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Guang C, Du Z, Meng J, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Mu W. Recent Progress in Physiological Significance and Biosynthesis of Lacto- N-triose II: Insights into a Crucial Biomolecule. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:19539-19548. [PMID: 39188079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Lacto-N-triose II (LNTri II), an important precursor for human milk oligosaccharide (HMOs) synthesis, has garnered significant attention due to its structural features and physiological properties. Composed of galactose (Gal), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and glucose (Glc), with the chemical structure GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glc, the distinctive structure of LNTri II confers various physiological functions such as promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, regulating the infant immune system, and preventing certain gastrointestinal diseases. Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to elucidating efficient enzymatic synthesis pathways for LNTri II production, with particular emphasis on the transglycosylation activity of β-N-acetylhexosaminidases and the action of β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases. Additionally, metabolic engineering and cell factory approaches have been explored, harnessing the potential of engineered microbial hosts for the large-scale biosynthesis of LNTri II. This review summarizes the structure, derivatives, physiological effects, and biosynthesis of LNTri II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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2
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Lu Z, Zhu Q, Bai Y, Zhao X, Wang H, Peng X, Luo Z, Zhang Y. A fungal pathogen secretes a cell wall-associated β-N-acetylhexosaminidase that is co-expressed with chitinases to contribute to infection of insects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4699-4713. [PMID: 38771009 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are widely distributed in fungi and involved in cell wall chitin metabolism and utilization of chitin-containing substrates. However, details of the fungal pathogens-derived HEXs in the interaction with their hosts remain limited. RESULTS An insect nutrients-induced β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, BbHex1, was identified from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, which was involved in cell wall modification and degradation of insect cuticle. BbHex1 was localized to cell wall and secreted, and displayed enzyme activity to degrade the chitinase-hydrolyzed product (GlcNAc)2. Disruption of BbHex1 resulted in a significant decrease in the level of cell wall chitin in the presence of insect nutrients and during infection of insects, with impaired ability to penetrate insect cuticle, accompanying downregulated cell wall metabolism-involved and cuticle-degrading chitinase genes. However, the opposite phenotypes were examined in the gene overexpression strain. Distinctly altered cell wall structures caused by BbHex1 mutation and overexpression led to the easy activation and evasion (respectively) of insect immune response during fungal infection. As a result, BbHex1 contributed to fungal virulence. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that promoters of some co-expressed chitinase genes with the BbHex1 promoter shared conserved transcription factors Skn7, Msn2 and Ste12, and CreA-binding motifs, implying co-regulation of those genes with BbHex1. CONCLUSION These data support a mechanism that the fungal pathogen specifically expresses BbHex1, which is co-expressed with chitinases to modify cell wall for evasion of insect immune recognition and to degrade insect cuticle, and contributes to the fungal virulence against insects. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiankuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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3
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Mészáros Z, Kulik N, Petrásková L, Bojarová P, Texidó M, Planas A, Křen V, Slámová K. Three-Step Enzymatic Remodeling of Chitin into Bioactive Chitooligomers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15613-15623. [PMID: 38978453 PMCID: PMC11261597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Here we describe a complex enzymatic approach to the efficient transformation of abundant waste chitin, a byproduct of the food industry, into valuable chitooligomers with a degree of polymerization (DP) ranging from 6 to 11. This method involves a three-step process: initial hydrolysis of chitin using engineered variants of a novel fungal chitinase from Talaromyces flavus to generate low-DP chitooligomers, followed by an extension to the desired DP using the high-yielding Y445N variant of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Aspergillus oryzae, achieving yields of up to 57%. Subsequently, enzymatic deacetylation of chitooligomers with DP 6 and 7 was accomplished using peptidoglycan deacetylase from Bacillus subtilis BsPdaC. The innovative enzymatic procedure demonstrates a sustainable and feasible route for converting waste chitin into unavailable bioactive chitooligomers potentially applicable as natural pesticides in ecological and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Institute
of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Institute
of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Institute
of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute
of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Mònica Texidó
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, ES 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, ES 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute
of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute
of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14200, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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4
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Palliyath GK, Jangam AK, Katneni VK, Kaikkolante N, Panjan Nathamuni S, Jayaraman R, Jagabattula S, Moturi M, Shekhar MS. Meta-analysis to Unravel Core Transcriptomic Responses in Penaeus vannamei Exposed to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10772-y. [PMID: 38570440 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Shrimp farming, a dominant economic activity in coastal areas, is affected by different abiotic and biotic stress factors. These stressors, under poor management conditions, could affect growth and health of farmed animals. Understanding the common gene expressions in response to stress, regardless of the specific stress factor, holds significant importance in the field of functional genomics. Scope of this study is to identify the core transcriptomic responses in the shrimp species Penaeus vannamei exposed to various abiotic and biotic stress conditions and to decipher their functional importance. To achieve our objective, we gathered and analyzed multiple RNA-seq datasets related to twelve abiotic and nine biotic stress conditions. Through the in silico meta-analysis, we predicted 961 differentially expressed genes (meta-DEGs) for abiotic stress conditions and 517 meta-DEGs for biotic stress conditions, respectively. These meta-DEGs represent genes that are commonly expressed across different stress factors and are indicative of the organism's general response to stress. The annotation of nineteen core up-regulated meta-DEGs revealed their diverse functions in detoxification, cell adhesion, metal ion binding, and oxidative phosphorylation. These genes play a crucial role in stress response and immune defense. For abiotic stress, significant pathways associated with the stress response include tryptophan metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid degradation, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, phenylalanine metabolism, drug metabolism-other enzymes, arachidonic acid metabolism, and fatty acid elongation. Similarly, for biotic stress, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 were found to be significant pathway associations. In addition, the study also predicted 17 stress regulatory motifs present in the identified meta-DEGs. These motifs have significance in identifying the stress responses of the organism. The metabolic pathways and regulatory motifs associated with abiotic and biotic stress factors identified through this study could be a valuable resource for developing stress management approaches in shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Roja Jayaraman
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
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5
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Liu Y, Qin Z, Wang C, Jiang Z. N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-based oligosaccharides from chitin: Enzymatic production, characterization and biological activities. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:121019. [PMID: 37230627 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer, possesses diverse applications in the food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries due to its functional properties. However, the potential applications of chitin are limited owing to its high crystallinity and low solubility. N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides and lacto-N-triose II, the two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides, can be obtained from chitin by enzymatic methods. With their lower molecular weights and improved solubility, these two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides display more various beneficial health effects when compared to chitin. Among their abilities, they have exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, and plant elicitor activities as well as immunomodulatory and prebiotic effects, which suggests they have the potential to be utilized as food additives, functional daily supplements, drug precursors, elicitors for plants, and prebiotics. This review comprehensively covers the enzymatic methods used for the two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides production from chitin by chitinolytic enzymes. Moreover, current advances in the structural characterization and biological activities of these two types of GlcNAc-based oligosaccharides are summarized in the review. We also highlight current problems in the production of these oligosaccharides and trends in their development, aiming to offer some directions for producing functional oligosaccharides from chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Baoshan District, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Tanaka T, Habuchi Y, Okuno R, Nishimura S, Tsuji S, Aso Y, Ohnuma T. The first report of enzymatic transglycosylation catalyzed by family GH84 N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase using a sugar oxazoline derivative as a glycosyl donor. Carbohydr Res 2023; 523:108740. [PMID: 36634517 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
O-Glycosylated N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine-selective N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase), belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 84 (GH84), is known as a retaining glycosidase with the possibility of enzymatic transglycosylation. However, no enzymatic transglycosylation catalyzed by GH84 O-GlcNAcase has been reported. Here, enzymatic transglycosylation catalyzed by GH84 O-GlcNAcase was first reported. The enzymatic transglycosylation catalyzed by the GH84 O-GlcNAcase from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BtGH84 O-GlcNAcase) was attained using 1,2-oxazoline derivative of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc oxazoline) as a glycosyl donor substrate. The β-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) derivative was enzymatically synthesized using N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide as an acceptor substrate. Interestingly, the β1,6-linked disaccharide derivative of GlcNAc was also obtained in the case of using the GlcNAc derivative with a triazole-linked acrylamide group as an acceptor substrate. Additionally, a one-pot chemo-enzymatic transglycosylation starting from unprotected GlcNAc through GlcNAc oxazoline successfully showed through the combination with the direct synthesis of GlcNAc oxazoline in water and the enzymatic transglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Habuchi
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Rika Okuno
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shota Nishimura
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Sotaro Tsuji
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Aso
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan; Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute (ATIRI), Kindai University, 3327-204, Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan.
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7
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Nekvasilová P, Kulik N, Kotik M, Petrásková L, Slámová K, Křen V, Bojarová P. Mutation Hotspot for Changing the Substrate Specificity of β- N-Acetylhexosaminidase: A Library of GlcNAcases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12456. [PMID: 36293310 PMCID: PMC9604439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase from Talaromyces flavus (TfHex; EC 3.2.1.52) is an exo-glycosidase with dual activity for cleaving N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) units from carbohydrates. By targeting a mutation hotspot of the active site residue Glu332, we prepared a library of ten mutant variants with their substrate specificity significantly shifted towards GlcNAcase activity. Suitable mutations were identified by in silico methods. We optimized a microtiter plate screening method in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system, which is required for the correct folding of tetrameric fungal β-N-acetylhexosaminidases. While the wild-type TfHex is promiscuous with its GalNAcase/GlcNAcase activity ratio of 1.2, the best single mutant variant Glu332His featured an 8-fold increase in selectivity toward GlcNAc compared with the wild-type. Several prepared variants, in particular Glu332Thr TfHex, had significantly stronger transglycosylation capabilities than the wild-type, affording longer chitooligomers - they behaved like transglycosidases. This study demonstrates the potential of mutagenesis to alter the substrate specificity of glycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Nekvasilová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 136, CZ-37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kotik
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
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8
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Mészáros Z, Petrásková L, Kulik N, Pelantová H, Bojarová P, Křen V, Slámová K. Hypertransglycosylating Variants of the GH20 β‐
N
‐Acetylhexosaminidase for the Synthesis of Chitooligomers. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 6 Prague 6 CZ 16000 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Zámek 136 Nové Hrady CZ 37333 Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
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Roy A, Kalita B, Jayaprakash A, Kumar A, Lakshmi PTV. Computational identification and characterization of vascular wilt pathogen ( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) CAZymes in tomato xylem sap. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35470778 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2067236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is a devastating plant pathogenic fungi known for wilt disease in the tomato plant and secrete cell wall degrading enzymes. These enzymes are collectively known as carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), crucial for growth, colonization and pathogenesis. Therefore, the present study was aimed to identify and annotate pathogen CAZymes in the xylem sap of a susceptible tomato variety using downstream proteomics and meta servers. Further, structural elucidation and conformational stability analysis of the selected CAZyme families were done through homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation. Among all the fungal proteins identified, the carbohydrate metabolic process was found to be enriched. Most of the annotated CAZymes belonged to the hydrolase and oxidoreductase families, and 90% were soluble and extracellular. Moreover, using a publically available interactome database, interactions were observed between the families acting on chitin, hemicellulose and pectin. Subsequently, important catalytic residues were identified in the candidate CAZymes belonging to carbohydrate esterase (CE8) and glycosyl hydrolase (GH18 and GH28). Further, essential dynamics after molecular simulation of 100 ns revealed the overall behavior of these CAZymes with distinct global minima and transition states in CE8. Thus, our study identified some of the CAZyme families that assist in pathogenesis and growth through host cell wall deconstruction with further structural insight into the selected CAZyme families.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Roy
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Barsha Kalita
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Aiswarya Jayaprakash
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - P T V Lakshmi
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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10
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Engineered Glycosidases for the Synthesis of Analogs of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084106. [PMID: 35456924 PMCID: PMC9027921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis is an elegant biocompatible approach to complex compounds such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). These compounds are vital for healthy neonatal development with a positive impact on the immune system. Although HMOs may be prepared by glycosyltransferases, this pathway is often complicated by the high price of sugar nucleotides, stringent substrate specificity, and low enzyme stability. Engineered glycosidases (EC 3.2.1) represent a good synthetic alternative, especially if variations in the substrate structure are desired. Site-directed mutagenesis can improve the synthetic process with higher yields and/or increased reaction selectivity. So far, the synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides by glycosidases has mostly been limited to analytical reactions with mass spectrometry detection. The present work reveals the potential of a library of engineered glycosidases in the preparative synthesis of three tetrasaccharides derived from lacto-N-tetraose (Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glc), employing sequential cascade reactions catalyzed by β3-N-acetylhexosaminidase BbhI from Bifidobacterium bifidum, β4-galactosidase BgaD-B from Bacillus circulans, β4-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Talaromyces flavus, and β3-galactosynthase BgaC from B. circulans. The reaction products were isolated and structurally characterized. This work expands the insight into the multi-step catalysis by glycosidases and shows the path to modified derivatives of complex carbohydrates that cannot be prepared by standard glycosyltransferase methods.
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Kurakake M, Amai Y. Characterization of a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase with transglycosylation activity from Metarhizium sp. A34. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1466-1474. [PMID: 35289418 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In applications of chitin, one of the most abundant resources on earth, human milk oligosaccharides with many health functions were synthesized by transglycosylation of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. Synthesis of new transfer products can be expected by other β-N-acetylhexosaminidases in nature. A total of 38 microorganisms that secrete β-N-acetylhexosaminidases with transglycosylation activity were isolated from a soil screen. Using N,N'-diacetylchitobiose as the substrate, the transfer ratio increased with a decrease in substrate degradation when it was less than 60%. Metarhizium sp. A34 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase had high transglycosylation activity and showed a maximum production of the oligosaccharides against the substrate degradation where (GlcNAc)5 and (GlcNAc)4 were produced in addition to (GlcNAc)3 . The maximum curve was attributed to a sequential reaction of transglycosylation followed by hydrolysis where oligosaccharides are an intermediate product and are hydrolyzed in a second step. The purified β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Metarhizium sp. A34 had an optimal pH of 5 and was stable from pH 7 to 8. At pH 5, it had an optimal temperature of 40°C and was stable up to 30°C for 30 min. This enzyme had high thermostability up to 55°C when bound to the cell wall. The acceptor specificity for the transglycosylation reaction was enhanced for lower molecular weight sugar alcohols in the order of glycerin (C3), erythritol (C4), and xylitol (C5). The transfer product with glycerin was identified as 1-O-β-d-N-acetylglucosaminyl glycerin, which may prove useful as a starting material for new glycolipids in food applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Metarhizium sp. A34 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase produced 1-O-β-d-N-acetylglucosaminyl glycerin through the transglycosylation. Chitin oligosaccharides of the donor are obtained by hydrolysis of chitin. 1-O-β-d-N-Acetylglucosaminyl glycerin may be useful to start material for the synthesis of new glycolipids. High thermostability of this enzyme is useful to prevention of contamination in the transglycosylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kurakake
- Department of Marine Bio-Science, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Yukari Amai
- Department of Marine Bio-Science, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Japan
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Improvement of the Transglycosylation Efficiency of a Lacto-N-Biosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum by Protein Engineering. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lacto-N-biosidase LnbB from Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM 1254 was engineered to improve its negligible transglycosylation efficiency with the purpose of enzymatically synthesizing lacto-N-tetraose (LNT; Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc-β1,3-Gal-β1,4-Glc) in one enzymatic step. LNT is a prebiotic human milk oligosaccharide in itself and constitutes the structural core of a range of more complex human milk oligosaccharides as well. Thirteen different LnbB variants were expressed and screened for transglycosylation activity by monitoring transglycosylation product formation using lacto-N-biose 1,2-oxazoline as donor substrate and lactose as acceptor substrate. LNT was the major reaction product, yet careful reaction analysis revealed the formation of three additional LNT isomers, which we identified to have a β1,2-linkage, a β1,6-linkage, and a 1,1-linkage, respectively, between lacto-N-biose (Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc) and lactose. Considering both maximal transglycosylation yield and regioselectivity as well as minimal product hydrolysis, the best variant was LnbB W394H, closely followed by W465H and Y419N. A high transglycosylation yield was also obtained with W394F, yet the substitution of W394 and W465 of the subsite −1 hydrophobic platform in the enzyme with His dramatically impaired the undesirable product hydrolysis as compared to substitution with Phe; the effect was most pronounced for W465. Using p-nitrophenyl-β-lacto-N-bioside as donor substrate manifested W394 as an important target position. The optimization of the substrate concentrations confirmed that high initial substrate concentration and high acceptor-to-donor ratio both favor transglycosylation.
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Karimi Alavijeh M, Meyer AS, Gras SL, Kentish SE. Synthesis of N-Acetyllactosamine and N-Acetyllactosamine-Based Bioactives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7501-7525. [PMID: 34152750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) or more specifically β-d-galactopyranosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine is a unique acyl-amino sugar and a key structural unit in human milk oligosaccharides, an antigen component of many glycoproteins, and an antiviral active component for the development of effective drugs against viruses. LacNAc is useful itself and as a basic building block for producing various bioactive oligosaccharides, notably because this synthesis may be used to add value to dairy lactose. Despite a significant amount of information in the literature on the benefits, structures, and types of different LacNAc-derived oligosaccharides, knowledge about their effective synthesis for large-scale production is still in its infancy. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of existing production strategies for LacNAc and important LacNAc-based structures, including sialylated LacNAc as well as poly- and oligo-LacNAc. We conclude that direct extraction from milk is too complex, while chemical synthesis is also impractical at an industrial scale. Microbial routes have application when multiple step reactions are needed, but the major route to large-scale biochemical production will likely lie with enzymatic routes, particularly those using β-galactosidases (for LacNAc synthesis), sialidases (for sialylated LacNAc synthesis), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (for oligo-LacNAc synthesis). Glycosyltransferases, especially for the biosynthesis of extended complex LacNAc structures, could also play a major role in the future. In these cases, immobilization of the enzyme can increase stability and reduce cost. Processing parameters, such as substrate concentration and purity, acceptor/donor ratio, water activity, and temperature, can affect product selectivity and yield. More work is needed to optimize these reaction parameters and in the development of robust, thermally stable enzymes to facilitate commercial production of these important bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karimi Alavijeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology Division, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S L Gras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - S E Kentish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Castejón-Vilatersana M, Faijes M, Planas A. Transglycosylation Activity of Engineered Bifidobacterium Lacto- N-Biosidase Mutants at Donor Subsites for Lacto- N-Tetraose Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3230. [PMID: 33810098 PMCID: PMC8004761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) make them attractive targets as supplements for infant formula milks. However, HMO synthesis is still challenging and only two HMOs have been marketed. Engineering glycoside hydrolases into transglycosylases may provide biocatalytic routes to the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides. Lacto-N-biosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum (LnbB) is a GH20 enzyme present in the gut microbiota of breast-fed infants that hydrolyzes lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), the core structure of the most abundant type I HMOs. Here we report a mutational study in the donor subsites of the substrate binding cleft with the aim of reducing hydrolytic activity and conferring transglycosylation activity for the synthesis of LNT from p-nitrophenyl β-lacto-N-bioside and lactose. As compared with the wt enzyme with negligible transglycosylation activity, mutants with residual hydrolase activity within 0.05% to 1.6% of the wild-type enzyme result in transglycosylating enzymes with LNT yields in the range of 10-30%. Mutations of Trp394, located in subsite -1 next to the catalytic residues, have a large impact on the transglycosylation/hydrolysis ratio, with W394F being the best mutant as a biocatalyst producing LNT at 32% yield. It is the first reported transglycosylating LnbB enzyme variant, amenable to further engineering for practical enzymatic synthesis of LNT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magda Faijes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain;
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Liu Y, Ma J, Shi R, Li T, Yan Q, Jiang Z, Yang S. Biochemical characterization of a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Catenibacterium mitsuokai suitable for the synthesis of lacto-N-triose II. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Neov B, Krastanov J, Angelova T, Palova N, Laleva S, Hristov P. Sequence analysis of the Hex A gene in Jacob sheep from Bulgaria. Vet World 2021; 14:56-60. [PMID: 33642786 PMCID: PMC7896910 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.56-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Jacob sheep are a rare ancient breed of sheep believed to have originated from the Mediterranean area but which are now kept throughout the world. These sheep have recently attracted medical interest due to the observation of a genetic disorder in the breed that can be used as an animal model of Tay–Sachs disease (TSD). This study aims to detect mutations in the Hexosaminidase A gene in Jacob sheep based on sequence analysis of the 284-bp fragment situated between exon 11 and intron 11 of the gene, a target sequence for site-specific mutation. This is the first study that has investigated Jacob sheep in Bulgaria for gene-specific mutations. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 blood samples were collected from Jacob sheep from the Rhodope Mountains. DNA was isolated from these samples, and a specific 284-bp fragment was amplified. The amplified products were purified using a polymerase chain reaction purification kit and sequenced in both directions. Results: Target sequences were successfully amplified from all 20 investigated sheep. Sequence analysis did not show the homozygous, recessive, missense (G-to-C transition) mutation at nucleotide position 1330 (G1330→C) in exon 11, demonstrating that all of these sheep were a normal genotype (wild-type). Conclusion: Jacob sheep are considered a potentially useful animal model in advancing the understanding of pathogenesis and developing potential therapies for orphan diseases, such as those characterized by mutant GM2 gangliosides. The clinical and biochemical features of the Jacob sheep model of TSD represent well the human classical late-infantile form of this disorder, indicating that the model can serve as a possible new research tool for further study of the pathogenesis and treatment of TSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyko Neov
- Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Jivko Krastanov
- Department of Breeding and Technologies in Cattle Breeding, Agricultural Institute - Stara Zagora, Agricultural Academy, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Teodora Angelova
- Department of Breeding and Technologies in Cattle Breeding, Agricultural Institute - Stara Zagora, Agricultural Academy, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Nadezhda Palova
- Scientific Center of Agriculture, Sredets 8300, Agricultural Academy, Bulgaria
| | - Stayka Laleva
- Department of Breeding and Technologies in Cattle Breeding, Agricultural Institute - Stara Zagora, Agricultural Academy, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Peter Hristov
- Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biocatalysis: Enzymatic Synthesis for Industrial Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:88-119. [PMID: 32558088 PMCID: PMC7818486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 188.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has found numerous applications in various fields as an alternative to chemical catalysis. The use of enzymes in organic synthesis, especially to make chiral compounds for pharmaceuticals as well for the flavors and fragrance industry, are the most prominent examples. In addition, biocatalysts are used on a large scale to make specialty and even bulk chemicals. This review intends to give illustrative examples in this field with a special focus on scalable chemical production using enzymes. It also discusses the opportunities and limitations of enzymatic syntheses using distinct examples and provides an outlook on emerging enzyme classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc.126 E. Lincoln AveRahwayNJ07065USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech ConsultingHafenstr. 3168159MannheimGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
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Moulis C, Guieysse D, Morel S, Séverac E, Remaud-Siméon M. Natural and engineered transglycosylases: Green tools for the enzyme-based synthesis of glycoproducts. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 61:96-106. [PMID: 33360622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of transglycosylase-based processes provide access to oligosaccharides or glycoconjugates, some of them reaching performance levels compatible with industrial developments. Nevertheless, the full potential of transglycosylases has not been explored because of the challenges in transforming a glycoside hydrolase into an efficient transglycosylase. Advances in studying enzyme structure/function relationships, screening enzyme activity, and generating synthetic libraries guided by computational protein design or machine learning methods should considerably accelerate the development of these catalysts. The time has now come for researchers to uncover their possibilities and learn how to design and precisely refine their activity to respond more rapidly to the growing demand for well-defined glycosidic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Moulis
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 04, F-31077, France.
| | - David Guieysse
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 04, F-31077, France
| | - Sandrine Morel
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 04, F-31077, France
| | - Etienne Séverac
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 04, F-31077, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 04, F-31077, France.
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Wu S, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Baldenius K, Bornscheuer UT. Biokatalyse: Enzymatische Synthese für industrielle Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Global Discovery Chemistry 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and Development Merck & Co., Inc. 126 E. Lincoln Ave Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech Consulting Hafenstraße 31 68159 Mannheim Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
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Zeuner B, Meyer AS. Enzymatic transfucosylation for synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2020; 493:108029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Zhang A, Mo X, Zhou N, Wang Y, Wei G, Chen J, Chen K, Ouyang P. A novel bacterial β- N-acetyl glucosaminidase from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis possessing transglycosylation and reverse hydrolysis activities. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:115. [PMID: 32612678 PMCID: PMC7324980 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-Acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-Acetyl chitooligosaccharides (N-Acetyl COSs) exhibit many biological activities, and have been widely used in the pharmaceutical, agriculture, food, and chemical industries. Particularly, higher N-Acetyl COSs with degree of polymerization from 4 to 7 ((GlcNAc)4-(GlcNAc)7) show good antitumor and antimicrobial activity, as well as possessing strong stimulating activity toward natural killer cells. Thus, it is of great significance to discover a β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAGase) that can not only produce GlcNAc, but also synthesize N-Acetyl COSs. RESULTS The gene encoding the novel β-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, designated CmNAGase, was cloned from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1. The deduced amino acid sequence of CmNAGase contains a glycoside hydrolase family 20 catalytic module that shows low identity (12-35%) with the corresponding domain of most well-characterized NAGases. The CmNAGase gene was highly expressed with an active form in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. The specific activity of purified CmNAGase toward p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl glucosaminide (pNP-GlcNAc) was 4878.6 U/mg of protein. CmNAGase had a molecular mass of 92 kDa, and its optimum activity was at pH 5.4 and 40 °C. The V max, K m, K cat, and K cat/K m of CmNAGase for pNP-GlcNAc were 16,666.67 μmol min-1 mg-1, 0.50 μmol mL-1, 25,555.56 s-1, and 51,111.12 mL μmol-1 s-1, respectively. Analysis of the hydrolysis products of N-Acetyl COSs and colloidal chitin revealed that CmNAGase is a typical exo-acting NAGase. Particularly, CmNAGase can synthesize higher N-Acetyl COSs ((GlcNAc)3-(GlcNAc)7) from (GlcNAc)2-(GlcNAc)6, respectively, showed that it possesses transglycosylation activity. In addition, CmNAGase also has reverse hydrolysis activity toward GlcNAc, synthesizing various linked GlcNAc dimers. CONCLUSIONS The observations recorded in this study that CmNAGase is a novel NAGase with exo-acting, transglycosylation, and reverse hydrolysis activities, suggest a possible application in the production of GlcNAc or higher N-Acetyl COSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
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