: PMC8400426 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (C-dots) represent an emerging class of nontoxic nanoemitters that show excitation wavelength-dependent photoluminescence (PL) with high quantum yield (QY) and minimal photobleaching. The vast majority of studies focus on C-dots that exhibit the strongest PL emissions in the blue/green region of the spectrum, while longer wavelength emissions are ideal for applications such as bioimaging, photothermal and photodynamic therapy and light-emitting diodes. Effective strategies to modulate the PL emission of C-dot-based systems towards the red end of the spectrum rely on extensive conjugation of sp2 domains, heteroatom doping, solvatochromism, surface functionalization and passivation. Those approaches are systematically presented in this review, while emphasis is given on important applications of red-emissive suspensions, nanopowders and polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonios Kelarakis
- UCLan Research Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
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Abstract
Graphene quantum dots, carbon nanomaterials with excellent fluorescence characteristics, are advantageous for use in biological systems owing to their small size, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility. We used the hydrothermal method to prepare functional N-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from 1,3,6-trinitropyrene and analyzed their ability to fluorescently stain various bacteria. Our results showed that N-CQDs stain the cell septa and membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonellaenteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. The optimal concentration of N-CQDs was approximately 500 ppm for Gram-negative bacteria and 1000 ppm for Gram-positive bacteria, and the exposure times varied with bacteria. N-Doped carbon quantum dots have better light stability and higher photobleaching resistance than the commercially available FM4-64. When excited at two different wavelengths, N-CQDs can emit light of both red and green wavelengths, making them ideal for bioimaging. They can also specifically stain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell membranes. We developed an inexpensive, relatively easy, and bio-friendly method to synthesize an N-CQD composite. Additionally, they can serve as a universal bacterial membrane-staining dye, with better photobleaching resistance than commercial dyes.
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Carbon Nanodots as a Potential Transport Layer for Boosting Performance of All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals-Based Photodetector. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11060717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost and simple drop-casting method was used to fabricate a carbon nanodot (C-dot)/all-inorganic perovskite (CsPbBr3) nanosheet bilayer heterojunction photodetector on a SiO2/Si substrate. The C-dot/perovskite bilayer heterojunction photodetector shows a high performance with a responsivity (R) of 1.09 A/W, almost five times higher than that of a CsPbBr3-based photodetector (0.21 A/W). In addition, the hybrid photodetector exhibits a fast response speed of 1.318/1.342 µs and a highly stable photocurrent of 6.97 µA at 10 V bias voltage. These figures of merits are comparable with, or much better than, most reported perovskite heterojunction photodetectors. UV–Vis absorption and photoluminescent spectra measurements reveal that the C-dot/perovskite bilayer heterojunction has a band gap similar to the pure perovskite layer, confirming that the absorption and emission in the bilayer heterojunction is dominated by the top layer of the perovskite. Moreover, the emission intensity of the C-dot/perovskite bilayer heterojunction is less than that of the pure perovskite layer, indicating that a significant number of charges were extracted by the C-dot layer. The studied band alignment of the C-dots and perovskites in the dark and under emission reveals that the photodetector has a highly efficient charge separation mechanism at the C-dot/perovskite interface, where the recombination rate between photogenerated electrons and holes is significantly reduced. This highly efficient charge separation mechanism is the main reason behind the enhanced performance of the C-dot/perovskite bilayer heterojunction photodetector.
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48
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Mauro N, Utzeri MA, Varvarà P, Cavallaro G. Functionalization of Metal and Carbon Nanoparticles with Potential in Cancer Theranostics. Molecules 2021; 26:3085. [PMID: 34064173 PMCID: PMC8196792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer theranostics is a new concept of medical approach that attempts to combine in a unique nanoplatform diagnosis, monitoring and therapy so as to provide eradication of a solid tumor in a non-invasive fashion. There are many available solutions to tackle cancer using theranostic agents such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) under the guidance of imaging techniques (e.g., magnetic resonance-MRI, photoacoustic-PA or computed tomography-CT imaging). Additionally, there are several potential theranostic nanoplatforms able to combine diagnosis and therapy at once, such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs), graphene oxide (GO), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and carbon nanodots (CDs). Currently, surface functionalization of these nanoplatforms is an extremely useful protocol for effectively tuning their structures, interface features and physicochemical properties. This approach is much more reliable and amenable to fine adjustment, reaching both physicochemical and regulatory requirements as a function of the specific field of application. Here, we summarize and compare the most promising metal- and carbon-based theranostic tools reported as potential candidates in precision cancer theranostics. We focused our review on the latest developments in surface functionalization strategies for these nanosystems, or hybrid nanocomposites consisting of their combination, and discuss their main characteristics and potential applications in precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Mauro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (P.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (P.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Paola Varvarà
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (P.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.A.U.); (P.V.); (G.C.)
- Advanced Technologies Network Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Singh B, Bahadur R, Rangara M, Gandhi MN, Srivastava R. Influence of Surface States on the Optical and Cellular Property of Thermally Stable Red Emissive Graphitic Carbon Dots. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:4641-4651. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Centre for Research in Nano Technology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rohan Bahadur
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Misah Rangara
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400614, India
| | - Mayuri N. Gandhi
- Centre for Research in Nano Technology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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50
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Bruno F, Sciortino A, Buscarino G, Soriano ML, Ríos Á, Cannas M, Gelardi F, Messina F, Agnello S. A Comparative Study of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Carbon Nanodots and Their Interaction with Mercury Ions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1265. [PMID: 34065804 PMCID: PMC8151150 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a study of carbon dots produced via bottom-up and top-down routes, carried out through a multi-technique approach based on steady-state fluorescence and absorption, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Our study focuses on a side-to-side comparison of the fundamental structural and optical properties of the two families of fluorescent nanoparticles, and on their interaction pathways with mercury ions, which we use as a probe of surface emissive chromophores. Comparison between the two families of carbon dots, and between carbon dots subjected to different functionalization procedures, readily identifies a few key structural and optical properties apparently common to all types of carbon dots, but also highlights some critical differences in the optical response and in the microscopic mechanism responsible of the fluorescence. The results also provide suggestions on the most likely interaction sites of mercury ions at the surface of carbon dots and reveal details on mercury-induced fluorescence quenching that can be practically exploited to optimize sensing applications of carbon dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bruno
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Alice Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Gianpiero Buscarino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
- Advanced Technologies Network Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18/A, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Soriano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Ángel Ríos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
- Regional Institute for Applied Chemistry Research (IRICA), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marco Cannas
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Franco Gelardi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
- Advanced Technologies Network Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18/A, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simonpietro Agnello
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica—Emilio Segrè, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.S.); (G.B.); (M.C.); (F.G.)
- Advanced Technologies Network Center, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18/A, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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