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Chinnadurai V, Govindasamy C. L-asparaginase producing ability of Aspergillus species isolated from tapioca root soil and optimized ideal growth parameters for L-Asparaginase production. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024:119543. [PMID: 38964574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This research was designed to isolate the predominant L-asparaginase-producing fungus from rhizosphere soil of tapioca field and assess the suitable growth conditions required to produce maximum L-asparaginase activity. The Aspergillus tubingensis was identified as a predominant L-asparaginase producing fungal isolate from 15 isolates, and it was characterized by 18S rRNA sequencing. The L-asparaginase-producing activity was confirmed by pink color zone formation around the colonies in modified Czapek Dox agar plate supplemented with 1% L-asparagine. The optimal growth conditions required for the L-asparaginase production by A. tubingensis were optimized as pH 6.0, temperature 30°C, glucose as carbon source, 1.5% of L-asparagine, ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source, rice husk as natural L-asparagine enriched source, and 8 days of the incubation period. The L-asparaginase activity from A. tubingensis was excellent under these optimal growth conditions. It significantly used rice husk as an alternative to synthetic L-asparagine. As a result, this may be considered a sustainable method of converting organic waste into valuable raw material for microbial enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajjiram Chinnadurai
- Department of Botany, Sri Vidya Mandir Arts and Science (Autonomous), Katteri, Uthangarai - 636902, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chandramohan Govindasamy
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh -11433, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Liu J, Kang R, Yang X, Xie H, Cui X, Ren M, Feng X, Meng D. Sustainable cellobionic acid biosynthesis from starch via artificial in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129641. [PMID: 38262552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cellobionic acid (CBA), a kind of aldobionic acid, offers potential applications in the fields of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and chemical industry. To tackle the high cost of the substrate cellobiose in CBA production using quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase, this study developed a coenzyme-free and phosphate-balanced in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem (ivSEBS) to enable the sustainable CBA synthesis from cost-effective starch in one-pot via the CBA-synthesis module and gluconic acid-supply module. The metabolic fluxes of this artificial biosystem were strengthened using design-build-test-analysis strategy, which involved exquisite pathway design, meticulous enzyme selection, module validation and integration, and optimization of the key enzyme dosage. Under the optimized conditions, a remarkable concentration of 6.2 g/L CBA was achieved from initial 10 g/L maltodextrin with a starch-to-CBA molar conversion rate of 60 %. Taking into account that the biosystem simultaneously accumulated 3.6 g/L of gluconic acid, the maltodextrin utilization rate was calculated to be 93.3 %. Furthermore, a straightforward scaling-up process was performed to evaluate the industrial potential of this enzymatic biosystem, resulting in a yield of 21.2 g/L CBA from 50 g/L maltodextrin. This study presents an artificial ivSEBS for sustainable production of CBA from inexpensive starch, demonstrating an alternative paradigm for biomanufacturing of other aldobionic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Runyuan Kang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Hanhan Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Mengfei Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Xinming Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China.
| | - Dongdong Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China.
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3
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Sigg A, Klimacek M, Nidetzky B. Pushing the boundaries of phosphorylase cascade reaction for cellobiose production II: Model-based multiobjective optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:566-579. [PMID: 37986649 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The inherent complexity of coupled biocatalytic reactions presents a major challenge for process development with one-pot multienzyme cascade transformations. Kinetic models are powerful engineering tools to guide the optimization of cascade reactions towards a performance suitable for scale up to an actual production. Here, we report kinetic model-based window of operation analysis for cellobiose production (≥100 g/L) from sucrose and glucose by indirect transglycosylation via glucose 1-phosphate as intermediate. The two-step cascade transformation is catalyzed by sucrose and cellobiose phosphorylase in the presence of substoichiometric amounts of phosphate (≤27 mol% of substrate). Kinetic modeling was instrumental to uncover the hidden effect of bulk microviscosity due to high sugar concentrations on decreasing the rate of cellobiose phosphorylase specifically. The mechanistic-empirical hybrid model thus developed gives a comprehensive description of the cascade reaction at industrially relevant substrate conditions. Model simulations serve to unravel opposed relationships between efficient utilization of the enzymes and maximized concentration (or yield) of the product within a given process time, in dependence of the initial concentrations of substrate and phosphate used. Optimum balance of these competing key metrics of process performance is suggested from the model-calculated window of operation and is verified experimentally. The evidence shown highlights the important use of kinetic modeling for the characterization and optimization of cascade reactions in ways that appear to be inaccessible to purely data-driven approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sigg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Klimacek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Graz, Austria
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4
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Sigg A, Klimacek M, Nidetzky B. Pushing the boundaries of phosphorylase cascade reaction for cellobiose production I: Kinetic model development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:580-592. [PMID: 37983971 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
One-pot cascade reactions of coupled disaccharide phosphorylases enable an efficient transglycosylation via intermediary α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (G1P). Such transformations have promising applications in the production of carbohydrate commodities, including the disaccharide cellobiose for food and feed use. Several studies have shown sucrose and cellobiose phosphorylase for cellobiose synthesis from sucrose, but the boundaries on transformation efficiency that result from kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of the individual enzyme reactions are not known. Here, we assessed in a step-by-step systematic fashion the practical requirements of a kinetic model to describe cellobiose production at industrially relevant substrate concentrations of up to 600 mM sucrose and glucose each. Mechanistic initial-rate models of the two-substrate reactions of sucrose phosphorylase (sucrose + phosphate → G1P + fructose) and cellobiose phosphorylase (G1P + glucose → cellobiose + phosphate) were needed and additionally required expansion by terms of glucose inhibition, in particular a distinctive two-site glucose substrate inhibition of the cellobiose phosphorylase (from Cellulumonas uda). Combined with mass action terms accounting for the approach to equilibrium, the kinetic model gave an excellent fit and a robust prediction of the full reaction time courses for a wide range of enzyme activities as well as substrate concentrations, including the variable substoichiometric concentration of phosphate. The model thus provides the essential engineering tool to disentangle the highly interrelated factors of conversion efficiency in the coupled enzyme reaction; and it establishes the necessary basis of window of operation calculations for targeted optimizations toward different process tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sigg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Klimacek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Graz, Austria
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Hooe SL, Smith AD, Dean SN, Breger JC, Ellis GA, Medintz IL. Multienzymatic Cascades and Nanomaterial Scaffolding-A Potential Way Forward for the Efficient Biosynthesis of Novel Chemical Products. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309963. [PMID: 37944537 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is touted as the next industrial revolution as it promises access to greener biocatalytic syntheses to replace many industrial organic chemistries. Here, it is shown to what synthetic biology can offer in the form of multienzyme cascades for the synthesis of the most basic of new materials-chemicals, including especially designer chemical products and their analogs. Since achieving this is predicated on dramatically expanding the chemical space that enzymes access, such chemistry will probably be undertaken in cell-free or minimalist formats to overcome the inherent toxicity of non-natural substrates to living cells. Laying out relevant aspects that need to be considered in the design of multi-enzymatic cascades for these purposes is begun. Representative multienzymatic cascades are critically reviewed, which have been specifically developed for the synthesis of compounds that have either been made only by traditional organic synthesis along with those cascades utilized for novel compound syntheses. Lastly, an overview of strategies that look toward exploiting bio/nanomaterials for accessing channeling and other nanoscale materials phenomena in vitro to direct novel enzymatic biosynthesis and improve catalytic efficiency is provided. Finally, a perspective on what is needed for this field to develop in the short and long term is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Hooe
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Aaron D Smith
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Scott N Dean
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Joyce C Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Gregory A Ellis
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
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Sun X, Zhang T, Liu Y, Chen P, Qin H, Yang J, Sun Y. Self-assembled multienzyme complex facilitates synthesis of glucosylglycerol from maltodextrin and glycerol. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:266-272. [PMID: 37551437 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compound 2-O-α-d-glucosylglycerol (2αGG) naturally serves as a compatible osmolyte in acclimation to environmental stresses, such as high osmolarity, dryness, and extreme temperature. It presents several bioactivities and has been used in the food, agriculture, and cosmetics areas. RESULTS In the present study, we attempted to synthesize the 2αGG from low-cost maltodextrin and glycerol by constructing an in vitro multi-enzyme system. The system contained two core enzymes, namely glucan phosphorylases (GPs) and glucosylglycerol phosphorylases (GGPs), and two auxiliary enzymes, namely isoamylase and 4-α-glucanotransferase. Several new GGPs from different organisms were characterized with the function of converting α-G1P and glycerol to sole stereo-configuration product 2αGG. Then, polypeptide SpyTag-SpyCatcher was employed to construct a self-assembled multienzyme complex, and different combinations between enzymes and peptides were constructed and tested. The best self-assembled multienzyme complex exhibited three-fold higher productivity compared to that of free enzyme. This reaction system also produced 240 mm (61 g L-1 ) 2αGG under high substrate concentration, with a conversion yield of 86%. CONCLUSION The present study provides an efficient approach for producing 2αGG. It also demonstrates that the SpyTag-SpyCatcher system could be applied to construct other multienzyme complexes for increased productivity and product titer. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yinlu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Huimin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Schelch S, Eibinger M, Zuson J, Kuballa J, Nidetzky B. Modular bioengineering of whole-cell catalysis for sialo-oligosaccharide production: coordinated co-expression of CMP-sialic acid synthetase and sialyltransferase. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:241. [PMID: 38012629 PMCID: PMC10683312 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In whole-cell bio-catalysis, the biosystems engineering paradigm shifts from the global reconfiguration of cellular metabolism as in fermentation to a more focused, and more easily modularized, optimization of comparably short cascade reactions. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) constitute an important field for the synthetic application of cascade bio-catalysis in resting or non-living cells. Here, we analyzed the central catalytic module for synthesis of HMO-type sialo-oligosaccharides, comprised of CMP-sialic acid synthetase (CSS) and sialyltransferase (SiaT), with the specific aim of coordinated enzyme co-expression in E. coli for reaction flux optimization in whole cell conversions producing 3'-sialyllactose (3SL). RESULTS Difference in enzyme specific activity (CSS from Neisseria meningitidis: 36 U/mg; α2,3-SiaT from Pasteurella dagmatis: 5.7 U/mg) was compensated by differential protein co-expression from tailored plasmid constructs, giving balance between the individual activities at a high level of both (α2,3-SiaT: 9.4 × 102 U/g cell dry mass; CSS: 3.4 × 102 U/g cell dry mass). Finally, plasmid selection was guided by kinetic modeling of the coupled CSS-SiaT reactions in combination with comprehensive analytical tracking of the multistep conversion (lactose, N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), cytidine 5'-triphosphate; each up to 100 mM). The half-life of SiaT in permeabilized cells (≤ 4 h) determined the efficiency of 3SL production at 37 °C. Reaction at 25 °C gave 3SL (40 ± 4 g/L) in ∼ 70% yield within 3 h, reaching a cell dry mass-specific productivity of ∼ 3 g/(g h) and avoiding intermediary CMP-Neu5Ac accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, balanced co-expression of CSS and SiaT yields an efficient (high-flux) sialylation module to support flexible development of E. coli whole-cell catalysts for sialo-oligosaccharide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schelch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Eibinger
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Zuson
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kuballa
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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8
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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Jin L, Liu X, Wang T, Wang Y, Zhou X, Mao W, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Sun J, Ying X. Multi-Enzymatic Cascade for Efficient Deracemization of dl-Pantolactone into d-Pantolactone. Molecules 2023; 28:5308. [PMID: 37513182 PMCID: PMC10384591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
d-pantolactone is an intermediate in the synthesis of d-pantothenic acid, which is known as vitamin B5. The commercial synthesis of d-pantolactone is carried out through the selective resolution of dl-pantolactone catalyzed by lactone hydrolase. In contrast to a kinetic resolution approach, the deracemization of dl-pantolactone is a simpler, greener, and more sustainable way to obtain d-pantolactone with high optical purity. Herein, an efficient three-enzyme cascade was developed for the deracemization of dl-pantolactone, using l-pantolactone dehydrogenase from Amycolatopsis methanolica (AmeLPLDH), conjugated polyketone reductase from Zygosaccharomyces parabailii (ZpaCPR), and glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis (BsGDH). The AmeLPLDH was used to catalyze the dehydrogenated l-pantolactone into ketopantolactone; the ZpaCPR was used to further catalyze the ketopantolactone into d-pantolactone; and glucose dehydrogenase together with glucose fulfilled the function of coenzyme regeneration. All three enzymes were co-expressed in E. coli strain BL21(DE3), which served as the whole-cell biocatalyst. Under optimized conditions, 36 h deracemization of 1.25 M dl-pantolactone d-pantolactone led to an e.e.p value of 98.6%, corresponding to productivity of 107.7 g/(l·d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tairan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xueting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wangwei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yinjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangxian Ying
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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10
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Willett E, Banta S. Synthetic NAD(P)(H) Cycle for ATP Regeneration. ACS Synth Biol 2023. [PMID: 37369039 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ATP is the energy currency of the cell and new methods for ATP regeneration will benefit a range of emerging biotechnology applications including synthetic cells. We designed and assembled a membraneless ATP-regenerating enzymatic cascade by exploiting the substrate specificities of selected NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreductases combined with substrate-specific kinases. The enzymes in the NAD(P)(H) cycle were selected to avoid cross-reactions, and the cascade was driven by irreversible fuel oxidation. As a proof-of-concept, formate oxidation was chosen as the fueling reaction. ATP regeneration was accomplished via the phosphorylation of NADH to NADPH and the subsequent transfer of the phosphate to ADP by a reversible NAD+ kinase. The cascade was able to regenerate ATP at a high rate (up to 0.74 mmol/L/h) for hours, and >90% conversion of ADP to ATP using monophosphate was also demonstrated. The cascade was used to regenerate ATP for use in cell free protein synthesis reactions, and the ATP production rate was further enhanced when powered by the multistep oxidation of methanol. The NAD(P)(H) cycle provides a simple cascade for the in vitro regeneration of ATP without the need for a pH-gradient or costly phosphate donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Willett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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11
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Erden-Karaoğlan F, Karaoğlan M. Improvement of recombinant L-Asparaginase production in Pichia pastoris. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:164. [PMID: 37159589 PMCID: PMC10163189 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pichia pastoris is a successful expression system that is frequently preferred in the secretion of proteins for both basic research and industrial purposes. In this study, recombinant Rhizomucor miehei (RmASNase) L-asparaginase was produced in Pichia pastoris. The impact of gene copy number on increasing protein production was examined with six clones harboring various gene copy numbers (1-5 and 5 +). The results demonstrated that the clone with three copies of the expression cassette integrated had the highest production level. Also, biochemical characterization of the enzyme was performed. It was determined that the optimum pH and temperature values of the purified enzyme were pH 7.0 and 50 °C, respectively. Stability analyses of the enzyme showed that it maintains its activity of 80% in the pH range of 5-9 and 67% in the temperature range of 20-50 °C. Ca+2 and Mn+2 ions increased the enzyme activity to 121% and 138%, respectively. In future studies, it is also possible to improve the activity and stability values of the enzyme with advanced molecular techniques and to increase production efficiency by producing at fermenter scale and under optimum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidan Erden-Karaoğlan
- Department of Food Engineering, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Türkiye
| | - Mert Karaoğlan
- Department of Food Engineering, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Türkiye
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12
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Pfeiffer M, Ribar A, Nidetzky B. A selective and atom-economic rearrangement of uridine by cascade biocatalysis for production of pseudouridine. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2261. [PMID: 37081027 PMCID: PMC10116470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As a crucial factor of their therapeutic efficacy, the currently marketed mRNA vaccines feature uniform substitution of uridine (U) by the corresponding C-nucleoside, pseudouridine (Ψ), in 1-N-methylated form. Synthetic supply of the mRNA building block (1-N-Me-Ψ-5'-triphosphate) involves expedient access to Ψ as the principal challenge. Here, we show selective and atom-economic 1N-5C rearrangement of β-D-ribosyl on uracil to obtain Ψ from unprotected U in quantitative yield. One-pot cascade transformation of U in four enzyme-catalyzed steps, via D-ribose (Rib)-1-phosphate, Rib-5-phosphate (Rib5P) and Ψ-5'-phosphate (ΨMP), gives Ψ. Coordinated function of the coupled enzymes in the overall rearrangement necessitates specific release of phosphate from the ΨMP, but not from the intermediary ribose phosphates. Discovery of Yjjg as ΨMP-specific phosphatase enables internally controlled regeneration of phosphate as catalytic reagent. With driving force provided from the net N-C rearrangement, the optimized U reaction yields a supersaturated product solution (∼250 g/L) from which the pure Ψ crystallizes (90% recovery). Scale up to 25 g isolated product at enzyme turnovers of ∼105 mol/mol demonstrates a robust process technology, promising for Ψ production. Our study identifies a multistep rearrangement reaction, realized by cascade biocatalysis, for C-nucleoside synthesis in high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pfeiffer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrej Ribar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
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13
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Bayesian Optimization for an ATP-Regenerating In Vitro Enzyme Cascade. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme cascades are an emerging synthetic tool for the synthesis of various molecules, combining the advantages of biocatalysis and of one-pot multi-step reactions. However, the more complex the enzyme cascade is, the more difficult it is to achieve adequate productivities and product concentrations. Therefore, the whole process must be optimized to account for synergistic effects. One way to deal with this challenge involves data-driven models in combination with experimental validation. Here, Bayesian optimization was applied to an ATP-producing and -regenerating enzyme cascade consisting of polyphosphate kinases. The enzyme and co-substrate concentrations were adjusted for an ATP-dependent reaction, catalyzed by mevalonate kinase (MVK). With a total of 16 experiments, we were able to iteratively optimize the initial concentrations of the components used in the one-pot synthesis to improve the specific activity of MVK with 10.2 U mg−1. The specific activity even exceeded the results of the reference reaction with stoichiometrically added ATP amounts, with which a specific activity of 8.8 U mg−1 was reached. At the same time, the product concentrations were also improved so that complete yields were achieved.
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14
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Siedentop R, Dziennus M, Lütz S, Rosenthal K. Debottlenecking of an In Vitro Enzyme Cascade Using a Combined Model‐ and Experiment‐Based Approach. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regine Siedentop
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Marlon Dziennus
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Constructor University Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
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15
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Teshima M, Willers VP, Sieber V. Cell-free enzyme cascades - application and transition from development to industrial implementation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 79:102868. [PMID: 36563481 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the vision to realize a circular economy aiming for net carbon neutrality or even negativity, cell-free bioconversion of sustainable and renewable resources emerged as a promising strategy. The potential of in vitro systems is enormous, delivering technological, ecological, and ethical added values. Innovative concepts arose in cell-free enzymatic conversions to reduce process waste production and preserve fossil resources, as well as to redirect and assimilate released industrial pollutions back into the production cycle again. However, the great challenge in the near future will be the jump from a concept to an industrial application. The transition process in industrial implementation also requires economic aspects such as productivity, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Here, we briefly review the latest proof-of-concept cascades using carbon dioxide and other C1 or lignocellulose-derived chemicals as blueprints to efficiently recycle greenhouse gases, as well as cutting-edge technologies to maturate these concepts to industrial pilot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Teshima
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | | | - Volker Sieber
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing, 94315 Straubing, Germany; SynBioFoundry@TUM, Technical University of Munich, 94315 Straubing, Germany; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
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16
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Han R, Gao K, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Xu G, Dong J, Schwaneberg U, Ji Y, Ni Y. Self-Sufficient In Vitro Multi-Enzyme Cascade for Efficient Synthesis of Danshensu from l-DOPA. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:277-286. [PMID: 36412006 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Danshensu (DSS), a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cancer diseases. Here, a one-pot multi-enzyme cascade pathway was designed for DSS synthesis from l-DOPA using tyrosine aminotransferase from Escherichia coli (EcTyrB) and d-isomer-specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus frumenti (LfD2-HDH). Glutamate dehydrogenase from Clostridium difficile (CdgluD) was also introduced for a self-sufficient system of α-ketoglutaric acid and NADH. Under optimal conditions (35 °C, pH 7.0, EcTyrB:LfD2-HDH:CdgluD = 3:2:1, glutamate:NAD+ = 1:1), 98.3% yield (at 20 mM l-DOPA) and space-time yield of 6.61 g L-1 h-1 (at 40 mM l-DOPA) were achieved. Decreased yields of DSS at elevated l-DOPA concentrations (100 mM) could be attributed to an inhibited CdgluD activity caused by NH4+ accumulation. This developed multi-enzyme cascade pathway (including EcTyrB, LfD2-HDH, and CdgluD) provides an efficient and sustainable approach for the production of DSS from l-DOPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Han
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen52074, Germany
| | - Ke Gao
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Jieyu Zhou
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Guochao Xu
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Jinjun Dong
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen52074, Germany
| | - Yu Ji
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen52074, Germany
| | - Ye Ni
- Key laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
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17
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Sharma SS, Sharma S, Zhao J, Bureik M. Mutual Influence of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases on Their Respective Activities in Recombinant Fission Yeast. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020281. [PMID: 36830817 PMCID: PMC9953201 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are the most important human drug metabolizing enzymes, but their mutual interactions are poorly understood. In this study, we recombinantly co-expressed of each one of the 19 human members of the UGT families 1 and 2 with either CYP2C9, CYP2D6, or CYP4Z1 in fission yeast. Using these strains, we monitored a total of 72 interactions: 57 cases where we tested the influence of UGT co-expression on CYP activity and 15 cases of the opposite approach. In the majority of cases (88%), UGT co-expression had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) effect on P450 activity (58% positive and 30% negative). Strong changes were observed in nine cases, including one case with an activity increase by a factor of 23 (CYP2C9 activity in the presence of UGT2A3) but also four cases with a complete loss of activity. When monitoring the effect of CYP co-expression on the activity of five UGTs, activity changes were generally not so pronounced and, if observed, always detrimental. UGT2B7 activity was not influenced by CYP co-expression, while the other UGTs were affected to varying degrees. These data suggest the notion that mutual influence of CYPs and UGTs on each other's activity is a widespread phenomenon.
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18
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Enzyme cascades for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars: Updates to recent production strategies. Carbohydr Res 2023; 523:108727. [PMID: 36521208 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars play an elementary role in nature as building blocks of glycans, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. As substrates of Leloir-glycosyltransferases, nucleotide sugars are essential for chemoenzymatic in vitro syntheses. However, high costs and the limited availability of nucleotide sugars prevent applications of biocatalytic cascades on a large industrial scale. Therefore, the focus is increasingly on nucleotide sugar synthesis strategies to make significant application processes feasible. The chemical synthesis of nucleotide sugars and their derivatives is well established, but the yields of these processes are usually low. Enzyme catalysis offers a suitable alternative here, and in the last 30 years, many synthesis routes for nucleotide sugars have been discovered and used for production. However, many of the published procedures shy away from assessing the practicability of their processes. With this review, we give an insight into the development of the (chemo)enzymatic nucleotide sugar synthesis pathways of the last years and present an assessment of critical process parameters such as total turnover number (TTN), space-time yield (STY), and enzyme loading.
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19
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Synthesis of Polymer Precursor 12-Oxododecenoic Acid Utilizing Recombinant Papaya Hydroperoxide Lyase in an Enzyme Cascade. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022. [PMID: 35904676 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04095-0/figures/7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs) catalyze the splitting of 13S-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13S-HPODE) into the green note flavor hexanal and 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, which is not yet used industrially. Here, HPL from Carica papaya (HPLCP) was cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli to investigate synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid in detail. To improve the low catalytic activity of full-length HPLCP, the hydrophobic, non-conserved N-terminal sequence was deleted. This enhanced enzyme activity from initial 10 to 40 U/l. With optimization of solubilization buffer, expression media enzyme activity was increased to 2700 U/l. The tetrameric enzyme was produced in a 1.5 l fermenter and enriched by affinity chromatography. The enzyme preparation possesses a slightly acidic pH optimum and a catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of 2.73 × 106 s-1·M-1 towards 13S-HPODE. Interestingly, HPLCP-N could be applied for the synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, and 1 mM of 13S-HPODE was transformed in just 10 s with a yield of 90%. At protein concentrations of 10 mg/ml, the slow formation of the 10(E)-isomer traumatin was observed, pointing to a non-enzymatic isomerization process. Bearing this in mind, a one-pot enzyme cascade starting from safflower oil was developed with consecutive addition of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase, Glycine max lipoxygenase (LOX-1), and HPLCP-N. A yield of 43% was obtained upon fast extraction of the reaction mixtures after 1 min of HPLCP-N reaction. This work provides first insights into an enzyme cascade synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, which may serve as a bifunctional precursor for bio-based polymer synthesis.
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20
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Matera A, Dulak K, Sordon S, Waśniewski K, Huszcza E, Popłoński J. Evaluation of double expression system for co-expression and co-immobilization of flavonoid glucosylation cascade. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7763-7778. [PMID: 36334126 PMCID: PMC9668961 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Glucosylation cascade consisting of Leloir glycosyltransferase and sucrose synthase with in situ regeneration system of expensive and low available nucleotide sugars is a game-changing strategy for enzyme-based production of glycoconjugates of relevant natural products. We designed a stepwise approach including co-expression and one-step purification and co-immobilization on glass-based EziG resins of sucrose synthase from Glycine max (GmSuSy) with promiscuous glucosyltransferase YjiC from Bacillus licheniformis to produce efficient, robust, and versatile biocatalyst suited for preparative scale flavonoid glucosylation. The undertaken investigations identified optimal reaction conditions (30 °C, pH 7.5, and 10 mM Mg2+) and the best-suited carrier (EziG Opal). The prepared catalyst exhibited excellent reusability, retaining up to 96% of initial activity after 12 cycles of reactions. The semi-preparative glucosylation of poorly soluble isoflavone Biochanin A resulted in the production of 73 mg Sissotrin (Biochanin A 7-O-glucoside). Additionally, the evaluation of the designed double-controlled, monocistronic expression system with two independently induced promoters (rhaBAD and trc) brought beneficial information for dual-expression plasmid design. Key points • Simultaneous and titratable expression from two independent promoters is possible, although full control over the expression is limited. • Designed catalyst managed to glucosylate poorly soluble isoflavone. • The STY of Sissotrin using the designed catalyst reached 0.26 g/L∙h∙g of the resin. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-12259-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Matera
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kinga Dulak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sandra Sordon
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kacper Waśniewski
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Huszcza
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Popłoński
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
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21
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Hooe SL, Ellis GA, Medintz IL. Alternative design strategies to help build the enzymatic retrosynthesis toolbox. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1301-1313. [PMID: 36349225 PMCID: PMC9627731 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00096b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the complex molecules found in nature still cannot be synthesized by current organic chemistry methods. Given the number of enzymes that exist in nature and the incredible potential of directed evolution, the field of synthetic biology contains perhaps all the necessary building blocks to bring about the realization of applied enzymatic retrosynthesis. Current thinking anticipates that enzymatic retrosynthesis will be implemented using conventional cell-based synthetic biology approaches where requisite native, heterologous, designer, and evolved enzymes making up a given multi-enzyme pathway are hosted by chassis organisms to carry out designer synthesis. In this perspective, we suggest that such an effort should not be limited by solely exploiting living cells and enzyme evolution and describe some useful yet less intensive complementary approaches that may prove especially productive in this grand scheme. By decoupling reactions from the environment of a living cell, a significantly larger portion of potential synthetic chemical space becomes available for exploration; most of this area is currently unavailable to cell-based approaches due to toxicity issues. In contrast, in a cell-free reaction a variety of classical enzymatic approaches can be exploited to improve performance and explore and understand a given enzyme's substrate specificity and catalytic profile towards non-natural substrates. We expect these studies will reveal unique enzymatic capabilities that are not accessible in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Hooe
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington DC 20375 USA
- National Research Council Washington DC 20001 USA
| | - Gregory A Ellis
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Washington DC 20375 USA
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22
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Rajendran DS, Venkataraman S, Kumar PS, Rangasamy G, Bhattacharya T, Nguyen Vo DV, Vaithyanathan VK, Cabana H, Kumar VV. Coimmobilized enzymes as versatile biocatalytic tools for biomass valorization and remediation of environmental contaminants - A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114012. [PMID: 35952747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to stringent regulatory norms, waste processing faces confrontations and challenges in adapting technology for effective management through a convenient and economical system. At the global level, attempts are underway to achieve a green and sustainable treatment for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass as well as organic contaminants in wastewater. Enzymatic treatment in the environmental aspect thrived on being the promising rapid strategy that appeased the aforementioned predicament. On that account, coimmobilization of various enzymes on single support enhances the catalytic activity ensuing operational stability with industrial applications. This review pivoted towards the coimmobilization of enzymes on diverse supports and their applications in biomass conversion to industrial value-added products and removal of contaminants in wastewater. The limelight of this study chronicles the unique breakthroughs in biotechnology for the production of reusable biocatalysts, which inculcating various enzymes towards the scope of environment application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Sri Rajendran
- Integrated Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai - 603203, India
| | - Swethaa Venkataraman
- Integrated Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai - 603203, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam- 603 110, Chennai, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam- 603 110, Chennai, India.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Trishita Bhattacharya
- Integrated Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai - 603203, India
| | - Dai-Viet Nguyen Vo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Vasanth Kumar Vaithyanathan
- University of Sherbrooke Water Research Group, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de L'Université, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Hubert Cabana
- University of Sherbrooke Water Research Group, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de L'Université, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Vaidyanathan Vinoth Kumar
- Integrated Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai - 603203, India; University of Sherbrooke Water Research Group, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de L'Université, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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23
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Mansur AAP, Carvalho SM, Oliveira LCA, Souza-Fagundes EM, Lobato ZIP, Leite MF, Mansur HS. Bioengineered Carboxymethylcellulose-Peptide Hybrid Nanozyme Cascade for Targeted Intracellular Biocatalytic-Magnetothermal Therapy of Brain Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2223. [PMID: 36297660 PMCID: PMC9611945 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains the most lethal form of brain cancer, where hybrid nanomaterials biofunctionalized with polysaccharide peptides offer disruptive strategies relying on passive/active targeting and multimodal therapy for killing cancer cells. Thus, in this research, we report for the first time the rational design and synthesis of novel hybrid colloidal nanostructures composed of gold nanoparticles stabilized by trisodium citrate (AuNP@TSC) as the oxidase-like nanozyme, coupled with cobalt-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized by carboxymethylcellulose ligands (Co-MION@CMC) as the peroxidase-like nanozyme. They formed inorganic-inorganic dual-nanozyme systems functionalized by a carboxymethylcellulose biopolymer organic shell, which can trigger a biocatalytic cascade reaction in the cancer tumor microenvironment for the combination of magnetothermal-chemodynamic therapy. These nanoassemblies were produced through a green aqueous process under mild conditions and chemically biofunctionalized with integrin-targeting peptide (iRDG), creating bioengineered nanocarriers. The results demonstrated that the oxidase-like nanozyme (AuNP) was produced with a crystalline face-centered cubic nanostructure, spherical morphology (diameter = 16 ± 3 nm), zeta potential (ZP) of -50 ± 5 mV, and hydrodynamic diameter (DH) of 15 ± 1 nm. The peroxide-like nanostructure (POD, Co-MION@CMC) contained an inorganic crystalline core of magnetite and had a uniform spherical shape (2R = 7 ± 1 nm) which, summed to the contribution of the CMC shell, rendered a hydrodynamic diameter of 45 ± 4 nm and a negative surface charge (ZP = -41 ± 5 mV). Upon coupling both nanozymes, water-dispersible colloidal supramolecular vesicle-like organic-inorganic nanostructures were produced (AuNP//Co-MION@CMC, ZP = -45 ± 4 mV and DH = 28 ± 3 nm). They confirmed dual-nanozyme cascade biocatalytic activity targeted by polymer-peptide conjugates (AuNP//Co-MION@CMC_iRGD, ZP = -29 ± 3 mV and DH = 60 ± 4 nm) to kill brain cancer cells (i.e., bioenergy "starvation" by glucose deprivation and oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species generation), which was boosted by the magneto-hyperthermotherapy effect when submitted to the alternating magnetic field (i.e., induced local thermal stress by "nanoheaters"). This groundwork offers a wide avenue of opportunities to develop innovative theranostic nanoplatforms with multiple integrated functionalities for fighting cancer and reducing the harsh side effects of conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. P. Mansur
- Center of Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Innovation—CeNano2I, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Engineering School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Sandhra M. Carvalho
- Center of Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Innovation—CeNano2I, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Engineering School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos A. Oliveira
- Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Souza-Fagundes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences-ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Zelia I. P. Lobato
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria F. Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences-ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Herman S. Mansur
- Center of Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Innovation—CeNano2I, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Engineering School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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24
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Rosenthal K, Bornscheuer UT, Lütz S. Cascades of Evolved Enzymes for the Synthesis of Complex Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208358. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
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Tang S, Chen X, Ke Y, Wang F, Yan X. Voltage-Controlled Divergent Cascade of Electrochemical Reactions for Characterization of Lipids at Multiple Isomer Levels Using Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12750-12756. [PMID: 36087069 PMCID: PMC10386884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cascading divergent reactions in a single system is highly desirable for their intrinsic efficiency and potential to achieve multilevel structural characterization of complex biomolecules. In this work, two electrochemical reactions, interfacial electro-epoxidation and cobalt anodic corrosion, are divergently cascaded in nanoelectrospray (nESI) and can be switched at different voltages. We applied these reactions to lipid identification at multiple isomer levels using mass spectrometry (MS), which remains a great challenge in structural lipidomics. The divergent cascade reactions in situ derivatize lipids to produce epoxidized lipids and cobalt-adducted lipids at different voltages. These lipids are then fragmented upon low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID), generating diagnostic fragments to indicate C═C locations and sn-positions that cannot be achieved by the low-energy CID of native lipids. We have demonstrated that lipid structural isomers show significantly different profiles in the analysis of healthy and cancerous mouse prostate samples using this strategy. The application of divergent cascade reactions in lipid identification allows the four-in-one analysis of lipid headgroups, fatty acyl chains, C═C locations, and sn-positions simply by tuning the nESI voltages within a single experiment. This feature as well as its low sample consumption, no need for an extra apparatus, and quantitative analysis capability show its great potential in lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yuepeng Ke
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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26
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Rosenthal K, Bornscheuer UT, Lütz S. Reaktionskaskaden evolvierter Enzyme zur Synthese komplexer Moleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Fakultät für Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen Technische Universität Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie, Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Fakultät für Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen Technische Universität Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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27
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Coenen A, Marti VG, Müller K, Sheremetiev M, Finamore L, Schörken U. Synthesis of Polymer Precursor 12-Oxododecenoic Acid Utilizing Recombinant Papaya Hydroperoxide Lyase in an Enzyme Cascade. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:6194-6212. [PMID: 35904676 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs) catalyze the splitting of 13S-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13S-HPODE) into the green note flavor hexanal and 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, which is not yet used industrially. Here, HPL from Carica papaya (HPLCP) was cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli to investigate synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid in detail. To improve the low catalytic activity of full-length HPLCP, the hydrophobic, non-conserved N-terminal sequence was deleted. This enhanced enzyme activity from initial 10 to 40 U/l. With optimization of solubilization buffer, expression media enzyme activity was increased to 2700 U/l. The tetrameric enzyme was produced in a 1.5 l fermenter and enriched by affinity chromatography. The enzyme preparation possesses a slightly acidic pH optimum and a catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of 2.73 × 106 s-1·M-1 towards 13S-HPODE. Interestingly, HPLCP-N could be applied for the synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, and 1 mM of 13S-HPODE was transformed in just 10 s with a yield of 90%. At protein concentrations of 10 mg/ml, the slow formation of the 10(E)-isomer traumatin was observed, pointing to a non-enzymatic isomerization process. Bearing this in mind, a one-pot enzyme cascade starting from safflower oil was developed with consecutive addition of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase, Glycine max lipoxygenase (LOX-1), and HPLCP-N. A yield of 43% was obtained upon fast extraction of the reaction mixtures after 1 min of HPLCP-N reaction. This work provides first insights into an enzyme cascade synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, which may serve as a bifunctional precursor for bio-based polymer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Coenen
- TH Köln - Campus Leverkusen, Campusplatz 1, 51379, Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | - Kira Müller
- TH Köln - Campus Leverkusen, Campusplatz 1, 51379, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Maria Sheremetiev
- TH Köln - Campus Leverkusen, Campusplatz 1, 51379, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Finamore
- TH Köln - Campus Leverkusen, Campusplatz 1, 51379, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schörken
- TH Köln - Campus Leverkusen, Campusplatz 1, 51379, Leverkusen, Germany.
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28
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Monterrey DT, Ayuso-Fernández I, Oroz-Guinea I, García-Junceda E. Design and biocatalytic applications of genetically fused multifunctional enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108016. [PMID: 35781046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fusion proteins, understood as those created by joining two or more genes that originally encoded independent proteins, have numerous applications in biotechnology, from analytical methods to metabolic engineering. The use of fusion enzymes in biocatalysis may be even more interesting due to the physical connection of enzymes catalyzing successive reactions into covalently linked complexes. The proximity of the active sites of two enzymes in multi-enzyme complexes can make a significant contribution to the catalytic efficiency of the reaction. However, the physical proximity of the active sites does not guarantee this result. Other aspects, such as the nature and length of the linker used for the fusion or the order in which the enzymes are fused, must be considered and optimized to achieve the expected increase in catalytic efficiency. In this review, we will relate the new advances in the design, creation, and use of fused enzymes with those achieved in biocatalysis over the past 20 years. Thus, we will discuss some examples of genetically fused enzymes and their application in carbon‑carbon bond formation and oxidative reactions, generation of chiral amines, synthesis of carbohydrates, biodegradation of plant biomass and plastics, and in the preparation of other high-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianelis T Monterrey
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Oroz-Guinea
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo García-Junceda
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Luan P, Li Y, Huang C, Dong L, Ma T, Liu J, Gao J, Liu Y, Jiang Y. Design of De Novo Three-Enzyme Nanoreactors for Stereodivergent Synthesis of α-Substituted Cyclohexanols. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengqian Luan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yongxing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Lele Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Teng Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yunting Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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30
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Frohnmeyer H, Rueben S, Elling L. Gram‐scale production of GDP‐β‐l‐fucose with multi‐enzyme cascades in a repetitive‐batch mode. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Frohnmeyer
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering GERMANY
| | - Simon Rueben
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering GERMANY
| | - Lothar Elling
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering Pauwelsstr. 20 52074 Aachen GERMANY
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31
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Kinner A, Nerke P, Siedentop R, Steinmetz T, Classen T, Rosenthal K, Nett M, Pietruszka J, Lütz S. Recent Advances in Biocatalysis for Drug Synthesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050964. [PMID: 35625702 PMCID: PMC9138302 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysis is constantly providing novel options for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In addition to drug development and manufacturing, biocatalysis also plays a role in drug discovery and can support many active ingredient syntheses at an early stage to build up entire scaffolds in a targeted and preparative manner. Recent progress in recruiting new enzymes by genome mining and screening or adapting their substrate, as well as product scope, by protein engineering has made biocatalysts a competitive tool applied in academic and industrial spheres. This is especially true for the advances in the field of nonribosomal peptide synthesis and enzyme cascades that are expanding the capabilities for the discovery and synthesis of new bioactive compounds via biotransformation. Here we highlight some of the most recent developments to add to the portfolio of biocatalysis with special relevance for the synthesis and late-stage functionalization of APIs, in order to bypass pure chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kinner
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Philipp Nerke
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Regine Siedentop
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Till Steinmetz
- Laboratory for Technical Biology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (T.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Biotechnology (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (T.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Markus Nett
- Laboratory for Technical Biology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (T.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Biotechnology (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (T.C.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Located at Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-231-755-4764
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32
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Industrially Relevant Enzyme Cascades for Drug Synthesis and Their Ecological Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073605. [PMID: 35408960 PMCID: PMC8998672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmentally friendly and sustainable processes for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) gain increasing attention. Biocatalytic synthesis routes with enzyme cascades support many stated green production principles, for example, the reduced need for solvents or the biodegradability of enzymes. Multi-enzyme reactions have even more advantages such as the shift of the equilibrium towards the product side, no intermediate isolation, and the synthesis of complex molecules in one reaction pot. Despite the intriguing benefits, only a few enzyme cascades have been applied in the pharmaceutical industry so far. However, several new enzyme cascades are currently being developed in research that could be of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we present multi-enzymatic reactions for API synthesis that are close to an industrial application. Their performances are comparable or exceed their chemical counterparts. A few enzyme cascades that are still in development are also introduced in this review. Economic and ecological considerations are made for some example cascades to assess their environmental friendliness and applicability.
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33
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Carballares D, Rocha-Martin J, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Coimmobilization of lipases exhibiting three very different stability ranges. Reuse of the active enzymes and selective discarding of the inactivated ones. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:580-590. [PMID: 35218810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) and lipases from Candida rugosa (CRL) and Rhizomucor miehei (RML) have been coimmobilized on octyl and octyl-Asp agarose beads. CALB was much more stable than CRL, that was significantly more stable than RML. This forces the user to discard immobilized CALB and CRL when only RML has been inactivated, or immobilized CALB when CRL have been inactivated. To solve this problem, a new strategy has been proposed using three different immobilization protocols. CALB was covalently immobilized on octyl-vinyl sulfone agarose and blocked with Asp. Then, CRL was immobilized via interfacial activation. After coating both immobilized enzymes with polyethylenimine, RML could be immobilized via ion exchange. That way, by incubating in ammonium sulfate solutions, inactivated RML could be released enabling the reuse of coimmobilized CRL and CALB to build a new combi-lipase. Incubating in triton and ammonium sulfate solutions, it was possible to release inactivated CRL and RML, enabling the reuse of immobilized CALB when CRL was inactivated. These cycles could be repeated for 3 full cycles, maintaining the activity of the active and immobilized enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais 12, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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34
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Rocha RA, Speight RE, Scott C. Engineering Enzyme Properties for Improved Biocatalytic Processes in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A. Rocha
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robert E. Speight
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Abstract
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolines form a valuable scaffold for a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites and commercial pharmaceuticals. Due to the harsh or complex conditions of the conventional chemical synthesis of this molecular motif, alternative mild reaction pathways are in demand. Here we present an easy-to-operate chemoenzymatic one-pot process for the synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinolines starting from benzylic alcohols and an amino alcohol. We initially demonstrate the oxidation of 12 benzylic alcohols by a laccase/TEMPO system to the corresponding aldehydes, which are subsequently integrated in a phosphate salt mediated Pictet–Spengler reaction with m-tyramine. The reaction conditions of both individual reactions were analyzed separately, adapted to each other, and a straightforward one-pot process was developed. This enables the production of 12 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines with yields of up to 87% with constant reaction conditions in phosphate buffer and common laboratory glass bottles without the supplementation of any additives.
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36
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A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel, comprising mono alkyl fatty acid esters or methyl ethyl esters, is an encouraging option to fossil fuels or diesel produced from petroleum; it has comparable characteristics and its use has the potential to diminish carbon dioxide production and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufactured from recyclable and sustainable feedstocks, e.g., oils originating from vegetation, biodiesel has biodegradable properties and has no toxic impact on ecosystems. The evolution of biodiesel has been precipitated by the continuing environmental damage created by the deployment of fossil fuels. Biodiesel is predominantly synthesised via transesterification and esterification procedures. These involve a number of key constituents, i.e., the feedstock and catalytic agent, the proportion of methanol to oil, the circumstances of the reaction and the product segregation and purification processes. Elements that influence the yield and standard of the obtained biodiesel encompass the form and quantity of the feedstock and reaction catalyst, the proportion of alcohol to feedstock, the temperature of the reaction, and its duration. Contemporary research has evaluated the output of biodiesel reactors in terms of energy production and timely biodiesel manufacture. In order to synthesise biodiesel for industrial use efficaciously, it is essential to acknowledge the technological advances that have significant potential in this sector. The current paper therefore offers a review of contemporary progress, feedstock categorisation, and catalytic agents for the manufacture of biodiesel and production reactors, together with modernised processing techniques. The production reactor, form of catalyst, methods of synthesis, and feedstock standards are additionally subjects of discourse so as to detail a comprehensive setting pertaining to the chemical process. Numerous studies are ongoing in order to develop increasingly efficacious techniques for biodiesel manufacture; these acknowledge the use of solid catalytic agents and non-catalytic supercritical events. This review appraises the contemporary situation with respect to biodiesel production in a range of contexts. The spectrum of techniques for the efficacious manufacture of biodiesel encompasses production catalysed by homogeneous or heterogeneous enzymes or promoted by microwave or ultrasonic technologies. A description of the difficulties to be surmounted going forward in the sector is presented.
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