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Xu C, Tong S, Sun L, Gu X. Cellulase immobilization to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: An all-inclusive review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121319. [PMID: 37739542 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery plays a crucial role in the production of high-value biofuels and chemicals, with enzymatic hydrolysis being an essential component. The advent of cellulase immobilization has revolutionized this process, significantly enhancing the efficiency, stability, and reusability of cellulase enzymes. This review offers a thorough analysis of the fundamental principles underlying immobilization, encompassing various immobilization approaches such as physical adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and cross-linking. Furthermore, it explores a diverse range of carrier materials, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid/composite materials. The review also focuses on emerging approaches like multi-enzyme co-immobilization, oriented immobilization, immobilized enzyme microreactors, and enzyme engineering for immobilization. Additionally, it delves into novel carrier technologies like 3D printing carriers, stimuli-responsive carriers, artificial cellulosomes, and biomimetic carriers. Moreover, the review addresses recent obstacles in cellulase immobilization, including molecular-level immobilization mechanism, diffusion limitations, loss of cellulase activity, cellulase leaching, and considerations of cost-effectiveness and scalability. The knowledge derived from this review is anticipated to catalyze the evolution of more efficient and sustainable biocatalytic systems for lignocellulosic biomass conversion, representing the current state-of-the-art in cellulase immobilization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Tong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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2
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Asiri M, Srivastava N, Singh R, Al Ali A, Tripathi SC, Alqahtani A, Saeed M, Srivastava M, Rai AK, Gupta VK. Rice straw derived graphene-silica based nanocomposite and its application in improved co-fermentative microbial enzyme production and functional stability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162765. [PMID: 36906037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulases are the one of the most highly demanded industrial biocatalysts due to their versatile applications, such as in the biorefinery industry. However, relatively poor efficiency and high production costs are included as the key industrial constraints that hinder enzyme production and utilization at economic scale. Furthermore, the production and functional efficiency of the β-glucosidase (BGL) enzyme is usually found to be relatively low among the cellulase cocktail produced. Thus, the current study focuses on fungi-mediated improvement of BGL enzyme in the presence of a rice straw-derived graphene-silica-based nanocomposite (GSNCs), which has been characterized using various techniques to analyze its physicochemical properties. Under optimized conditions of solid-state fermentation (SSF), co-fermentation using co-cultured cellulolytic enzyme has been done, and maximum enzyme production of 42 IU/gds FP, 142 IU/gds BGL, and 103 IU/gds EG have been achieved at a 5 mg concentration of GSNCs. Moreover, at a 2.5 mg concentration of nanocatalyst, the BGL enzyme showed its thermal stability at 60°C and 70 °C by holding its half-life relative activity for 7 h, while the same enzyme demonstrated pH stability at pH 8.0 and 9.0 for the 10 h. This thermoalkali BGL enzyme might be useful for the long-term bioconversion of cellulosic biomass into sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Amer Al Ali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Al Nakhil, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subhash C Tripathi
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abdulaziz Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; LCB Fertilizer Pvt. Ltd., Shyam Vihar Phase 2, Rani Sati Mandir Road, Lachchhipur, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh 273015, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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3
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Wang Z, Chen H, Qin Y, Lan T. Effect of Fenton oxidized lignin support on immobilized β-glucosidase activity. J Biotechnol 2023; 368:31-41. [PMID: 37028559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the Fenton oxidized lignin was prepared to investigate the effect of Fenton oxidation modification on the activity of lignin immobilized β-glucosidase (β-GL). The results demonstrated that Fenton oxidation could significantly improve the activity and stability of immobilized β-GL. This is because the Fenton oxidation increased the electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic forces between lignin and β-GL, resulting in increased lignin adsorption onto β-GL. The Fenton oxidation also changed the chemical structure of lignin, altering the lignin-β-GL binding site and reducing the negative effect of lignin on the β-GL catalytic domain. This research will improve understanding of the effect of Fenton lignin oxidation on immobilized β-GL activity and expand the use of lignin in enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekang Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuyue Qin
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tianqing Lan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 South Jingming Rd., Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, China; National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Rd., Tianxin District, Changsha, 410004, China.
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4
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Wang D, Hartz WF, Moloney MG. Surface modified materials for active capture of enzymes. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:2377-2388. [PMID: 36794991 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02550g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The insertion of bis(diarylcarbene)s onto a glass fiber (GF) membrane surface provided an active coating for the direct capture of protein - exemplified by the enzyme, cellulase - through a mild diazonium coupling process which does not require additional coupling agents. Successful cellulase attachment on the surface was demonstrated by the disappearance of diazonium and formation of azo functions in the N 1s high resolution spectra, the appearance of carboxyl group in C 1s spectra, both observed by XPS; the -CO vibrational bond observed by ATR-IR; as well as the observation of fluorescence. Further, five support materials (polystyrene XAD4 bead, polyacrylate MAC3 bead, glass wool, glass fiber membrane, polytetrafluoroethylene membrane) with different morphology and surface chemistry, were examined in detail as supports for cellulase immobilization using this common surface modification protocol. Of interest is that such covalently bound cellulase on modified GF membrane gave both the highest enzyme loading (∼23 mg cellulase per g support), and retained more than 90% of activity after 6 cycles of re-use, compared with substantial loss of enzyme activity for physiosorbed cellulase after 3 cycles. Optimization of the degree of surface grafting and the effectiveness of a spacer between surface and enzyme for enzyme loading and activity were conducted. This work shows that carbene surface modification is a viable strategy for introducing enzymes onto a surface under very mild conditions and retaining a meaningful level of activity, and particularly, using GF membrane as a novel support provides a potential platform for enzyme and protein immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Building A, 388 Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China.
| | - William F Hartz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Mark G Moloney
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Building A, 388 Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China. .,Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Sulman AM, Matveeva VG, Bronstein LM. Cellulase Immobilization on Nanostructured Supports for Biomass Waste Processing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3796. [PMID: 36364572 PMCID: PMC9656580 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiocatalysts, i.e., enzymes immobilized on nanostructured supports, received considerable attention because they are potential remedies to overcome shortcomings of traditional biocatalysts, such as low efficiency of mass transfer, instability during catalytic reactions, and possible deactivation. In this short review, we will analyze major aspects of immobilization of cellulase-an enzyme for cellulosic biomass waste processing-on nanostructured supports. Such supports provide high surface areas, increased enzyme loading, and a beneficial environment to enhance cellulase performance and its stability, leading to nanobiocatalysts for obtaining biofuels and value-added chemicals. Here, we will discuss such nanostructured supports as carbon nanotubes, polymer nanoparticles (NPs), nanohydrogels, nanofibers, silica NPs, hierarchical porous materials, magnetic NPs and their nanohybrids, based on publications of the last five years. The use of magnetic NPs is especially favorable due to easy separation and the nanobiocatalyst recovery for a repeated use. This review will discuss methods for cellulase immobilization, morphology of nanostructured supports, multienzyme systems as well as factors influencing the enzyme activity to achieve the highest conversion of cellulosic biowaste into fermentable sugars. We believe this review will allow for an enhanced understanding of such nanobiocatalysts and processes, allowing for the best solutions to major problems of sustainable biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandrina M. Sulman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Standardization, Tver State Technical University, 22 A. Nikitina St., 170026 Tver, Russia
| | - Valentina G. Matveeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Standardization, Tver State Technical University, 22 A. Nikitina St., 170026 Tver, Russia
- Regional Technological Centre, Tver State University, Zhelyabova St., 33, 170100 Tver, Russia
| | - Lyudmila M. Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Av., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80303, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Wang C, Chen X, Jiang Y, Li N, Zhu P, Xu H. Facile and green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/loofah sponge for Streptomyces albulus immobilization and ε-poly-l-lysine production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 349:126534. [PMID: 34896528 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Facile and green fabrication of reduced graphene oxide on loofah sponge (rGOLS) carrier was applied for cell immobilization of ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) production. Due to surface properties including large specific surface area, high polarity, and low interaction energy, rGOLS-1 was employed as the optimum rGOLS to enhance immobilization of Streptomyces albulus. Compared with raw LS, batch experiments showed rGOLS-1 facilitated superior cell vitality for ε-PL production due to the presence of reduced graphene oxide. In the sequential fed-batch cultivation of Streptomyces albulus using rGOLS-1 with an aerobic plant fibrous-bed bioreactor (rGOLS-1-AFPB), the maximum ε-PL concentration and productivity reached to 39.2 ± 0.63 g/L and 0.48 g/L/h. The cells immobilized in rGOLS-1 with high vitality and ε-PL production efficiency were reused six times over a period of 624 h. This research afforded an effective approach to enhance the fermentation performance of immobilized cells with the design of an advanced immobilization carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Nanjing Shangqin New Material Technology Company, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Na Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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7
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Yu D, Ma X, Huang Y, Jiang L, Wang L, Han C, Yang F. Immobilization of cellulase on magnetic nanoparticles for rice bran oil extraction in a magnetic fluidized bed. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper presents a method for extracting rice bran oil using magnetic immobilized cellulase (MIC) in a magnetic fluidized bed (MFB). Cellulase was immobilized on Fe3O4/SiO
x
-g-P (glycydylmethacrylate) with an average grain size of 120 nm. The rice bran was hydrolyzed using MIC combined with magnetic immobilized alkaline protease to extract rice bran oil. Under intermittent conditions, the MIC concentration was 1.6 mg/g, the liquid to material ratio was 4:1, the enzymatic hydrolysis time was 150 min, and the oil yield was as high as 85.6 ± 1.20% at 55 °C. The fluid in the MFB had a magnetic field strength of 0.022 T, a flow velocity of 0.005 m/s, and an oil extraction rate of 90.3%. This provides a theoretical basis for the extraction of rice bran oil using the subsequent MFB hydroenzyme method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyu Yu
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , 150030 , China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , 150030 , China
| | - Yunyan Huang
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , 150030 , China
| | - Lianzhou Jiang
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , 150030 , China
| | - Liqi Wang
- School of Computer and Information Engineering , Harbin Business University, Harbin , China
| | - Cuiping Han
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , 150030 , China
| | - Fuming Yang
- School of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , 150030 , China
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8
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Qamar SA, Qamar M, Bilal M, Bharagava RN, Ferreira LFR, Sher F, Iqbal HMN. Cellulose-deconstruction potential of nano-biocatalytic systems: A strategic drive from designing to sustainable applications of immobilized cellulases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:1-19. [PMID: 34146557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials along with an added value of polymers-based support carriers have gained high interest and considered ideal for enzyme immobilization. The recently emerged nanoscience interface in the form of nanostructured materials combined with immobilized-enzyme-based bio-catalysis has now become research and development frontiers in advance and applied bio-catalysis engineering. With the involvement of nanoscience, various polymers have been thoroughly developed and exploited to nanostructured engineer constructs as ideal support carriers/matrices. Such nanotechnologically engineered support carriers/matrix possesses unique structural, physicochemical, and functional attributes which equilibrate principal factors and strengthen the biocatalysts efficacy for multipurpose applications. In addition, nano-supported catalysts are potential alternatives that can outstrip several limitations of conventional biocatalysts, such as reduced catalytic efficacy and turnover, low mass transfer efficiency, instability during the reaction, and most importantly, partial, or complete inhibition/deactivation. In this context, engineering robust and highly efficient biocatalysts is an industrially relevant prerequisite. This review comprehensively covered various biopolymers and nanostructured materials, including silica, hybrid nanoflower, nanotubes or nanofibers, nanomembranes, graphene oxide nanoparticles, metal-oxide frameworks, and magnetic nanoparticles as robust matrices for cellulase immobilization. The work is further enriched by spotlighting applied and industrially relevant considerations of nano-immobilized cellulases. For instance, owing to the cellulose-deconstruction features of nano-immobilized cellulases, the applications like lignocellulosic biomass conversion into industrially useful products or biofuels, improved paper sheet density and pulp beat in paper and pulp industry, fruit juice clarification in food industry are evident examples of cellulases, thereof are discussed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahpara Qamar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, U.P., India
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Waste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE 49032-490, Brazil; Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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Covalent immobilization of glucose dehydrogenase onto graphene oxide magnetic nanoparticles to improve the stability. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Fülöp L, Ecker J. An overview of biomass conversion: exploring new opportunities. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9586. [PMID: 32765969 PMCID: PMC7382363 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling biomass is indispensable these days not only because fossil energy sources are gradually depleted, but also because pollution of the environment, caused by the increasing use of energy, must be reduced. This article intends to overview the results of plant biomass processing methods that are currently in use. Our aim was also to review published methods that are not currently in use. It is intended to explore the possibilities of new methods and enzymes to be used in biomass recycling. The results of this overview are perplexing in almost every area. Advances have been made in the pre-treatment of biomass and in the diversity and applications of the enzymes utilized. Based on molecular modeling, very little progress has been made in the modification of existing enzymes for altered function and adaptation for the environmental conditions during the processing of biomass. There are hardly any publications in which molecular modeling techniques are used to improve enzyme function and to adapt enzymes to various environmental conditions. Our view is that using modern computational, biochemical, and biotechnological methods would enable the purposeful design of enzymes that are more efficient and suitable for biomass processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Fülöp
- Department of Chemistry, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - János Ecker
- Department of Chemistry, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
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Chaudhary K, Kumar K, Venkatesu P, Masram DT. In-depth understanding of a nano-bio interface between lysozyme and Au NP-immobilized N-doped reduced graphene oxide 2-D scaffolds. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2146-2159. [PMID: 36132509 PMCID: PMC9418970 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00155d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (NrGO) was synthesized via a hydrothermal treatment of graphene oxide (GO) in the presence of urea. Gold nanoparticles (Au(0) NPs) were immobilized over the surface of NrGO (Au(0)-NrGO). Characterization of the Au(0)-NrGO nanocomposite via FT-IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, elemental mapping and XPS revealed the doping of N atoms during the reduction of GO. XRD and XPS studies confirmed the presence of Au(0) NPs and EDS analysis showed a 4.51 wt% loading of Au NPs in the Au(0)-NrGO nanocomposite. The morphology of Au(0)-NrGO was explored by SEM and TEM, which showed the presence of spherical Au metal NPs uniformly immobilized on the surface of NrGO. Further, studies on lysozyme (Lys) in the presence of Au(0)-NrGO by UV-visible, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed a conformational change in Lys and electrostatic interaction between Lys and Au(0)-NrGO. The DLS result showed an enhancement in the size of the Au(0)-NrGO and Lys conjugates. The Au(0)-NrGO-induced conformational changes in the structure of Lys resulted in a significant decrease in its activity at a certain concentration of Au(0)-NrGO. Moreover, the results showed that Lys favorably binds with the surface of Au(0)-NrGO, resulting in the formation of 2-D scaffolds possibly due to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, H-bonding, and interactions between the AuNPs and sulfur-containing amino acid residues of Lys. SEM exhibited the formation of conjugates in the form of 2-D scaffolds due to the biomolecular interactions between Lys and Au(0)-NrGO. The TEM studies revealed that Lys agglomerated around the Au(0) NPs immobilized on the surface of NrGO, which suggests the formation of a protein corona (PC) around the AuNPs. Furthermore, the favorable Au(0) NP-sulphur (PC) interaction was confirmed by the disappearance of the S-S stretching band in the Raman spectra. Overall, the results obtained provide insight into the nano-bio interface and formation of Au(0) NP-PC, which can be used for bioinspired applications, such as biosensing and imaging and the development of advanced functional Au NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi 110 007 India +91-11-2766 6605 +91-11-27666646-142
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi 110 007 India +91-11-2766 6605 +91-11-27666646-142
| | - Pannuru Venkatesu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi 110 007 India +91-11-2766 6605 +91-11-27666646-142
| | - Dhanraj T Masram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi 110 007 India +91-11-2766 6605 +91-11-27666646-142
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12
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Noma SAA, Ulu A, Koytepe S, Ateş B. Preparation and characterization of amino and carboxyl functionalized core-shell Fe3O4/SiO2 for L-asparaginase immobilization: A comparison study. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1767605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Abbas Ali Noma
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Literature Faculty, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ulu
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Literature Faculty, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Koytepe
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Literature Faculty, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ateş
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Literature Faculty, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
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Papadopoulou A, Zarafeta D, Galanopoulou AP, Stamatis H. Enhanced Catalytic Performance of Trichoderma reesei Cellulase Immobilized on Magnetic Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanoparticles. Protein J 2020; 38:640-648. [PMID: 31549278 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-019-09869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei was immobilized by covalent or non-covalent binding onto magnetic hierarchical porous carbon (MHPC) nanomaterials. The immobilization yield and the enzyme activity were higher when covalent immobilization approach was followed. The covalent immobilization approach leads to higher immobilization yield (up to 96%) and enzyme activity (up to 1.35 U mg-1) compared to the non-covalent cellulase binding. The overall results showed that the thermal, storage and operational stability of the immobilized cellulase was considerably improved compared to the free enzyme. The immobilized cellulose catalyzed the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose up to 6 consecutive successive reaction cycles, with a total operation time of 144 h at 50 °C. The half-life time of the immobilized enzyme in deep eutectic solvents-based media was up to threefold higher compared to the soluble enzyme. The increased pH and temperature tolerance of the immobilized cellulase, as well as the increased operational stability in aqueous and deep eutectic solvents-based media indicate that the use of MHPCs as immobilization nanosupport could expand the catalytic performance of cellulolytic enzymes in various reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitra Zarafeta
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
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Desai MP, Pawar KD. Immobilization of cellulase on iron tolerant Pseudomonas stutzeri biosynthesized photocatalytically active magnetic nanoparticles for increased thermal stability. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Immobilization techniques are generally based on reusing enzymes in industrial applications to reduce costs and improve enzyme properties. These techniques have been developing for decades, and many methods for immobilizing enzymes have been designed. To find a better immobilization method, it is necessary to review the recently developed methods and have a clear overview of the advantages and limitations of each method. This review introduces the recently reported immobilization methods and discusses the improvements in enzyme properties by different methods. Among the techniques to improve enzyme properties, metal–organic frameworks, which have diverse structures, abundant organic ligands and metal nodes, offer a promising platform.
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16
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de Souza Lima J, Costa FN, Bastistella MA, de Araújo PHH, de Oliveira D. Functionalized kaolin as support for endoglucanase immobilization. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1165-1173. [PMID: 30927054 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endoglucanases are an enzyme of cellulases complex that has a great potential for many technological applications. One of the issues of its use concerns the recovery and reuse of this enzyme. Thus, in this study, the use of a surface-modified kaolin was evaluated to immobilize endoglucanase and evaluate the enzyme activity for its reuse. Kaolin was surface modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde (GA). In addition, the properties of the immobilized enzyme were investigated and compared with those of the free enzyme. Results showed that the optimal pH value of endoglucanase was not affected by the immobilization process but showed a broader range of optimal temperature compared to free enzyme. Immobilization on kaolin allowed fast and easy cellulase recovery with a loss of enzyme activity of only 20% after eight cycles of use. These results indicate that kaolin is a promising substitute to the currently synthetic supports studied for cellulases immobilization with the advantage of being abundant in nature, resistant to microbial attack, chemically and mechanically stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina de Souza Lima
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nunes Costa
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio Bastistella
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Hermes de Araújo
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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17
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Molecular features of interaction involving hen egg white lysozyme immobilized on graphene oxide and the effect on activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:2390-2398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Otari SV, Patel SKS, Kim SY, Haw JR, Kalia VC, Kim IW, Lee JK. Copper Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Immobilization of Enzyme. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 59:105-108. [PMID: 30728638 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel, hollow superparamagnetic copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a low-temperature hydrothermal method. The hollow magnetic spheres were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy to confirm their morphology and size. The hollow NPs were demonstrated as the support for biological materials by the immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase on the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow spheres. The immobilization of the enzyme was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The immobilized enzyme was shown to have an immobilization efficiency of 84.5%, with approximately 176 mg g-1 of enzyme loading, for the hollow-NPs support. The immobilized enzyme exhibited high storage and temperature stability. The reusability of the immobilized lipase was more than 80% after 10 cycles of repeated use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin V Otari
- 1Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay K S Patel
- 1Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Kim
- 2Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Shin-Ansan University, Ansan, 15435 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Rim Haw
- 1Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Vipin C Kalia
- 1Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Won Kim
- 1Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- 1Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Enzymes are efficient biocatalysts providing an important tool in many industrial biocatalytic processes. Currently, the immobilized enzymes prepared by the cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) have drawn much attention due to their simple preparation and high catalytic efficiency. Combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates (combi-CLEAs) including multiple enzymes have significant advantages for practical applications. In this review, the conditions or factors for the preparation of combi-CLEAs such as the proportion of enzymes, the type of cross-linker, and coupling temperature were discussed based on the reaction mechanism. The recent applications of combi-CLEAs were also reviewed.
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20
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Abstract
An application-related definition for immobilized enzymes was given by Chibata in 1978 […]
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