1
|
Qureshi ZA, Dabash H, Ponnamma D, Abbas M. Carbon dots as versatile nanomaterials in sensing and imaging: Efficiency and beyond. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31634. [PMID: 38832274 PMCID: PMC11145243 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a versatile and promising carbon-based nanomaterial with exceptional optical properties, including tunable emission wavelengths, high quantum yield, and photostability. CDs are appropriate for various applications with many benefits, such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, and simplicity of surface modification. Thanks to their tunable optical properties and great sensitivity, CDs have been used in sensing as fluorescent probes for detecting pH, heavy metal ions, and other analytes. In addition, CDs have demonstrated potential as luminescence converters for white organic light-emitting diodes and light emitters in optoelectronic devices due to their superior optical qualities and exciton-independent emission. CDs have been used for drug administration and bioimaging in the biomedical field due to their biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and ease of functionalization. Additionally, due to their stability, efficient charge separation, and low recombination rate, CDs have shown interesting uses in energy systems, such as photocatalysis and energy conversion. This article highlights the growing possibilities and potential of CDs as adaptable nanomaterials in a variety of interdisciplinary areas related to sensing and imaging, at the same time addressing the major challenges involved in the current research and proposing scientific solutions to apply CDs in the development of a super smart society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan Dabash
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Deepalekshmi Ponnamma
- Materials Science and Technology Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - M.K.G. Abbas
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ayisha Naziba T, Praveen Kumar D, Karthikeyan S, Sriramajayam S, Djanaguiraman M, Sundaram S, Ghamari M, Prasada Rao R, Ramakrishna S, Ramesh D. Biomass Derived Biofluorescent Carbon Dots for Energy Applications: Current Progress and Prospects. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400030. [PMID: 38837295 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Biomass resources are often disposed of inefficiently and it causes environmental degradation. These wastes can be turned into bio-products using effective conversion techniques. The synthesis of high-value bio-products from biomass adheres to the principles of a sustainable circular economy in a variety of industries, including agriculture. Recently, fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) derived from biowastes have emerged as a breakthrough in the field, showcasing outstanding fluorescence properties and biocompatibility. The C-dots exhibit unique quantum confinement properties due to their small size, contributing to their exceptional fluorescence. The significance of their fluorescent properties lies in their versatile applications, particularly in bio-imaging and energy devices. Their rapid and straight-forward production using green/chemical precursors has further accelerated their adoption in diverse applications. The use of green precursors for C-dot not only addresses the biomass disposal issue through a scientific approach, but also establishes a path for a circular economy. This approach not only minimizes biowaste, which also harnesses the potential of fluorescent C-dots to contribute to sustainable practices in agriculture. This review explores recent developments and challenges in synthesizing high-quality C-dots from agro-residues, shedding light on their crucial role in advancing technologies for a cleaner and more sustainable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ayisha Naziba
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Centre for Post-Harvest Technology, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Praveen Kumar
- Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathya Mangalam, 638 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Karthikeyan
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Centre for Post-Harvest Technology, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sriramajayam
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Killikulam, 628 252., Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Djanaguiraman
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Centre for Post-Harvest Technology, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthilarasu Sundaram
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University Tees Valley, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Mehrdad Ghamari
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University Tees Valley, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - R Prasada Rao
- Center for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering, Drive 1, 117576, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering, Drive 1, 117576, Singapore
| | - D Ramesh
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Centre for Post-Harvest Technology, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rais A, Sharma S, Mishra P, Khan LA, Prasad T. Biocompatible carbon quantum dots as versatile imaging nanotrackers of fungal pathogen - Candida albicans. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:671-688. [PMID: 38426561 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The development of carbon quantum dots (C-QDs) as nanotrackers to understand drug-pathogen interactions, virulence and multidrug resistance. Methods: Microwave synthesis of C-QDs was performed using citric acid and polyethylene glycol. Further, in vitro toxicity was evaluated and imaging applications were demonstrated in Candida albicans isolates. Results: Well-dispersed, ultra small C-QDs exhibited no cyto/microbial/reactive oxygen species-mediated toxicity and internalized effectively in Candida yeast and hyphal cells. C-QDs were employed for confocal imaging of drug-sensitive and -resistant cells, and a study of the yeast-to-hyphal transition using atomic force microscopy in Candida was conducted for the first time. Conclusion: These biocompatible C-QDs have promising potential as next-generation nanotrackers for in vitro and in vivo targeted cellular and live imaging, after functionalization with biomolecules and drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Rais
- Special Centre for Nano Science & AIRF, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Department of Biochemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Luqman Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Tulika Prasad
- Special Centre for Nano Science & AIRF, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaczmarek A, Wisniewska A, Mościcki T, Hoffman J. The Luminescence of Laser-Produced Carbon Nanodots: The Effect of Aggregation in PEI Solution. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1573. [PMID: 38612087 PMCID: PMC11012247 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) produced in pure water by the ablation of graphite with a nanosecond laser pulse exhibit weak photoluminescence. A small addition of polyethyleneimine (PEI) to the aqueous suspension of CNDs causes a significant increase in emissions. This paper presents experimental and theoretical studies of the emission properties of CND/PEI systems. The obtained CNDs responded to even trace amounts of PEI in solution (~0.014% v/v), resulting in a significant increase in the initial weak blue emission of CNDs and PEI taken separately. Morphology and size measurements showed that particle aggregation occurred in the presence of the polymer. A decrease in the calculated Stokes shift values was observed with increasing PEI content in the solution. This indicates a reduction in the number of non-radiative transitions, which explains the increase in the emission intensity of the CND/PEI systems. These results therefore confirmed that the increase in the emission of CND/PEI systems is caused by particle aggregation. Kinetic studies proved that the process is controlled mainly by diffusion, the initial stage of which has a dominant influence on determining the optical properties of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Wisniewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Mościcki
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Hoffman
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Khateeb LA, El-Maghrabey M, El-Shaheny R. Sensitive determination of naftazone using carbon quantum dots nanoprobe by fluorimetry and smartphone-based techniques. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 302:123109. [PMID: 37429194 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple, fast, and direct mix-and-read spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the sensitive determination of naftazone (NFZ) utilizing graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as a greener and highly luminescent nanosensor. NFZ effectively quenches the strong fluorescence of GQDs at λex/λem of 350/440 nm via the inner filter effect mechanism. The nanosensor exhibits excellent linearity for NFZ over the concentration range of 0.46 to 186 μM with a limit of detection of 0.04 μM. The proposed method was validated for the successful determination of NFZ in tablets and on manufacturing equipment surfaces with good % recoveries of 98.4-101.6 and 96.3 - 102.2%, respectively. Furthermore, an integrated smartphone-based reader has been implemented and successfully applied for the determination of NFZ. The smartphone-based reader consists of a 365 nm UV torch as an excitation source, a smartphone for recording images, and smartphone-powered image analysis software for signal interpretation, together with a paper-based analytical device (PAD) utilizing filter paper as a substrate and correction fluid as a barrier for creation of detection zones. This smart platform showed excellent sensitivity with a limit of detection down to 0.12 nmol/zone, and it could be used for in-site determination of NFZ, especially for the limited resources laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lateefa A Al-Khateeb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80200-Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahmoud El-Maghrabey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Rania El-Shaheny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zaini MS, Liew JYC, Paiman S, Tee TS, Kamarudin MA. Solvent-Dependent Photoluminescence Emission and Colloidal Stability of Carbon Quantum dots from Watermelon Peels. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03528-1. [PMID: 38038875 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Waste peels are considered an environmental burden and typically disposed in landfills. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various solvents on the luminescence properties of carbon quantum dots (CQDs). Watermelon peels were recycled and reuse as precursors for the synthesis of biomass CQDs via a green carbonization method. The colloidal stability, surface charge, and particle size were characterized using zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS). DLS revealed that the size of the CQDs was approximately 5.80 ± 0.4 nm to 9.74 ± 0.8 nm. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) results demonstrated a correlation with the DLS results. The optical properties were characterized by photoluminescence (PL) and UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. PL measurements at different excitation wavelengths revealed that the CQDs emissions were influenced by the polarity of the solvents. Meanwhile, the Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) results showed the presence of oxygen-containing groups on the surface of the CQDs. These results deepen our understanding of the solvent-dependent behavior and colloidal stability of the CQDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Safwan Zaini
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Seri Kembangan, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Josephine Ying Chyi Liew
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Seri Kembangan, 43400, Malaysia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Seri Kembangan, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Suriati Paiman
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Seri Kembangan, 43400, Malaysia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Seri Kembangan, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Tan Sin Tee
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Seri Kembangan, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mazliana Ahmad Kamarudin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Seri Kembangan, 43400, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Madonia A, Minervini G, Terracina A, Pramanik A, Martorana V, Sciortino A, Carbonaro CM, Olla C, Sibillano T, Giannini C, Fanizza E, Curri ML, Panniello A, Messina F, Striccoli M. Dye-Derived Red-Emitting Carbon Dots for Lasing and Solid-State Lighting. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21274-21286. [PMID: 37870465 PMCID: PMC10655242 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are carbon-based nanoparticles renowned for their intense light-emitting capabilities covering the whole visible light range. Achieving carbon dots emitting in the red region with high efficiency is extremely relevant due to their huge potential in biological applications and in optoelectronics. Currently, photoluminescence in such an energy interval is often associated with polyheterocyclic molecular domains forming during the synthesis that, however, present low emission efficiency and issues in controlling the optical features. Here, we overcome these problems by solvothermally synthesizing carbon dots starting from Neutral Red, a common red-emitting dye, as a molecular precursor. As a result of the synthesis, such molecular fluorophore is incorporated into a carbonaceous core while retaining its original optical properties. The obtained nanoparticles are highly luminescent in the red region, with a quantum yield comparable to that of the starting dye. Most importantly, the nanoparticle carbogenic matrix protects the Neutral Red molecules from photobleaching under ultraviolet excitation while preventing aggregation-induced quenching, thus allowing solid-state emission. These advantages have been exploited to develop a fluorescence-based color conversion layer by fabricating polymer-based highly concentrated solid-state carbon dot nanocomposites. Finally, the dye-based carbon dots demonstrate both stable Fabry-Perot lasing and efficient random lasing emission in the red region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Madonia
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Gianluca Minervini
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
- Department
of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Angela Terracina
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Ashim Pramanik
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Martorana
- Institute
of Biophysics Palermo Division, Italian
National Research Council, Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Alice Sciortino
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
- ATeN
Center, Università degli Studi di
Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Olla
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - Teresa Sibillano
- CNR-IC
Institute of Crystallography, Italian National
Research Council, Bari 70122, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- CNR-IC
Institute of Crystallography, Italian National
Research Council, Bari 70122, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, University of Bari “Aldo
Moro”, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Maria L. Curri
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, University of Bari “Aldo
Moro”, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
- ATeN
Center, Università degli Studi di
Palermo, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- CNR-IPCF
Bari Division, Italian National Research
Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fawaz W, Hasian J, Alghoraibi I. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of carbon quantum dots produced from folic acid. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18641. [PMID: 37903841 PMCID: PMC10616078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising interest in carbon dots (c-dots) is driven by their remarkable potential in the field of biomedical applications. This is due to their distinctive and adjustable photoluminescence characteristics, outstanding physicochemical properties, excellent photostability, and biocompatibility. Herein, carbon dots were successfully produced via the heat synthesis method and characterization for physical and chemical properties using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman spectroscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and quantum yield. The resulting carbon dots exhibited a distinct blue fluorescence upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation with a 366 nm wavelength. The photoluminescence spectrum of carbon dots displayed a fluorescence peak around 470 nm when excited with a 325 nm wavelength. The synthesized carbon dots demonstrated thermal stability and maintained photoluminescence intensity under different pH conditions, including neutral and alkaline mediums, and good salt resistance ability. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of structural defects within the carbon dots, which are associated with the presence of hybrid groups on their surface. Fourier-transform infrared analysis detected various carbon-bonded, nitrogen-bonded, and oxygen-bonded units. The quantum yield was around 8.9%. These findings from our experiments indicate that the manufactured carbon dots possess substantial promise for a wide range of applications within the biotechnology field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Fawaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Jameela Hasian
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Ibrahim Alghoraibi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Warjurkar K, Panda S, Sharma V. Red emissive carbon dots: a promising next-generation material with intracellular applicability. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8848-8865. [PMID: 37650569 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01378b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The accidental discovery of carbon dots (CDs) back in 2004 has led to their widespread use in the biomedical field. CDs have demonstrated their effectiveness in reporting 3D structures of biological specimens, identifying normal and cancer cells, and even detecting analytes within cells. However, the limitations of blue-green emitting CDs, such as their shallow penetration, photodamage, and auto-fluorescence, have hindered their practical applications. To overcome these limitations, red emissive CDs (RCDs) have been developed, which have deep tissue penetration, minimal photo-damage, low auto-fluorescence, and high imaging contrast. In this article, we present a thorough review on the use of RCDs in biomedical applications, including in vivo and in vitro bioimaging, photoacoustic imaging, monitoring temperature and polarity changes in living cells, tumour therapy, and drug delivery. With the rapid progress being made in the development of RCDs for intracellular applications, their clinical application is expected to become a reality in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Warjurkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, Jammu-180012, India.
| | - Satyajit Panda
- Department of Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha-769008, India
| | - Vinay Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, Jammu-180012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Manikandan V, Min SC. Biofabrication of carbon quantum dots and their food packaging applications: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1159-1171. [PMID: 37362813 PMCID: PMC10290018 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are an emerging class of novel carbon nanomaterials (< 10 nm). These zero-dimensional CQDs have recently invoked significant interest due to their high fluorescence ability, strong electronic conductivity, biocompatibility, excellent chemical stability, non-toxicity, and environmental safety. Bio-fabrication of CQDs from organic resources remains attractive owing to their excellent functional properties. An emerging class of CQDs is fabricated by various conventional methods. However, these methods need many chemical agents and instrument facilities. Bio-fabrication of CQDs has a lot of benefits because of its simple fabrication and eco-friendly. Therefore, the green synthesized CQDs are considered optimistic candidates for developing novel functional materials for food packaging applications. Thus, it is important to investigate the latest update on green-based CQDs for food packaging applications. This current review paper discusses the physicochemical properties of CQDs, the bio-fabrication of CQDs, and the fluorescent properties of CQDs along with their food packaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velu Manikandan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01797 Republic of Korea
| | - Sea Cheol Min
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01797 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kaurav H, Verma D, Bansal A, Kapoor DN, Sheth S. Progress in drug delivery and diagnostic applications of carbon dots: a systematic review. Front Chem 2023; 11:1227843. [PMID: 37521012 PMCID: PMC10375716 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1227843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), which have particle size of less than 10 nm, are carbon-based nanomaterials that are used in a wide range of applications in the area of novel drug delivery in cancer, ocular diseases, infectious diseases, and brain disorders. CDs are biocompatible, eco-friendly, easy to synthesize, and less toxic with excellent chemical inertness, which makes them very good nanocarrier system to deliver multi-functional drugs effectively. A huge number of researchers worldwide are working on CDs-based drug delivery systems to evaluate their versatility and efficacy in the field of pharmaceuticals. As a result, there is a tremendous increase in our understanding of the physicochemical properties, diagnostic and drug delivery aspects of CDs, which consequently has led us to design and develop CDs-based theranostic system for the treatment of multiple disorders. In this review, we aim to summarize the advances in application of CDs as nanocarrier including gene delivery, vaccine delivery and antiviral delivery, that has been carried out in the last 5 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Kaurav
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dhriti Verma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Bansal
- Formulation Research and Development, Perrigo Company Plc, Allegan, MI, United States
| | - Deepak N. Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Sheth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boukhvalov DW, Zatsepin DA, Kuznetsova YA, Pryakhina VI, Zatsepin AF. Uncommon 2D diamond-like carbon nanodots derived from nanotubes: atomic structure, electronic states, and photonic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37365886 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01158e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report the results of a relatively facile fabrication of carbon nanodots from single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs). The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman measurements show that the obtained carbon nanodots are quasi-two-dimensional objects with a diamond-like structure. Based on the characterization results, a theoretical model of the synthesized carbon nanodots was developed. The measured absorption spectra demonstrate the similarity in the local atomic structure of carbon nanodots synthesized from single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. However, the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of nanodots synthesized from both sources turned out to be completely different. Carbon dots fabricated from MWCNTs exhibit PL spectra similar to those of nanoscale carbon systems with sp3 hybridization and a valuable edge contribution. At the same time nanodots synthesized from SWCNTs exhibit PL spectra which are typical for quantum dots with an estimated size of ∼0.6-1.3 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Boukhvalov
- College of Science, Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China.
- Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - D A Zatsepin
- Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Yekaterinburg, Russia, 620108
| | - Yu A Kuznetsova
- Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - V I Pryakhina
- Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - A F Zatsepin
- Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lagos KJ, García D, Cuadrado CF, de Souza LM, Mezzacappo NF, da Silva AP, Inada N, Bagnato V, Romero MP. Carbon dots: Types, preparation, and their boosted antibacterial activity by photoactivation. Current status and future perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1887. [PMID: 37100045 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) correspond to carbon-based materials (CBM) with sizes usually below 10 nm. These nanomaterials exhibit attractive properties such us low toxicity, good stability, and high conductivity, which have promoted their thorough study over the past two decades. The current review describes four types of CDs: carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon nanodots (CNDs), and carbonized polymers dots (CPDs), together with the state of the art of the main routes for their preparation, either by "top-down" or "bottom-up" approaches. Moreover, among the various usages of CDs within biomedicine, we have focused on their application as a novel class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, concretely, owing their photoactivation capability that triggers an enhanced antibacterial property. Our work presents the recent advances in this field addressing CDs, their composites and hybrids, applied as photosensitizers (PS), and photothermal agents (PA) within antibacterial strategies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and synchronic PDT/PTT. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects for the possible future development of large-scale preparation of CDs, and the potential for these nanomaterials to be employed in applications to combat other pathogens harmful to human health. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Lagos
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - David García
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Ana Paula da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Olla C, Cappai A, Porcu S, Stagi L, Fantauzzi M, Casula MF, Mocci F, Corpino R, Chiriu D, Ricci PC, Carbonaro CM. Exploring the Impact of Nitrogen Doping on the Optical Properties of Carbon Dots Synthesized from Citric Acid. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1344. [PMID: 37110929 PMCID: PMC10141696 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The differences between bare carbon dots (CDs) and nitrogen-doped CDs synthesized from citric acid as a precursor are investigated, aiming at understanding the mechanisms of emission and the role of the doping atoms in shaping the optical properties. Despite their appealing emissive features, the origin of the peculiar excitation-dependent luminescence in doped CDs is still debated and intensively being examined. This study focuses on the identification of intrinsic and extrinsic emissive centers by using a multi-technique experimental approach and computational chemistry simulations. As compared to bare CDs, nitrogen doping causes the decrease in the relative content of O-containing functional groups and the formation of both N-related molecular and surface centers that enhance the quantum yield of the material. The optical analysis suggests that the main emission in undoped nanoparticles comes from low-efficient blue centers bonded to the carbogenic core, eventually with surface-attached carbonyl groups, the contribution in the green range being possibly related to larger aromatic domains. On the other hand, the emission features of N-doped CDs are mainly due to the presence of N-related molecules, with the computed absorption transitions calling for imidic rings fused to the carbogenic core as the potential structures for the emission in the green range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Olla
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Cappai
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Stefania Porcu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, Department of Chemical, Physics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marzia Fantauzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Geological Science, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Casula
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering, CINSA and INSTM, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, I-09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Mocci
- Department of Chemistry and Geological Science, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Riccardo Corpino
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Daniele Chiriu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Pier Carlo Ricci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Carbonaro
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang CR, Lin YS, Wu RS, Lin CJ, Chu HW, Huang CC, Anand A, Unnikrishnan B, Chang HT. Dual-emissive carbonized polymer dots for the ratiometric fluorescence imaging of singlet oxygen in living cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:575-585. [PMID: 36549206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a type of reactive oxygen species (ROS), playing a vital role in the physiological and pathophysiological processes. Specific probes for monitoring intracellular 1O2 still remain challenging. In this study, we develop a ratiometric fluorescent probe for the real-time intracellular detection of 1O2 using o-phenylenediamine-derived carbonized polymer dots (o-PD CPDs). The o-PD CPDs possessing dual-excitation-emission properties (blue and yellow fluorescence) were successfully synthesized in a two-phase system (water/acetonitrile) using an ionic liquid tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate as a supporting electrolyte through the electrolysis of o-PD. The o-PD CPDs can act as a photosensitizer to produce 1O2 upon white LED irradiation, in turn, the generated 1O2 selectively quenches the yellow emission of the o-PD CPDs. This quenching behavior is ascribed to the specific cycloaddition reaction between 1O2 and alkene groups in the polymer scaffolds on o-PD CPDs. The interior carbon core can be a reliable internal standard since its blue fluorescence intensity remains unchanged in the presence of 1O2. The ratiometric response of o-PD CPDs is selective toward 1O2 against other ROS species. The developed o-PD CPDs have been successfully applied to monitor the 1O2 level in the intracellular environment. Furthermore, in the inflammatory neutrophil cell model, o-PD CPDs can also detect the 1O2 and other ROS species such as hypochlorous acid after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced inflammation. Through the dual-channel fluorescence imaging, the ratiometric response of o-PD CPDs shows great potential for detecting endogenous and stimulating 1O2in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ruei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Siang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Jung Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wei Chu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Anisha Anand
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan
| | - Binesh Unnikrishnan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Tsung Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Msto RK, Othman HO, Al-Hashimi BR, Salahuddin Ali D, Hassan DH, Hassan AQ, Smaoui S. Fluorescence Turns on-off-on Sensing of Ferric Ion and L-Ascorbic Acid by Carbon Quantum Dots. J FOOD QUALITY 2023; 2023:1-9. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/5555608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study used a hydrothermal approach to create a sensitive and focused nanoprobe. Using an “on-off-on” sensing mechanism, the nanoprobe was employed to detect and quantify ferric ions and L-ascorbic acid. Synthesis of the carbon quantum dots was achieved with a single hydrothermal step at 180°C for 24 hours using hot pepper as the starting material. The prepared CQDs showed high fluorescence with a quantum yield of 30% when excited at 350 nm, exhibiting excitation-dependent fluorescence. The emission of the CQDs can be quenched by adding ferric ions, which can be attributed to complex formation leading to nonradiative photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Adding L-ascorbic acid, which can convert ferric ions into ferrous ions, break the complex, and restore the fluorescence of CQD. The linear range and LOD were (10–90) μM and 1 μM for ferric ions, respectively, and L-ascorbic acid’s linear range was (5–100) μM while LOD was 0.1 μM quantification of both substances was accomplished. In addition, orange fruit was used as an actual sample source for ascorbic acid analysis, yielding up to 99% recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravin K. Msto
- Collage of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Hazha Omar Othman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Baraa R. Al-Hashimi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Diyar Salahuddin Ali
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Dlshad H. Hassan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Soran University, Soran-Erbil, Iraq
| | - Aso Q. Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qliasan Street, Slemani 46002, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang K, Tan L, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Wang N, Wang J. A molecular imprinted fluorescence sensor based on carbon quantum dots for selective detection of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous environments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114587. [PMID: 36669299 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
P-nitrophenol (4-NP) is the most persistent and highly toxic species among nitrophenol. In this work, a novel fluorescent probe for the detection of 4-NP in aqueous environment was constructed by combining the carbon dots (CQDs) with excellent optical properties and the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with favorable selectivity. The CQDs were synthesized by hydrothermal method using citric acid hydrate as carbon source and o-phenylenediamine as surface modifier, then the molecularly imprinted polymers coating on the CQDs (MIP@CQDs) were obtained by sol-gel imprinting process. The fluorescence quenching of MIP@CQDs is the results of internal filtration effect and dynamic quenching when they encounter with 4-NP. The probe is suitable for the quantitative detection of trace 4-NP in actual aqueous samples, such as tap water, wastewater and seawater, with satisfying recoveries from 95.1 % to 107.8 %, wide detection linear ranges between 0 and 144 μmol/L, low detection limit of 0.41 μmol/L and high selectivity. The detection results are consistent with those of the HPLC method. This work provides a simple, rapid and effective fluorescent detection method for trace 4-NP in aqueous environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Liju Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Minervini G, Madonia A, Panniello A, Fanizza E, Curri ML, Striccoli M. One-Pot Synthesis of Dual Color-Emitting CDs: Numerical and Experimental Optimization towards White LEDs. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:374. [PMID: 36770335 PMCID: PMC9920914 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon Dots (CDs) are fluorescent carbon-based nanoparticles that have attracted increasing attention in recent years as environment-friendly and cost-effective fluorophores. An application that can benefit from CDs in a relatively short-term perspective is the fabrication of color-converting materials in phosphor-converted white LEDs (WLEDs). In this work we present a one-pot solvothermal synthesis of polymer-passivated CDs that show a dual emission band (in the green and in the red regions) upon blue light excitation. A purposely designed numerical approach enables evaluating how the spectroscopic properties of such CDs can be profitable for application in WLEDs emulating daylight characteristics. Subsequently, we fabricate nanocomposite coatings based on the dual color-emitting CDs via solution-based strategies, and we compare their color-converting properties with those of the simulated ones to finally accomplish white light emission. The combined numerical and experimental approach can find a general use to reduce the number of experimental trial-and-error steps required for optimization of CD optical properties for lighting application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Minervini
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonino Madonia
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- CNR-IPCF Bari Division, c/o Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ghosh T, Nandi S, Bhattacharyya SK, Ghosh SK, Mandal M, Banerji P, Das NC. Nitrogen and sulphur doped carbon dot: An excellent biocompatible candidate for in-vitro cancer cell imaging and beyond. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114922. [PMID: 36435492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an exquisite class of carbon allotrope that is already well nourished for their good biocompatibility, water-solubility, excellent photostability, and magnificent photoluminescence property. Doping strategy with heteroatoms is an efficacious way to modify the physicochemical and optical properties, making the carbon dots an exceedingly potential candidate. This work reports the fabrication and cancer cell imaging application of photoluminescent heteroatom-doped carbon dots by use of cysteine and urea as carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur sources through a straightforward and highly productive hydrothermal procedure. The fabricated luminescent carbon dots are spherical in shape, with an average diameter of 3.5 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization revealed key facts about the surface functional groups and chemical compositions of carbon dots. The excitation-dependent photoluminescence (PL) peak appeared at around 445 nm against the excited wavelength of 350 nm. Moreover, under the provided experimental conditions, all the carbon dots are non-toxic and safe. The cytotoxicity and the safety profiles of the carbon dots were found to be in the bearable range under normal in-vitro experimental circumstances. Cellular uptake was observed by the green fluorescence of carbon dots inside cells. Likewise, the carbon dots did not alter the cell viability of the normal glial cell line. Again, when treated with the carbon dots, there was no notable increase of apoptotic cells in the G2/M phase of cell cycle analysis that confirmed the imaging-trackable ability of the carbon dots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trisita Ghosh
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Suvendu Nandi
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | | | - Suman Kumar Ghosh
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Pallab Banerji
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Narayan Ch Das
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India; School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kaur M, Bharj J. Influence of particle size of flame-synthesized carbon nanoparticles on band gap and photoluminescence properties. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:2123-2128. [PMID: 36314467 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Band gap and photoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated for flame-synthesized carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) of four different particle size distributions. The particles were collected by varying the flow rates of fuel and oxidizer in a controllable co-flow diffusion flame. The results indicated the possibility of both direct and indirect band gaps in the synthesized CNPs. The band gaps were found to increase with a decrease in the particle size, thereby exhibiting the quantum confinement effect. The PL properties observed with the pure powdered sample showed strong emission in the green region. However, for samples dispersed in isopropyl alcohol, the emission wavelength shifts towards the blue region, showing strong solvent dependence. The particle size of CNPs, however, only affects the emission peak intensities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Physics, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Bharj
- Department of Physics, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rajendran S, UshaVipinachandran V, Badagoppam Haroon KH, Ashokan I, Bhunia SK. A comprehensive review on multi-colored emissive carbon dots as fluorescent probes for the detection of pharmaceutical drugs in water. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4263-4291. [PMID: 36278849 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01288j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to constituent hazardous chemicals in medical products has become a threat to environmental health across the globe. Excessive medication and the mishandling of pharmaceutical drugs can lead to the increased presence of chemicals in the aquatic environment, causing water pollution. Only a few nanomaterials exist for the detection of these chemicals and they are limited in use due to their adverse toxicity, instability, cost, and low aqueous solubility. In contrast, carbon dots (C-dots), a member of the family of carbon-based nanomaterials, have various beneficial properties including excellent biocompatibility, strong photoluminescence, low photobleaching, tunable fluorescence, and easy surface modification. Herein, we summarize recent advancements in various synthetic strategies for high-quality tunable fluorescent C-dots. The root of fluorescence has been briefly explained via the quantum confinement effect, surface defects, and molecular fluorescence. The surface functional moieties of C-dots have been investigated in depth to recognize the various types of pharmaceutical drugs that are used for the treatment of patients. The modulation of C-dot fluorescence in the course of their interactions with these drugs has been carefully explained. Different types of interaction mechanisms behind the C-dot fluorescence alteration have been discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of C-dots have been proposed for the vibrant field development of C-dot-based drug sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Rajendran
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| | - Varsha UshaVipinachandran
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| | | | - Indhumathi Ashokan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| | - Susanta Kumar Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qandeel NA, El-Masry AA, Eid M, Moustafa MA, El-Shaheny R. Fast one-pot microwave-assisted green synthesis of highly fluorescent plant-inspired S,N-self-doped carbon quantum dots as a sensitive probe for the antiviral drug nitazoxanide and hemoglobin. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1237:340592. [PMID: 36442950 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
24
|
Pandey S, Ghosh R, Ghosh A. Preparation of Hydrothermal Carbon Quantum Dots as a Contrast Amplifying Technique for the diaCEST MRI Contrast Agents. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33934-33941. [PMID: 36188278 PMCID: PMC9520682 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of exogenous contrast agents (CAs) is one of the key factors behind the success and widespread acceptability of MRI as an imaging tool. To the long list of CAs, the newest addition is the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST)-based CAs. Among them, the diaCEST CAs are the safer metal-free option constituted by a large pool of organic and macromolecules, but the tradeoff comes in terms of smaller natural offset. Another major challenge for the CEST CAs is that they need to operate in the tens of millimolar concentration range to produce any meaningful contrast. The quest for high efficiency diaCEST agents has led to a number of strategies such as use of hydrogen bonding, use of equivalent protons, and use of diatropic ring current. Here, we present carbon quantum dot formation using hydrothermal treatment as a new strategy to amplify diaCEST contrast efficiency. We show that while the well-known analgesic drug lidocaine hydrochloride when repurposed as a diaCEST CA produces no contrast at the physiological pH and temperature, the carbon dots prepared from it elevate the physiological contrast to a sizable 11%. Also, the maximum efficiency at an acidic pH gets amplified by a factor of 2 to 46%. The study showed that the enhancement in CEST efficiency is reproducible and the pH response of these carbon dots is tunable through variation in synthesis conditions such as temperature, duration, and precursor concentration.
Collapse
|
25
|
Mocci F, de Villiers Engelbrecht L, Olla C, Cappai A, Casula MF, Melis C, Stagi L, Laaksonen A, Carbonaro CM. Carbon Nanodots from an In Silico Perspective. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13709-13799. [PMID: 35948072 PMCID: PMC9413235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are the latest and most shining rising stars among photoluminescent (PL) nanomaterials. These carbon-based surface-passivated nanostructures compete with other related PL materials, including traditional semiconductor quantum dots and organic dyes, with a long list of benefits and emerging applications. Advantages of CNDs include tunable inherent optical properties and high photostability, rich possibilities for surface functionalization and doping, dispersibility, low toxicity, and viable synthesis (top-down and bottom-up) from organic materials. CNDs can be applied to biomedicine including imaging and sensing, drug-delivery, photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis but also to energy harvesting in solar cells and as LEDs. More applications are reported continuously, making this already a research field of its own. Understanding of the properties of CNDs requires one to go to the levels of electrons, atoms, molecules, and nanostructures at different scales using modern molecular modeling and to correlate it tightly with experiments. This review highlights different in silico techniques and studies, from quantum chemistry to the mesoscale, with particular reference to carbon nanodots, carbonaceous nanoparticles whose structural and photophysical properties are not fully elucidated. The role of experimental investigation is also presented. Hereby, we hope to encourage the reader to investigate CNDs and to apply virtual chemistry to obtain further insights needed to customize these amazing systems for novel prospective applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,
| | | | - Chiara Olla
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Cappai
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Casula
- Department
of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, IT 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudio Melis
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,State Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China,Centre
of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, PetruPoni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania,Division
of Energy Science, Energy Engineering, Luleå
University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden,
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Saji M, Elsa Saji B, Joseph N, Mathew AA, Daniel EC, Balachandran M. Investigation of fluorescence enhancement and antibacterial properties of nitrogen-doped carbonized polymer nanomaterials (N-CPNs). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2022.2110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Midhun Saji
- Department of Physics & Electronics, Christ University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Biya Elsa Saji
- Department of Physics & Electronics, Christ University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Neethu Joseph
- Department of Physics & Electronics, Christ University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Aleena Ann Mathew
- Department of Physics & Electronics, Christ University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Elcey C. Daniel
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, India
| | - Manoj Balachandran
- Department of Physics & Electronics, Christ University, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Investigating the effect of N-doping on carbon quantum dots structure, optical properties and metal ion screening. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13806. [PMID: 35970901 PMCID: PMC9378613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from biomass, a suggested green approach for nanomaterial synthesis, often possess poor optical properties and have low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). This study employed an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) process to synthesise efficient nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from biomass precursors (glucose in the presence of ammonia). The concentrations of ammonia, as nitrogen dopant precursor, were varied to optimise the optical properties of CQDs. Optimised N-CQDs showed significant enhancement in fluorescence emission properties with a PLQY of 9.6% compared to pure glucose derived-CQDs (g-CQDs) without nitrogen doping which have PLQY of less than 1%. With stability over a pH range of pH 2 to pH 11, the N-CQDs showed excellent sensitivity as a nano-sensor for the highly toxic highly-pollutant chromium (VI), where efficient photoluminescence (PL) quenching was observed. The optimised nitrogen-doping process demonstrated effective and efficient tuning of the overall electronic structure of the N-CQDs resulting in enhanced optical properties and performance as a nano-sensor.
Collapse
|
28
|
Barrientos K, Arango JP, Moncada MS, Placido J, Patiño J, Macías SL, Maldonado C, Torijano S, Bustamante S, Londoño ME, Jaramillo M. Carbon dot-based biosensors for the detection of communicable and non -communicable diseases. Talanta 2022; 251:123791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
29
|
Zhang L, Yang X, Yin Z, Sun L. A Review on Carbon Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Photoluminescence Mechanisms and Applications. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1612-1638. [PMID: 35906748 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), having outstanding biocompatibility, attractive catalytic performance, excellent optical properties, and valuable environment friendliness, are emerging as a new paradigm to design luminescent devices and show great potential in application fields such as biomedical sensors, optical and photonic devices. And CQDs are known as one of the most promising carbon based nanomaterials in the 21st century. Therefore, it has attracted a lot of attention since it was first discovered in 2004. In this review, we explain the accepted photoluminescence mechanism of CQDs, including fluorescence and phosphorescence. There are two main types of synthesis strategies: top-down approach and bottom-up approach. At the same time, the main application fields, including ion detection, anti-counterfeiting, biological imaging, food safety, sensors, lubrication additives, are reviewed. Finally, the existing bottlenecks, pending problems and prospects for the future of CQDs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Likang Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhifu Yin
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tade RS, Patil PO. Biofabricated functionalized graphene quantum dots (fGQDs): Unravelling its fluorescence sensing mechanism of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) antigen and in vitro bioimaging application. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35896107 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac84ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is a deadly malignancy that is posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, early detection of LC biomarkers is the key to reducing LC-related fatalities. Herein, we present the first fluorescent-based selective detection of LC biomarker human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) using polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized graphene quantum dots (fGQDs). One-pot in situ synthesis of amine-functionalized GQDs was accomplished by hydrothermal carbonization of biowaste-derived cellulose and PEI. Synthesized fGQDs were characterized by various analytical techniques. Synthesized fGQDs not only exhibited enhanced fluorescence life-time but also excellent stability in the different solvents compared to bare GQDs. The surface activation of hTERT-Ab by carbodiimide chemistry (EDC-NHS) resulted in stacking interactions with fGQDs, involving adsorption-desorption as well as competitive mechanisms. The higher inherent affinity of hTERT-Ag (hTERT antigen) for hTERT-Ab (hTERT antibody) resulted in complex formation and recovery of fGQD fluorescence. As a result, this fluorescence sensing demonstrated a greater linear detection range (0.01 ng mL-1 to 100 µg mL-1) as well as a notable low detection limit (36.3 pg mL-1). Furthermore, the fabricated immunosensor (Ab@fGQDs) has excellent stability and performance in real samples, with an average recovery of 97.32%. The results of cytotoxicity and cellular bioimaging study in A549 cells show that fGQDs can be used for additional nanotherapeutics and biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Tade
- Pharmaceutics, HR Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirsoli PB, Jalgaon, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, INDIA
| | - Pravin O Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H R Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425405, Shirpur, Shirpur, 425405, INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Omar NAS, Fen YW, Irmawati R, Hashim HS, Ramdzan NSM, Fauzi NIM. A Review on Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Application in Optical Sensor for Environmental Monitoring. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142365. [PMID: 35889589 PMCID: PMC9321155 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of carbon dots (CDs), either using green or chemical precursors, has inevitably led to their wide range application, from bioimaging to optoelectronic devices. The reported precursors and properties of these CDs have opened new opportunities for the future development of high-quality CDs and applications. Green precursors were classified into fruits, vegetables, flowers, leaves, seeds, stem, crop residues, fungi/bacteria species, and waste products, while the chemical precursors were classified into acid reagents and non-acid reagents. This paper quickly reviews ten years of the synthesis of CDs using green and chemical precursors. The application of CDs as sensing materials in optical sensor techniques for environmental monitoring, including the detection of heavy metal ions, phenol, pesticides, and nitroaromatic explosives, was also discussed in this review. This profound review will offer knowledge for the upcoming community of researchers interested in synthesizing high-quality CDs for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Alia Sheh Omar
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Yap Wing Fen
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ramli Irmawati
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
| | - Hazwani Suhaila Hashim
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
| | - Nur Syahira Md Ramdzan
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
| | - Nurul Illya Muhamad Fauzi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li X, Lu Y, Li J, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li L, Zhao F. Photoluminescent carbon dots (PCDs) from sour apple: a biocompatible nanomaterial for preventing UHMWPE wear-particle induced osteolysis via modulating Chemerin/ChemR23 and SIRT1 signaling pathway and its bioimaging application. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:301. [PMID: 35761350 PMCID: PMC9235131 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoluminescent nanomaterials have been widely employed in several biological applications both in vitro and in vivo. For the first time, we report a novel application of sour apple-derived photoluminescent carbon dots (PCDs) for reducing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particle-induced osteolysis using mouse calvarial model. Generally, aseptic prosthetic loosening seems to be a significant postoperative problem for artificial joints replacement, which is mainly contributed by UHMWPE-induced osteolysis. Hence, inhibiting osteoclastic bone-resorption could minimize UHMWPE-induced osteolysis for implant loosening. Prior to osteolysis studies, the prepared sour apple-derived PCDs were employed for bioimaging application. As expected, the prepared PCDs effectively inhibited the UHMWPE particle-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. The PCDs treatment effectively inhibited the UHMWPE-induced osteoclast differentiation, F-actin ring pattern, and bone resorption in vitro. Also, the PCDs reduced the UHMWPE-induced ROS stress as well as the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8. Further, the qPCR and western blot results hypothesized that PCDs inhibited the UHMWPE wear particle-induced osteolysis through suppressing chemerin/ChemR23 signaling and NFATc1 pathway, along with upregulation of SIRT1 expression. Overall, these findings suggest that the synthesized PCDs could be a potential therapeutic material for minimizing UHMWPE particle-induced periprosthetic osteolysis to avoid postoperative complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengji Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangping Li
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengchao Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Coşkun Y, Ünlü FY, Yılmaz T, Türker Y, Aydogan A, Kuş M, Ünlü C. Development of Highly Luminescent Water-Insoluble Carbon Dots by Using Calix[4]pyrrole as the Carbon Precursor and Their Potential Application in Organic Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18840-18851. [PMID: 35694496 PMCID: PMC9178622 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon-based fluorescent nanomaterials that are of interest in different research areas due to their low cost production and low toxicity. Considering their unique photophysical properties, hydrophobic/amphiphilic CDs are powerful alternatives to metal-based quantum dots in LED and photovoltaic cell designs. On the other hand, CDs possess a considerably high amount of surface defects that give rise to two significant drawbacks: (1) causing decrease in quantum yield (QY), a crucial drawback that limits their utilization in LEDs, and (2) affecting the efficiency of charge transfer, a significant factor that limits the use of CDs in photovoltaic cells. In this study, we synthesized highly luminescent, water-insoluble, slightly amphiphilic CDs by using a macrocyclic compound, calix[4]pyrrole, for the first time in the literature. Calix[4]pyrrole-derived CDs (CP-DOTs) were highly luminescent with a QY of over 60% and size of around 4-10 nm with graphitic structure. The high quantum yield of CP-DOTs indicated that they had less amount of surface defects. Furthermore, CP-DOTs were used as an additive in the active layer of organic solar cells (OSC). The photovoltaic parameters of OSCs improved upon addition of CDs. Our results indicated that calix[4]pyrrole is an excellent carbon precursor to synthesize highly luminescent and water-insoluble carbon dots, and CDs derived from calix[4]pyrrole are excellent candidates to improve optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yağız Coşkun
- Department
of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Istanbul
Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yelda Ünlü
- Faculty
of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğbahan Yılmaz
- Vocational
School of Technical Sciences, Department of Electricity and Energy, Konya Technical University, Selcuklu, 42150 Konya, Turkey
| | - Yurdanur Türker
- Sabanci
University Nanotechnology Research & Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Aydogan
- Faculty
of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Kuş
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Konya Technical
University, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | - Caner Ünlü
- Department
of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Istanbul
Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty
of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul
Technical University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center
(ITUNano), Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lin PH, Jian HJ, Li YJ, Huang YF, Anand A, Huang CC, Lin HJ, Lai JY. Alleviation of dry eye syndrome with one dose of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mucoadhesive lysine-carbonized nanogels. Acta Biomater 2022; 141:140-150. [PMID: 35081433 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most dry eye syndromes (DES) are caused by oxidative stress and an overactive inflammatory response, leading to tear deficiency and excessive tear evaporation. Conventional eye drops for DES treatment require high doses and frequent administration due to their insufficient precorneal residence time. To overcome these problems, in this study, we have developed carbonized nanogels (CNGs) via the straightforward pyrolysis of lysine hydrochloride (Lys) to provide a long-lasting eye drop formulation for topical DES therapy. This methodology thermally converts Lys-into nitrogen-doped crosslinked polymers with embedded nanographitic structures, which enable efficient free radical scavenging. The cationic and crosslinked polymeric features of the Lys-CNGs also prolong the precorneal retention time and improve ocular bioavailability. These Lys-CNGs exhibit high biocompatibility with corneal epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo, indicating their safety as eye drops. In a DES rabbit model, a single dose of Lys-CNGs (50 µg mL-1) can effectively alleviate the signs of DES within 4 days, whereas multiple treatments of 10-fold higher concentration of cyclosporine A are needed to achieve similar therapeutic effects (one dose every 12 h; 500 µg mL-1). The topical administration of Lys-CNGs enable a reduced therapeutic dose and extended dosing interval, thereby demonstrating a superior therapeutic efficacy compared to the commercial cyclosporine A eye drops. These Lys-CNGs, which exhibit significant free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory activity, high biocompatibility, and a remarkable ocular bioadhesive property, hold great potential as a long-lasting eye drop formulation for the treatment of dry eye disease. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Multifunctional nanobiomaterial-based eye drops can render an ideal pharmaceutical formulation for the treatment of a variety of ocular surface diseases. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the development of carbonized nanogels as topically administered therapeutics for alleviating dry eye syndrome (DES). We present evidence that the thermal transformation of lysine hydrochloride into carbonized nanogels (Lys-CNGs) endows superior antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and bioadhesive properties. While a single dose of Lys-CNGs (50 µg mL-1) is sufficient to relieve the symptoms of DES for 4 days, multiple treatments of 10-fold higher concentration of commercially available cyclosporine eye drops are needed to achieve similar therapeutic outcomes (one dose every 12 h; 500 µg mL-1), suggesting an effective and long-lasting ocular carbonized nanomedicine.
Collapse
|
35
|
Astafiev AA, Shakhov AM, Tskhovrebov AG, Shatov A, Gulin A, Shepel D, Nadtochenko VA. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanodots Produced by Femtosecond Laser Synthesis for Effective Fluorophores. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6810-6823. [PMID: 35252675 PMCID: PMC8892850 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of heteroatom doping is crucial for the design of carbon nanodots (CNDs) with enhanced luminescent properties for fluorescence imaging and light-emitting devices. Here, we study the effect and mechanisms of luminescence enhancement through nitrogen doping in nanodots synthesized by the bottom-up route in an intense femtosecond laser field using the comparative analysis of CNDs obtained from benzene and pyridine. We demonstrate that laser irradiation of aromatic compounds produces hybrid nanoparticles consisting of a nanocrystalline core with a shell of surface-bonded aromatic rings. These nanoparticles exhibit excitation-dependent visible photoluminescence typical for CNDs. Incorporation of nitrogen into pyridine-derived CNDs enhances their luminescence characteristics through the formation of small pyridine-based fluorophores peripherally bonded to the nanoparticles. We identify oxidation of surface pyridine rings as a mechanism of formation of several distinct blue- and green-emitting fluorophores in nanodots, containing pyridine moieties. These findings shed additional light on the nature and formation mechanism of effective fluorophores in nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots produced by the bottom-up route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artyom A. Astafiev
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Chemistry
Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksander M. Shakhov
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Chemistry
Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G. Tskhovrebov
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Research
Institute of Chemistry, People’s
Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Shatov
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Gulin
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Denis Shepel
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victor A. Nadtochenko
- Bio&Nanophotonics
Lab, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Chemistry
Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Carbon dots as Reactive Nitrogen Species nanosensors. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1202:339654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
37
|
Olla C, Porcu S, Secci F, Ricci PC, Carbonaro CM. Towards N-N-Doped Carbon Dots: A Combined Computational and Experimental Investigation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041468. [PMID: 35208012 PMCID: PMC8880414 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of N doping atoms in the carbon network of Carbon Dots is known to increase their quantum yield and broaden the emission spectrum, depending on the kind of N bonding introduced. N doping is usually achieved by exploiting amine molecules in the synthesis. In this work, we studied the possibility of introducing a N–N bonding in the carbon network by means of hydrothermal synthesis of citric acid and hydrazine molecules, including hydrated hydrazine, di-methylhydrazine and phenylhydrazine. The experimental optical features show the typical fingerprints of Carbon Dots formation, such as nanometric size, excitation dependent emission, non-single exponential decay of photoluminescence and G and D vibrational bands in the Raman spectra. To explain the reported data, we performed a detailed computational investigation of the possible products of the synthesis, comparing the simulated absorbance spectra with the experimental optical excitation pattern. The computed Raman spectra corroborate the hypothesis of the formation of pyridinone derivatives, among which the formation of small polymeric chains allowed the broad excitation spectra to be experimentally observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Olla
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.P.); (P.C.R.)
- Correspondence: (C.O.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Stefania Porcu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.P.); (P.C.R.)
| | - Francesco Secci
- Department of Chemistry and Geological Science, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Pier Carlo Ricci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.P.); (P.C.R.)
| | - Carlo Maria Carbonaro
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (S.P.); (P.C.R.)
- Correspondence: (C.O.); (C.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sviridova E, Barras A, Addad A, Plotnikov E, Di Martino A, Deresmes D, Nikiforova K, Trusova M, Szunerits S, Guselnikova O, Postnikov P, Boukherroub R. Surface modification of carbon dots with tetraalkylammonium moieties for fine tuning their antibacterial activity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 134:112697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
39
|
Kim KW, Kwon YM, Kim SY, Kim JYH. One-pot synthesis of UV-protective carbon nanodots from sea cauliflower (Leathesia difformis). ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
40
|
Beker SA, Khudur LS, Cole I, Ball AS. Catalytic degradation of methylene blue using iron and nitrogen-containing carbon dots as Fenton-like catalysts. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04761b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots were modified with iron and nitrogen groups to produce specific surface groups and charge which demonstrated high efficiency for the Fenton-like degradation of methylene blue whilst markedly minimising its effluent toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina A. Beker
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Leadin S. Khudur
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ivan Cole
- Advanced Manufacturing and Fabrication, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Ball
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sawalha S, Assali M, Nasasrah A, Salman M, Nasasrah M, Jitan M, Hilal HS, Zyuod A. Optical properties and photoactivity of carbon nanodots synthesized from olive solid wastes at different carbonization temperatures. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4490-4500. [PMID: 35425496 PMCID: PMC8981074 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) have many fascinating properties, such as optical properties (UV-Visible absorption and fluorescence emission), which make them good candidates in many applications, such as photocatalysts for the degradation of several organic pollutants. This study aims to synthesize CNDs from olive solid wastes at different carbonization temperatures from 300 to 900 °C and study the effect on the optical properties of the CNDs, such UV-Vis, fluorescence, quantum yield, and energy bandgap, in addition to the influence on the photoactivity of the CNDs as photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue (MB). CNDs were prepared from olive solid wastes (OSWs) by pyrolysis at different temperatures (300–900 °C) for conversion to carbonized material, and then oxidized chemically in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It was found that an increase in the carbonization temperature of the OSWs leads to an increase in the product yield with a maximum value at 500 °C, and it then decreased dramatically. On the other hand, a decrease in fluorescence due to the diminishment of oxygen groups and the destruction of the surface of the CNDs was observed. The higher quantum yield (5.17%) and bandgap (2.77 eV) were achieved for CNDs prepared from OSWs that carbonized at 300 °C. The rate and degradation efficiency of MB were studied with the different synthesized CNDs, and it was found that an increase in the carbonization temperature leads to a decrease in the rate and degradation efficiency of MB, with the highest degradation rate of 0.0575 min−1 and degradation efficiency of 100% after 120 minutes of light irradiation being realized for the sample carbonized at 300 °C. Carbon nanodots with different optical properties and photoactivity degrees as photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue are successfully synthesized from olive solid wastes at different carbonization temperatures.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Sawalha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mohyeddin Assali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ameerah Nasasrah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Maha Salman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Majd Nasasrah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Madleen Jitan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Hikmat S. Hilal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ahed Zyuod
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mansuriya BD, Altintas Z. Carbon Dots: Classification, Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Health Care-An Updated Review (2018-2021). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2525. [PMID: 34684966 PMCID: PMC8541690 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are usually smaller than 10 nm in size, and are meticulously formulated and recently introduced nanomaterials, among the other types of carbon-based nanomaterials. They have gained significant attention and an incredible interest in the field of nanotechnology and biomedical science, which is merely due to their considerable and exclusive attributes; including their enhanced electron transferability, photobleaching and photo-blinking effects, high photoluminescent quantum yield, fluorescence property, resistance to photo-decomposition, increased electrocatalytic activity, good aqueous solubility, excellent biocompatibility, long-term chemical stability, cost-effectiveness, negligible toxicity, and acquaintance of large effective surface area-to-volume ratio. CDs can be readily functionalized owing to the abundant functional groups on their surfaces, and they also exhibit remarkable sensing features such as specific, selective, and multiplex detectability. In addition, the physico-chemical characteristics of CDs can be easily tunable based on their intended usage or application. In this comprehensive review article, we mainly discuss the classification of CDs, their ideal properties, their general synthesis approaches, and primary characterization techniques. More importantly, we update the readers about the recent trends of CDs in health care applications (viz., their substantial and prominent role in the area of electrochemical and optical biosensing, bioimaging, drug/gene delivery, as well as in photodynamic/photothermal therapy).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Quantifying Cytosolic Cytochrome c Concentration Using Carbon Quantum Dots as a Powerful Method for Apoptosis Detection. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101556. [PMID: 34683849 PMCID: PMC8537359 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome c (Cyt c) is a key biomarker for early apoptosis, and many methods were designed to detect its release from mitochondria. For a proper evaluation of these programed cell death mechanisms, fluorescent nanoparticles are excellent candidates due to their valuable optical properties. Among all classes of nanoparticles developed thus far, carbon-based quantum dots bring qualitative and efficient imaging strategies for biomedical applications as a consequence of their biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. METHODS In this study, we synthesized carbon quantum dots smaller than 5 nm from sodium citrate and polyethylene imine. These nanoparticles were rigorously characterized, and their quenching capacity in apoptotic events was assessed in A549 cells treated with staurosporine and etoposide. For the evaluation of Cyt c release, a phenomenon directly correlated with apoptotic events, we ran a semiquantitative analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Carbon quantum dots were synthesized and were successfully employed for Cyt c detection by means of fluorescence microscopy. Significant drops in fluorescence intensity were observed in the case of cells treated with apoptosis-inducing therapeutic compounds compared to untreated cells, confirming Cyt c release from mitochondria to cytosol. CONCLUSION Considering these results, we strongly believe this method can contribute to an indirect in vitro evaluation of apoptosis.
Collapse
|
44
|
Barhum H, Alon T, Attrash M, Machnev A, Shishkin I, Ginzburg P. Multicolor Phenylenediamine Carbon Dots for Metal-Ion Detection with Picomolar Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2021; 4:9919-9931. [PMID: 34622144 PMCID: PMC8488935 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots keep attracting attention in multidisciplinary fields, motivating the development of new compounds. Phenylenediamine C6H4(NH2)2 dots are known to exhibit colorful emission, which depends on size, composition, and the functional surface groups, forming those structures. While quite a few fabrication protocols have been developed, the quantum yield of phenylenediamine dots still does not exceed 50% owing to undesired fragment formation during carbonization. Here, we demonstrate that an ethylene glycol-based environment allows obtaining multicolor high-quantum-yield phenylenediamine carbon dots. In particular, a kinetic realization of solvothermal synthesis in acidic environments enhances carbonization reaction yield for meta phenylenediamine compounds and leads to quantum yields, exciting 60%. Reaction yield after the product's purification approaches 90%. Furthermore, proximity of metal ions (Nd3+, Co3+, La3+) can either enhance or quench the emission, depending on the concentration. Optical monitoring of the solution allows performing an accurate detection of ions at picomolar concentrations. An atomistic model of carbon dots was developed to confirm that the functional surface group positioning within the molecular structure has a major impact on dots' physicochemical properties. The high performance of new carbon dots paves the way toward their integration in numerous applications, including imaging, sensing, and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Barhum
- Department of Physical Electronics, Electrical Engineering, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tmiron Alon
- Department of Physical Electronics, Electrical Engineering, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Mohammed Attrash
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Andrey Machnev
- Department of Physical Electronics, Electrical Engineering, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ivan Shishkin
- Department of Physical Electronics, Electrical Engineering, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pavel Ginzburg
- Department of Physical Electronics, Electrical Engineering, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Khayal A, Dawane V, Amin MA, Tirth V, Yadav VK, Algahtani A, Khan SH, Islam S, Yadav KK, Jeon BH. Advances in the Methods for the Synthesis of Carbon Dots and Their Emerging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3190. [PMID: 34578091 PMCID: PMC8469539 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutting-edge technologies are making inroads into new areas and this remarkable progress has been successfully influenced by the tiny level engineering of carbon dots technology, their synthesis advancement and impressive applications in the field of allied sciences. The advances of science and its conjugation with interdisciplinary fields emerged in carbon dots making, their controlled characterization and applications into faster, cheaper as well as more reliable products in various scientific domains. Thus, a new era in nanotechnology has developed into carbon dots technology. The understanding of the generation process, control on making processes and selected applications of carbon dots such as energy storage, environmental monitoring, catalysis, contaminates detections and complex environmental forensics, drug delivery, drug targeting and other biomedical applications, etc., are among the most promising applications of carbon dots and thus it is a prominent area of research today. In this regard, various types of carbon dot nanomaterials such as oxides, their composites and conjugations, etc., have been garnering significant attention due to their remarkable potential in this prominent area of energy, the environment and technology. Thus, the present paper highlights the role and importance of carbon dots, recent advancements in their synthesis methods, properties and emerging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areeba Khayal
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
| | - Vinars Dawane
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India;
| | - Mohammed A. Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Vineet Tirth
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia or (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University Guraiger, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Algahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia or (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University Guraiger, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samreen Heena Khan
- Centre of Research and Development, YNC ENVIS PRIVATE LIMITED, New Delhi 110059, India;
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad 462044, India;
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Preparation of Multifunctional N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots from Citrus clementina Peel: Investigating Targeted Pharmacological Activities and the Potential Application for Fe 3+ Sensing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090857. [PMID: 34577557 PMCID: PMC8465261 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have recently emerged as innovative theranostic nanomaterials, enabling fast and effective diagnosis and treatment. In this study, a facile hydrothermal approach for N-doped biomass-derived CQDs preparation from Citrus clementina peel and amino acids glycine (Gly) and arginine (Arg) has been presented. The gradual increase in the N-dopant (amino acids) nitrogen content increased the quantum yield of synthesized CQDs. The prepared CQDs exhibited good biocompatibility, stability in aqueous, and high ionic strength media, similar optical properties, while differences were observed regarding the structural and chemical diversity, and biological and antioxidant activity. The antiproliferative effect of CQD@Gly against pancreatic cancer cell lines (CFPAC-1) was observed. At the same time, CQD@Arg has demonstrated the highest quantum yield and antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging radical method of 81.39 ± 0.39% and has been further used for the ion sensing and cellular imaging of cancer cells. The obtained results have demonstrated selective response toward Fe3+ detection, with linear response ranging from 7.0 µmol dm−3 to 50.0 µmol dm−3 with R2 = 0.9931 and limit of detection (LOD) of 4.57 ± 0.27 µmol dm−3. This research could be a good example of sustainable biomass waste utilization with potential for biomedical analysis and ion sensing applications.
Collapse
|
47
|
Pirouzfam N, Sendur K. Tungsten Based Spectrally Selective Absorbers with Anisotropic Rough Surface Texture. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082018. [PMID: 34443849 PMCID: PMC8399278 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spectrally selective absorbers have received considerable interest due to their applications in thermophotovoltaic devices and as solar absorbers. Due to extreme operating conditions in these applications, such as high temperatures, thermo-mechanically stable and broadband spectrally selective absorbers are of interest. This paper demonstrates anisotropic random rough surfaces that provide broadband spectrally selective absorption for the thermo-mechanically stable Tungsten surfaces. Anisotropic random rough surface has different correlation lengths in the x- and y-directions, which means their topography parameters have directional dependence. In particular, we demonstrate that spectral absorptance of Tungsten random rough surfaces at visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectral regions are sensitive to correlation length and RMS height variations. Our results indicate that by optimizing random rough surface parameters, absorption values exceeding 95% can be obtained. Moreover, our results indicate that anisotropic random rough surfaces broaden the bandwidth of the high absorption region. It is shown that in VIS and NIR regions, the absorption enhancements of up to 47% and 52% are achieved for the isotropic and anisotropic rough surfaces, respectively.
Collapse
|
48
|
Hasanzadeh A, Radmanesh F, Hosseini ES, Hashemzadeh I, Kiani J, Naseri M, Nourizadeh H, Fatahi Y, Azar BKY, Marani BG, Beyzavi A, Mahabadi VP, Karimi M. Synthesis and characterization of vitamin D 3-functionalized carbon dots for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1673-1690. [PMID: 34291668 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a novel nanovector for the delivery of genetic fragments and CRISPR/Cas9 systems in particular. Materials & methods: Vitamin D3-functionalized carbon dots (D/CDs) fabricated using one-step microwave-aided methods were characterized by different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry were employed to determine the cell viability and transfection efficiency. Results: D/CDs transfected CRISPR plasmid in various cell lines with high efficiency while maintaining their remarkable efficacy at high serum concentration and low plasmid doses. They also showed great potential for the green fluorescent protein disruption by delivering two different types of CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Conclusion: Given their high efficiency and safety, D/CDs provide a versatile gene-delivery vector for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Advanced Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Radmanesh
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Technology, ACECR, Tehran, 1665659911, Iran
| | - Elaheh Sadat Hosseini
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Iman Hashemzadeh
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Advanced Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Jafar Kiani
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Marzieh Naseri
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Helena Nourizadeh
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, 1417755331, Iran
| | - Behjat Kheiri Yeghaneh Azar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Behnaz Golnari Marani
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Advanced Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Ali Beyzavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vahid Pirhajati Mahabadi
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Neuroscience research center, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Advanced Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.,Research Center for Science & Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran.,Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1916893813, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ghirardello M, Ramos-Soriano J, Galan MC. Carbon Dots as an Emergent Class of Antimicrobial Agents. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1877. [PMID: 34443713 PMCID: PMC8400628 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a recognized global challenge. Tools for bacterial detection can combat antimicrobial resistance by facilitating evidence-based antibiotic prescribing, thus avoiding their overprescription, which contributes to the spread of resistance. Unfortunately, traditional culture-based identification methods take at least a day, while emerging alternatives are limited by high cost and a requirement for skilled operators. Moreover, photodynamic inactivation of bacteria promoted by photosensitisers could be considered as one of the most promising strategies in the fight against multidrug resistance pathogens. In this context, carbon dots (CDs) have been identified as a promising class of photosensitiser nanomaterials for the specific detection and inactivation of different bacterial species. CDs possess exceptional and tuneable chemical and photoelectric properties that make them excellent candidates for antibacterial theranostic applications, such as great chemical stability, high water solubility, low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility. In this review, we will summarize the most recent advances on the use of CDs as antimicrobial agents, including the most commonly used methodologies for CD and CD/composites syntheses and their antibacterial properties in both in vitro and in vivo models developed in the last 3 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ghirardello
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Javier Ramos-Soriano
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
An Overview of the Recent Developments in Carbon Quantum Dots—Promising Nanomaterials for Metal Ion Detection and (Bio)Molecule Sensing. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9060138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) represent an emerging subset of carbonaceous nanomaterials, recently becoming a powerful tool for biosensing, bioimaging, and drug and gene delivery. In general, carbon dots are defined as zero-dimensional (0D), spherical-like nanoparticles with <10 nm in size. Their unique chemical, optical, and electronic properties make CQDs versatile materials for a wide spectrum of applications, mainly for the sensing and biomedical purposes. Due to their good biocompatibility, water solubility, and relatively facile modification, these novel materials have attracted tremendous interest in recent years, which is especially important for nanotechnology and nanoscience expertise. The preparation of the biomass-derived CQDs has attracted growing interest recently due to their low-cost, renewable, and green biomass resources, presenting also the variability of possible modification for the enhancement of CQDs’ properties. This review is primarily focused on the recent developments in carbon dots and their application in the sensing of different chemical species within the last five years. Furthermore, special emphasis has been made regarding the green approaches for obtaining CQDs and nanomaterial characterization toward better understanding the mechanisms of photoluminescent behavior and sensing performance. In addition, some of the challenges and future outlooks in CQDs research have been briefly outlined.
Collapse
|