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Quinn TM, Bruce AM, Burt T, Dhaliwal K. Phase 0 trials/ Intra-Target-Microdosing (ITM) and the lung: a review. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:425. [PMID: 39210357 PMCID: PMC11363577 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-03193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of efficient drug discovery in respiratory disease. The traditional set up of clinical trials is expensive and allows for significant attrition of new drugs, many of which undergo extensive safety testing before being abandoned for lack of efficacy. Phase 0 trials, named as they sit between pre-clinical research and phase I, allow for the testing of sub-clinical microdoses in humans to gather early pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) and mechanistic data, before deciding on which drugs to advance further. This early data can improve the efficiency and cost effectiveness of drug development and reduce the extent of animal testing. Phase 0 trials traditionally have utilised sub-therapeutic microdoses of compounds administered intravenously with readouts focusing on PK - measured using highly sensitive methods such as accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of peripheral blood, as well as whole-body positron emission tomography (PET). Mathematical models allow for extrapolation of this PK data to support the further testing of larger, systemically effective doses. However, this extrapolation method is limited at providing robust PD or target engagement/ mode of action data. Using an Intra-Target Microdosing (ITM) approach, a small compartment of the body (about 1% or less) is exposed to potentially clinically active local concentrations. This allows for the collection of PD data, evidence of target cell engagement, as well as the opportunity to extrapolate systemic PK and PD data. This approach has the potential within the pulmonary system for the study and rapid and cost-effective development of new and repurposed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M Quinn
- Baillie Gifford Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration & Repair, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Annya M Bruce
- Baillie Gifford Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration & Repair, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tal Burt
- Burt Consultancy, LLC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Baillie Gifford Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration & Repair, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, New Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.
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2
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Aoki Y, Rowland M, Sugiyama Y. When to consider intra-target microdosing: physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approach to quantitatively identify key factors for observing target engagement. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1366160. [PMID: 39119606 PMCID: PMC11306728 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1366160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Intra-Target Microdosing (ITM), integral to Phase 0 clinical studies, offers a novel approach in drug development, effectively bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical phases. This methodology is especially relevant in streamlining early drug development stages. Our research utilized a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and Monte Carlo simulations to examine factors influencing the effectiveness of ITM in achieving target engagement. The study revealed that ITM is capable of engaging targets at levels akin to systemically administered therapeutic doses for specific compounds. However, we also observed a notable decrease in the probability of success when the predicted therapeutic dose exceeds 10 mg. Additionally, our findings identified several critical factors affecting the success of ITM. These encompass both lower dissociation constants, higher systemic clearance and an optimum abundance of receptors in the target organ. Target tissues characterized by relatively low blood flow rates and high drug clearance capacities were deemed more conducive to successful ITM. These insights emphasize the necessity of taking into account each drug's unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, along with the physiological characteristics of the target tissue, in determining the suitability of ITM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Aoki
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Josai International University, Tokyo, Japan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malcom Rowland
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Quantitative System Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Josai International University, Tokyo, Japan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Conci C, Sironi L, Jacchetti E, Panzeri D, Inverso D, Martínez Vázquez R, Osellame R, Collini M, Cerullo G, Chirico G, Raimondi MT. In vivo label-free tissue histology through a microstructured imaging window. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:016102. [PMID: 38222895 PMCID: PMC10787586 DOI: 10.1063/5.0165411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue histopathology, based on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of thin tissue slices, is the gold standard for the evaluation of the immune reaction to the implant of a biomaterial. It is based on lengthy and costly procedures that do not allow longitudinal studies. The use of non-linear excitation microscopy in vivo, largely label-free, has the potential to overcome these limitations. With this purpose, we develop and validate an implantable microstructured device for the non-linear excitation microscopy assessment of the immune reaction to an implanted biomaterial label-free. The microstructured device, shaped as a matrix of regular 3D lattices, is obtained by two-photon laser polymerization. It is subsequently implanted in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs for 7 days to act as an intrinsic 3D reference frame for cell counting and identification. The histological analysis based on H&E images of the tissue sections sampled around the implanted microstructures is compared to non-linear excitation and confocal images to build a cell atlas that correlates the histological observations to the label-free images. In this way, we can quantify the number of cells recruited in the tissue reconstituted in the microstructures and identify granulocytes on label-free images within and outside the microstructures. Collagen and microvessels are also identified by means of second-harmonic generation and autofluorescence imaging. The analysis indicates that the tissue reaction to implanted microstructures is like the one typical of CAM healing after injury, without a massive foreign body reaction. This opens the path to the use of similar microstructures coupled to a biomaterial, to image in vivo the regenerating interface between a tissue and a biomaterial with label-free non-linear excitation microscopy. This promises to be a transformative approach, alternative to conventional histopathology, for the bioengineering and the validation of biomaterials in in vivo longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Conci
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Sironi
- Department of Physics, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Panzeri
- Department of Physics, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Donato Inverso
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Rebeca Martínez Vázquez
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Department of Physics, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Department of Physics, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
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4
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Peruzzi P, Dominas C, Fell G, Bernstock JD, Blitz S, Mazzetti D, Zdioruk M, Dawood HY, Triggs DV, Ahn SW, Bhagavatula SK, Davidson SM, Tatarova Z, Pannell M, Truman K, Ball A, Gold MP, Pister V, Fraenkel E, Chiocca EA, Ligon KL, Wen PY, Jonas O. Intratumoral drug-releasing microdevices allow in situ high-throughput pharmaco phenotyping in patients with gliomas. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadi0069. [PMID: 37672566 PMCID: PMC10754230 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The lack of reliable predictive biomarkers to guide effective therapy is a major obstacle to the advancement of therapy for high-grade gliomas, particularly glioblastoma (GBM), one of the few cancers whose prognosis has not improved over the past several decades. With this pilot clinical trial (number NCT04135807), we provide first-in-human evidence that drug-releasing intratumoral microdevices (IMDs) can be safely and effectively used to obtain patient-specific, high-throughput molecular and histopathological drug response profiling. These data can complement other strategies to inform the selection of drugs based on their observed antitumor effect in situ. IMDs are integrated into surgical practice during tumor resection and remain in situ only for the duration of the otherwise standard operation (2 to 3 hours). None of the six enrolled patients experienced adverse events related to the IMD, and the exposed tissue was usable for downstream analysis for 11 out of 12 retrieved specimens. Analysis of the specimens provided preliminary evidence of the robustness of the readout, compatibility with a wide array of techniques for molecular tissue interrogation, and promising similarities with the available observed clinical-radiological responses to temozolomide. From an investigational aspect, the amount of information obtained with IMDs allows characterization of tissue effects of any drugs of interest, within the physiological context of the intact tumor, and without affecting the standard surgical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Peruzzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christine Dominas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Geoffrey Fell
- Department of Data Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Blitz
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Debora Mazzetti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mykola Zdioruk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hassan Y. Dawood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel V. Triggs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian W. Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sharath K. Bhagavatula
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shawn M. Davidson
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Zuzana Tatarova
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Pannell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyla Truman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Ball
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maxwell P. Gold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Veronika Pister
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - E. Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keith L. Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Y. Wen
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Oliver Jonas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Liu G, Kang JW, Bhagavatula S, Ahn SW, So PTC, Tearney GJ, Jonas O. Bendable long graded index lens microendoscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:36651-36664. [PMID: 36258589 PMCID: PMC9662600 DOI: 10.1364/oe.468827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graded index (GRIN) lens endoscopy has broadly benefited biomedical microscopic imaging by enabling accessibility to sites not reachable by traditional benchtop microscopes. It is a long-held notion that GRIN lenses can only be used as rigid probes, which may limit their potential for certain applications. Here, we describe bendable and long-range GRIN microimaging probes for a variety of potential micro-endoscopic biomedical applications. Using a two-photon fluorescence imaging system, we have experimentally demonstrated the feasibility of three-dimensional imaging through a 500-µm-diameter and ∼11 cm long GRIN lens subject to a cantilever beam-like deflection with a minimum bend radius of ∼25 cm. Bend-induced perturbation to the field of view and resolution has also been investigated quantitatively. Our development alters the conventional notion of GRIN lenses and enables a range of innovative applications. For example, the demonstrated flexibility is highly desirable for implementation into current and emerging minimally invasive clinical procedures, including a pioneering microdevice for high-throughput cancer drug selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guigen Liu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeon Woong Kang
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sharath Bhagavatula
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian W. Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter T. C. So
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Oliver Jonas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Flobak Å, Skånland SS, Hovig E, Taskén K, Russnes HG. Functional precision cancer medicine: drug sensitivity screening enabled by cell culture models. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:973-985. [PMID: 36163057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Functional precision medicine is a new, emerging area that can guide cancer treatment by capturing information from direct perturbations of tumor-derived, living cells, such as by drug sensitivity screening. Precision cancer medicine as currently implemented in clinical practice has been driven by genomics, and current molecular tumor boards rely extensively on genomic characterization to advise on therapeutic interventions. However, genomic biomarkers can only guide treatment decisions for a fraction of the patients. In this review we provide an overview of the current state of functional precision medicine, highlight advances for drug-sensitivity screening enabled by cell culture models, and discuss how artificial intelligence (AI) can be coupled to functional precision medicine to guide patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsmund Flobak
- The Cancer Clinic, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid S Skånland
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Informatics, Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hege G Russnes
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Kim J, Ahn SW, Deans K, Thompson D, Ferland B, Divakar P, Dominas C, Jonas O. Intratarget Microdosing for Deep Phenotyping of Multiple Drug Effects in the Live Brain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:855755. [PMID: 35372313 PMCID: PMC8973214 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.855755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A main impediment to effective development of new therapeutics for central nervous system disorders, and for the in vivo testing of biological hypotheses in the brain, is the ability to rapidly measure the effect of novel agents and treatment combinations on the pathophysiology of native brain tissue. We have developed a miniaturized implantable microdevice (IMD) platform, optimized for direct stereotactic insertion into the brain, which enables the simultaneous measurement of multiple drug effects on the native brain tissue in situ. The IMD contains individual reservoirs which release microdoses of single agents or combinations into confined regions of the brain, with subsequent spatial analysis of phenotypic, transcriptomic or metabolomic effects. Using murine models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we demonstrate that microdoses of various approved and investigational CNS drugs released from the IMD within a local brain region exhibit in situ phenotypes indicative of therapeutic responses, such as neuroprotection, reduction of hyperphosphorylation, immune cell modulation, and anti-inflammatory effects. We also show that local treatments with drugs affecting metabolism provide evidence for regulation of metabolite profiles and immune cell function in hMAPT AD mice. The platform should prove useful in facilitating the rapid testing of pharmacological or biological treatment hypotheses directly within native brain tissues (of various animal models and in patients) and help to confirm on-target effects, in situ pharmacodynamics and drug-induced microenvironment remodeling, much more efficiently than currently feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kim
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sebastian W. Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kyle Deans
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Devon Thompson
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin Ferland
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Prajan Divakar
- Nanostring Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine Dominas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Oliver Jonas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Oliver Jonas,
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8
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Das S, Saha D, Majumdar S, Giri L. Imaging Methods for the Assessment of a Complex Hydrogel as an Ocular Drug Delivery System for Glaucoma Treatment: Opportunities and Challenges in Preclinical Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:733-748. [PMID: 35179892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of loss of vision. The problems associated with the marketed formulations of anti-glaucoma drugs are low bioavailability, unwanted side effects, and low patient compliance. Hydrogels are an important class of soft materials that play a crucial role in developing an ocular drug delivery system. They assume a special significance in addressing the problems associated with the marketed formulations of eyedrops. An appropriate design of the hydrogel system capable of encapsulating single or multiple drugs for glaucoma has emerged in recent times to overcome such challenges. Although various modes of imaging play critical roles in assessing the efficacy of these formulations, evaluating hydrogels for drug permeation and retention remains challenging. Especially, the assessment of dual drugs in the hydrogel system is not straightforward due to the complexity in measuring drug penetration and retention for in vivo or ex vivo systems. There is a need to develop tools for the fabrication and validation of hydrogel-based systems that give insight into precorneal retention, biocompatibility, cellular uptake, and cell permeation. The current review highlights some of the complexities in formulating hydrogel and benchmarking technologies, including confocal laser scanning microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and camera-based imaging. This review also summarizes recent evaluations of various hydrogel formulations using in vitro and in vivo models. Further the article will help researchers from various disciplines, including formulation scientists and biologists, set up preclinical protocols for evaluating polymeric hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougat Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Debasmita Saha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Saptarshi Majumdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Lopamudra Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
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9
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Liu G, Valvo V, Ahn SW, Thompson D, Deans K, Kang JW, Bhagavatula S, Dominas C, Jonas O. A Two-Photon Microimaging-Microdevice System for Four-Dimensional Imaging of Local Drug Delivery in Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11752. [PMID: 34769180 PMCID: PMC8584268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the intratumor measurement of drug responses have included a pioneering biomedical microdevice for high throughput drug screening in vivo, which was further advanced by integrating a graded-index lens based two-dimensional fluorescence micro-endoscope to monitor tissue responses in situ across time. While the previous system provided a bulk measurement of both drug delivery and tissue response from a given region of the tumor, it was incapable of visualizing drug distribution and tissue responses in a three-dimensional (3D) way, thus missing the critical relationship between drug concentration and effect. Here we demonstrate a next-generation system that couples multiplexed intratumor drug release with continuous 3D spatial imaging of the tumor microenvironment via the integration of a miniaturized two-photon micro-endoscope. This enables optical sectioning within the live tissue microenvironment to effectively profile the entire tumor region adjacent to the microdevice across time. Using this novel microimaging-microdevice (MI-MD) system, we successfully demonstrated the four-dimensional imaging (3 spatial dimensions plus time) of local drug delivery in tissue phantom and tumors. Future studies include the use of the MI-MD system for monitoring of localized intra-tissue drug release and concurrent measurement of tissue responses in live organisms, with applications to study drug resistance due to nonuniform drug distribution in tumors, or immune cell responses to anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guigen Liu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Veronica Valvo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Sebastian W. Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Devon Thompson
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Kyle Deans
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Jeon Woong Kang
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Sharath Bhagavatula
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Christine Dominas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Oliver Jonas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.L.); (V.V.); (S.W.A.); (D.T.); (K.D.); (S.B.); (C.D.)
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10
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Liu G, Kang JW, Jonas O. Long-GRIN-Lens Microendoscopy Enabled by Wavefront Shaping for a Biomedical Microdevice: An Analytical Investigation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3392. [PMID: 34207445 PMCID: PMC8234019 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We analytically investigate the feasibility of long graded-index (GRIN)-lens-based microendoscopes through wavefront shaping. Following the very well-defined ray trajectories in a GRIN lens, mode-dependent phase delay is first determined. Then, the phase compensation needed for obtaining diffraction limited resolution is derived. Finally, the diffraction pattern of the lens output is computed using the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction theory. We show that diffraction-limited resolution is obtained for a 0.5 mm diameter lens with a length over 1 m. It is also demonstrated that different imaging working distances (WDs) can be realized by modifying the phase compensation. When a short design WD is used, a large imaging numerical aperture (NA) higher than 0.4 is achievable even when a low NA lens (NA = 0.1) is used. The long- and thin-GRIN-lens-based microendoscope investigated here, which is attractive for biomedical applications, is being prioritized for use in a clinical stage microdevice that measures three-dimensional drug responses inside the body. The advance described in this work may enable superior imaging capabilities in clinical applications in which long and flexible imaging probes are favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guigen Liu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Jeon Woong Kang
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Oliver Jonas
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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