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Yue Y, Ren Y, Lu C, Li P, Zhang G. Epigenetic regulation of human FOXP3+ Tregs: from homeostasis maintenance to pathogen defense. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1444533. [PMID: 39144146 PMCID: PMC11323565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1444533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), characterized by the expression of Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3), constitute a distinct subset of T cells crucial for immune regulation. Tregs can exert direct and indirect control over immune homeostasis by releasing inhibitory factors or differentiating into Th-like Treg (Th-Treg), thereby actively contributing to the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases. The epigenetic regulation of FOXP3, encompassing DNA methylation, histone modifications, and post-translational modifications, governs the development and optimal suppressive function of Tregs. In addition, Tregs can also possess the ability to maintain homeostasis in diverse microenvironments through non-suppressive mechanisms. In this review, we primarily focus on elucidating the epigenetic regulation of Tregs as well as their multifaceted roles within diverse physiological contexts while looking forward to potential strategies involving augmentation or suppression of Tregs activity for disease management, particularly in light of the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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2
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Liu X, Liu K, Wang Y, Meng X, Wang Q, Tao S, Xu Q, Shen X, Gao X, Hong S, Jin H, Wang JQ, Wang D, Lu L, Meng Z, Wang L. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling factor BAF60b restrains inflammatory diseases by affecting regulatory T cell migration. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114458. [PMID: 38996070 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a critical regulatory role in the immune system by suppressing excessive immune responses and maintaining immune balance. The effective migration of Treg cells is crucial for controlling the development and progression of inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanisms responsible for directing Treg cells into the inflammatory tissue remain incompletely elucidated. In this study, we identified BAF60b, a subunit of switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes, as a positive regulator of Treg cell migration that inhibits the progression of inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and colitis animal models. Mechanistically, transcriptome and genome-wide chromatin-landscaped analyses demonstrated that BAF60b interacts with the transcription factor RUNX1 to promote the expression of CCR9 on Treg cells, which in turn affects their ability to migrate to inflammatory tissues. Our work provides insights into the essential role of BAF60b in regulating Treg cell migration and its impact on inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Humans
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Colitis/metabolism
- Colitis/pathology
- Colitis/immunology
- Colitis/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Liu
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311100, China; Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kuai Liu
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311100, China; Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyu Meng
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311100, China; Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sijue Tao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qianying Xu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Co-Facility Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianzhi Gao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311100, China; Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shenghui Hong
- Laboratory Animal Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huihui Jin
- Laboratory Animal Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - James Q Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Haining 314400, China
| | - Di Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhuoxian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Lie Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311100, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311100, China; Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Haining 314400, China; Future Health Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314100, China.
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3
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Collier CA, Salikhova A, Sabir S, Foncerrada S, Raghavan SA. Crisis in the gut: navigating gastrointestinal challenges in Gulf War Illness with bioengineering. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:45. [PMID: 38978144 PMCID: PMC11229309 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that manifests largely as gastrointestinal symptoms. Among these gastrointestinal symptoms, motility disorders are highly prevalent, presenting as chronic constipation, stomach pain, indigestion, diarrhea, and other conditions that severely impact the quality of life of GWI veterans. However, despite a high prevalence of gastrointestinal impairments among these veterans, most research attention has focused on neurological disturbances. This perspective provides a comprehensive overview of current in vivo research advancements elucidating the underlying mechanisms contributing to gastrointestinal disorders in GWI. Generally, these in vivo and in vitro models propose that neuroinflammation alters gut motility and drives the gastrointestinal symptoms reported in GWI. Additionally, this perspective highlights the potential and challenges of in vitro bioengineering models, which could be a crucial contributor to understanding and treating the pathology of gastrointestinal related-GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Aelita Salikhova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sufiyan Sabir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Steven Foncerrada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shreya A Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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4
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Honing DY, Luiten RM, Matos TR. Regulatory T Cell Dysfunction in Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7171. [PMID: 39000278 PMCID: PMC11241405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a suppressive subpopulation of T cells, are potent mediators of peripheral tolerance, responsible for immune homeostasis. Many autoimmune diseases exhibit disruptions in Treg function or quantity, resulting in an imbalance between protective and pathogenic immune cells. Selective expansion or manipulation of Tregs is a promising therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases. However, the extensive diversity of Treg subpopulations and the multiple approaches used for Treg identification leads to high complexity, making it difficult to develop a successful treatment capable of modulating Tregs. In this review, we describe the suppressive mechanisms, subpopulations, classification, and identification methodology for Tregs, and their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Y Honing
- Department of Dermatology, Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Department of Dermatology, Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiago R Matos
- Department of Dermatology, Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sanofi, 1105 BP Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Fawzy EM, Selim MA, Mostafa NE, Abdelhameed RM, Darwish AM, Yousef AM, Alabiad MA, Ibrahim MN, Fawzy HM, Abdel Hamed EF. The prophylactic and therapeutic impact of Trichinella spiralis larvae excretory secretory antigens- loaded Ca-BTC metal organic frameworks on induced murine colitis. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e41. [PMID: 38785193 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the gut. T. spiralis larvae (E/S Ags) loaded on calcium-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate metal-organic frameworks (Ca-BTC MOFs) were tested to determine whether they might prevent or cure acetic acid-induced murine colitis. Methods: T. spiralis larvae E/S Ags/Ca-BTC MOFs were used in prophylactic and therapeutic groups to either precede or follow the development of murine colitis. On the seventh day after colitis, mice were slaughtered. The effect of our target antigens on the progress of the colitis was evaluated using a variety of measures, including survival rate, disease activity index, colon weight/bodyweight, colon weight/length) ratios, and ratings for macroscopic and microscopic colon damage. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin-4), oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase in serum samples were evaluated. Foxp3 T-reg expression was carried out in colonic and splenic tissues. Results: T. spiralis larvae E/S Ags/Ca-BTC MOFs were the most effective in alleviating severe inflammation in murine colitis. The survival rate, disease activity index score, colon weight/length and colon weight/bodyweight ratios, and gross and microscopic colon damage scores have all considerably improved. A large decrease in proinflammatory cytokine (interferon-γ) and oxidative stress marker (malondialdehyde) expression and a significant increase in interleukin-4 and glutathione peroxidase expression were obtained. The expression of Foxp3+ Treg cells was elevated in colonic and splenic tissues. Conclusion: T. spiralis larvae E/S Ags/Ca-BTC MOFs had the highest anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective capabilities against murine colitis and might be used to develop new preventative and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Fawzy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - M A Selim
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - N E Mostafa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - R M Abdelhameed
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - A M Darwish
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - A M Yousef
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - M A Alabiad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - M N Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, College of applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Qurrayat77451, KSA
| | - H M Fawzy
- Department of Community, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - E F Abdel Hamed
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
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6
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Zong Y, Deng K, Chong WP. Regulation of Treg cells by cytokine signaling and co-stimulatory molecules. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1387975. [PMID: 38807592 PMCID: PMC11131382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), a vital component of the immune system, are responsible for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing excessive immune responses. This review explores the signaling pathways of the cytokines that regulate Treg cells, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and IL-35, which foster the differentiation and enhance the immunosuppressive capabilities of Tregs. It also examines how, conversely, signals mediated by IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-α) can undermine Treg suppressive functions or even drive their reprogramming into effector T cells. The B7 family comprises indispensable co-stimulators for T cell activation. Among its members, this review focuses on the capacity of CTLA-4 and PD-1 to regulate the differentiation, function, and survival of Tregs. As Tregs play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis, their dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This review delves into the potential of employing Treg-based immunotherapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and cancer. By shedding light on these topics, this article aims to enhance our understanding of the regulation of Tregs by cytokines and their therapeutic potential for various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaihang Deng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Po Chong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Saviano A, Schettino A, Iaccarino N, Mansour AA, Begum J, Marigliano N, Raucci F, Romano F, Riccardi G, Mitidieri E, d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R, Bello I, Panza E, Smimmo M, Vellecco V, Rimmer P, Cheesbrough J, Zhi Z, Iqbal TH, Pieretti S, D'Amore VM, Marinelli L, La Pietra V, Sorrentino R, Costa L, Caso F, Scarpa R, Cirino G, Randazzo A, Bucci M, McGettrick HM, Iqbal AJ, Maione F. A reverse translational approach reveals the protective roles of Mangifera indica in inflammatory bowel disease. J Autoimmun 2024; 144:103181. [PMID: 38522129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic intestinal disorders often characterized by a dysregulation of T cells, specifically T helper (Th) 1, 17 and T regulatory (Treg) repertoire. Increasing evidence demonstrates that dietary polyphenols from Mangifera indica L. extract (MIE, commonly known as mango) mitigate intestinal inflammation and splenic Th17/Treg ratio. In this study, we aimed to dissect the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of MIE using a reverse translational approach, by initially using blood from an adult IBD inception cohort and then investigating the mechanism of action in a preclinical model of T cell-driven colitis. Of clinical relevance, MIE modulates TNF-α and IL-17 levels in LPS spiked sera from IBD patients as an ex vivo model of intestinal barrier breakdown. Preclinically, therapeutic administration of MIE significantly reduced colitis severity, pathogenic T-cell intestinal infiltrate and intestinal pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-22). Moreover, MIE reversed colitis-induced gut permeability and restored tight junction functionality and intestinal metabolites. Mechanistic insights revealed MIE had direct effects on blood vascular endothelial cells, blocking TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced up-regulation of COX-2 and the DP2 receptors. Collectively, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of MIE to reverse the immunological perturbance during the onset of colitis and dampen the systemic inflammatory response, paving the way for its clinical use as nutraceutical and/or functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anella Saviano
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Schettino
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Iaccarino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Adel Abo Mansour
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jenefa Begum
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Noemi Marigliano
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Raucci
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Romano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Riccardi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Emma Mitidieri
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ivana Bello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Smimmo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Vellecco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter Rimmer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Cheesbrough
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zhaogong Zhi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tariq H Iqbal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Microbiology and Infection (IMI), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Maria D'Amore
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria La Pietra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Sorrentino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Costa
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Caso
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Scarpa
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Helen Michelle McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK
| | - Asif Jilani Iqbal
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Francesco Maione
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Wu X, Li Y, Shang Y, Wang W, Wu L, Han L, Wang Q, Wang Z, Xu H, Liu W. Application of two-dimensional polymerase chain reaction to detect four types of microorganisms in feces for assisted diagnosis of IBD. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 555:117802. [PMID: 38281660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) continues to increase annually, accounting for about 6.8 million cases in 2017 worldwide. However, there is currently no gold standard for the diagnosis of IBD. METHODS A method for the detection of four microorganisms in feces by two-dimensional polymerase chain reaction (2D-PCR) has been developed. Plasmids were used to validate the sensitivity and specificity of the method. Clinical samples were tested using a 2D-PCR method. Optimal diagnostic thresholds for IBD were determined based on ROC results. RESULTS Of the 112 samples, 78 were from IBD patients and 34 from patients with other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Thomasclavelia ramosum and univ907-1062 positivity are necessary, and two or more positives of the three bacteria (Thomasclavelia spiroforme, Thomasclavelia saccharogumia or Clostridium cluster XVIII) are the optimal diagnostic thresholds for IBD. The area under the curve was 0.826 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.735-0.981 and a p-value of 0.000, corresponding to a sensitivity of 0.769 and a specificity of 0.853. CONCLUSIONS Based on the detection results of microorganisms, IBD and GI can be effectively distinguished. The detection of four microorganisms in feces can assist clinicians in the differential diagnosis of IBD. Our experiment aims to provide a better program for early clinical diagnosis and regular dynamic monitoring of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Central Laboratory and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Yueying Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Central Laboratory and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Yuanjiang Shang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Weifeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lixia Wu
- Central Laboratory and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Lin Han
- Central Laboratory and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210022, China.
| | - Zhujian Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, China-Canada Center of Research for Digestive Diseases (ccCRDD), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
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9
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Li T, Han B, Wang L, Sun L, Cai Y, Yu M, Xiao W, Yang H. Activation of mucosal insulin receptor exacerbates intestinal inflammation by promoting tissue resident memory T cells differentiation through EZH2. J Transl Med 2024; 22:78. [PMID: 38243324 PMCID: PMC10797971 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), an autoimmune disease characterised by abnormal intestinal immunity, are related to vital morbidity around the world. However, therapeutic agents for IBD have not achieved desired benefit. Exploring new therapeutic targets for IBD, especially based on its abnormally intestinal immunity, could alleviate the flare-up and worsening of IBD. Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) are core of multiple autoimmune diseases, including IBD. However, the mechanism of TRM differentiation remains to be investigated. METHODS The alterations in mRNA and lncRNA profile of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), the largest component of intestinal TRM, were analyzed in DSS-induced chronic colitis. Based on it, we examined the function of rectal insulin instillation in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced chronic colitis. Furthermore, we investigated the downstream-target of the insulin pathway-EZH2 and the crucial role of EZH2 in intestinal tissue resident memory T cell differentiation by utilizing EZH2fl/flCD4cre mice. RESULTS Insulin receptor (INSR) expression was found to be significantly reduced. Activation of mucosal insulin pathway by rectal insulin instillation exacerbated colitis by disrupting IELs subgroups and up-regulating TNF-ɑ and IL-17 expression. Rectal insulin instillation promoted EZH2 expression and EZH2 inhibition alleviated chronic colitis. EZH2fl/flCD4cre mice restored the normal IEL subgroups and suppressed TNF-ɑ and IL-17 expression, exhibiting alleviated colitis. IELs from EZH2fl/flCD4cre mice exhibit significant changes in TRM related phenotype. CD4+TRM was significantly increased in chronic colitis and decreased in EZH2fl/flCD4cre mice. CONCLUSION Insulin receptor of intestinal mucosal T-cells could promote intestinal TRM differentiation via EZH2. Our discoveries suggest that therapies targeting colonic INSR and EZH2 could be potential treatment for IBD based on its regulatory effects on TRM. Insulin receptor inhibitors rather than insulin should be applied during colitis-active phase. In addition, EZH2 shows to be a downstream signal of the insulin pathway and EZH2 inhibitor could alleviating intestinal inflammation. However, the critical role of EZH2 in TRM differentiation restricts the anti-tumor effects of EZH2 inhibitor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Department of General Surgery, Army 953 Hospital, Shigatse Branch of Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Shigatse, 857000, China
| | - Ben Han
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Liucan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yujiao Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, 401147, China.
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, 401147, China.
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Hu Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li C, Long Y, Wu C. Co-administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and infliximab improves colitis in mice by modulating Treg differentiation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:1172-1179. [PMID: 39055880 PMCID: PMC11266739 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.74640.16209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The combination of TNF-α inhibitors and vitamin D in colitis remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we revealed the benefit of infliximab (IFX) and vitamin D in a mouse model of Ulcerative colitis (UC). Materials and Methods A dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model was used. The therapeutic effect of the combination was evaluated by symptom and histopathology analysis. The synergistic mechanism was explored by detecting the regulatory effect of the combined therapy on Regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation. Results IFX and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VitD3) synergistically prevented the development of colitis by improving clinical signs, pathological and hematological manifestation, and inhibiting intestinal inflammation (decreasing TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Co-administration of IFX (2.5 mg/kg) with VitD3 or IFX (5.0 mg/kg) with VitD3 was more effective than administration of IFX (2.5 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg). There was no difference in therapeutic effect between IFX (5.0 mg/kg) and VitD3+ IFX (2.5 mg/kg) groups or between the VitD3+IFX (5.0 mg/kg) and VitD3+ Azathioprine (AZA) groups. VitD3 or combination therapy showed more powerful regulation of splenetic Treg differentiation and IL-10 production than IFX alone. Moreover, VitD3 alone or in combination induced higher levels of Foxp3 and IL-10 than IFX in colon tissue. In ulcerative colitis patients, serum VitD3 levels positively correlated with Treg levels. Conclusion VitD3 and IFX synergistically inhibit colitis based on their powerful regulation of Treg differentiation. VitD3 combined with IFX is an alternative therapy for patients who are intolerant to standard doses of IFX or combination of IFX and AZA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, China, 230022
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anhui Children’s Hospital, 39 Wangjiang East road, Hefei, China, 230051
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, China, 230022
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, China, 230022
| | - ChuanYing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anhui Children’s Hospital, 39 Wangjiang East road, Hefei, China, 230051
| | - Yun Long
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anhui Children’s Hospital, 39 Wangjiang East road, Hefei, China, 230051
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anhui Children’s Hospital, 39 Wangjiang East road, Hefei, China, 230051
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11
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Salimi A, Sepehr A, Hejazifar N, Talebi M, Rohani M, Pourshafie MR. The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a Probiotic Cocktail in Human Feces Induced-Mouse Model. Inflammation 2023; 46:2178-2192. [PMID: 37599322 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract due to altered interaction between the immune system and the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of a probiotic cocktail in modulating immune dysregulation induced in mice. Mice were divided into 5 groups (n = 5/group), and inflammation was induced in two separate groups by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from the stool of human with IBD and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). In the other two groups, the cocktail of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. (108CFU/kg/day) was administered daily for a total of 28days in addition to inducing inflammation. A group as a contcxsrol group received only water and food. The alteration of the selected genera of gut microbiota and the expression of some genes involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response were studied in the probiotic-treated and untreated groups by quantitative real-time PCR. The selected genera of gut microbiota of the FMT and DSS groups showed similar patterns on day 28 after each treatment. In the probiotic-treated groups, the population of the selected genera of gut microbiota normalized and the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria increased compared to the DSS and FMT groups. The expression of genes related to immune response and tight junctions was positively affected by the probiotic. Changes in the gut microbiota could influence the inflammatory status in the gut, and probiotics as a preventive or complementary treatment could improve the well-being of patients with inflammatory bowel disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Salimi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Sepehr
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Hejazifar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maliheh Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rohani
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Catalán-Serra I, Ricanek P, Grimstad T. "Out of the box" new therapeutic strategies for Crohn´s disease: moving beyond biologics. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2023; 115:614-634. [PMID: 35748460 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2022.9010/2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New treatment options beyond immunosuppression have emerged in recent years for patients with Crohn´s disease (CD), a chronic systemic condition affecting primarily the gut with great impact in the quality of life. The cause of CD is largely unknown, and a curative treatment is not yet available. In addition, despite the growing therapeutic armamentarium in recent years almost half of the patients don´t achieve a sustained response over time. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the current state of promising new "out of the box" possibilities to control chronic inflammation beyond current pharmacological treatments, including: exclusive enteral nutrition, specific diets, cell therapies using T regs, hyperbaric oxygen, fecal microbiota transplantation, phage therapy, helminths, cannabis and vagal nerve stimulation. The exploration of original and novel therapeutic modalities is key to address their potential as main or complementary treatments in selected CD populations in order to increase efficacy, minimize side effects and improve quality of life of patients.
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13
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Negi S, Tandel N, Sharma P, Kumar R, Tyagi RK. Aceclofenac and methotrexate combination therapy could influence Th1/Th17 axis to modulate rheumatoid-arthritis-induced inflammation. Drug Discov Today 2023:103671. [PMID: 37330038 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory, autoimmune and connective-tissue arthropathy. The methotrexate (MTX) and aceclofenac (ACL) combination drug regimen is known to regulate the immunological pathways. Also, RA-elicited inflammation is decreased by the combination drug treatment. ACL and MTX combination treatment has been shown to regulate the signaling pathway controlled by NF-κB and FOXO1. The present manuscript reviews the importance of the combination drug regimen to treat and/or manage RA. The combination drug regimen could affect the Th1/Th17 axis to switch the balance toward the immunoregulatory (Th1) phenotype for establishing immune homeostasis. In conclusion, we propose the study of the immunological signaling pathways in experimental humanized RA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Negi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, SG highway, Ahmedabad-382481, India
| | - Prakriti Sharma
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Rajinder Kumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Rajeev K Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh-160036, India.
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14
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Zhang T, Han X, Zhong Y, Kam HT, Qiao D, Chen Z, Chan KWY, Chong WP, Chen J. Regulatory T cell intravitreal delivery using hyaluronan methylcellulose hydrogel improves therapeutic efficacy in experimental autoimmune uveitis. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 151:213496. [PMID: 37290283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis refers to several intraocular inflammation conditions, which are mediated by autoreactive T cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive cells that have shown potential for resolving various autoimmune diseases, including uveitis. However, poor donor cell dispersion distal to the injection site and plasticity of Treg cells in an inflammatory microenvironment can present obstacles for this immunotherapy. We assessed the use of a physical blend of hyaluronan and methylcellulose (HAMC) as immunoprotective and injectable hydrogel cell delivery system to improve the efficacy of Treg-based therapy in treating experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). We demonstrated that the Treg-HAMC blend increased both the survival and stability of Tregs under proinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we found that the intravitreal HAMC delivery system resulted in a two-fold increase in the number of transferred Tregs in the inflamed eye of EAU mice. Treg-HAMC delivery effectively attenuated ocular inflammation and preserved the visual function of EAU mice. It significantly decreased the number of ocular infiltrates, including the uveitogenic IFN-γ+CD4+ and IL-17+CD4+ T cells. In contrast, intravitreal injection of Treg cells without HAMC only achieved marginal therapeutic effects in EAU. Our findings suggest that HAMC may become a promising delivery vehicle for human uveitis Treg therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiongqi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yajie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hio Tong Kam
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dijie Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Kannie Wai Yan Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai Po Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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15
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Otte ML, Lama Tamang R, Papapanagiotou J, Ahmad R, Dhawan P, Singh AB. Mucosal healing and inflammatory bowel disease: Therapeutic implications and new targets. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:1157-1172. [PMID: 36926666 PMCID: PMC10011951 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i7.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal healing (MH) is vital in maintaining homeostasis within the gut and protecting against injury and infections. Multiple factors and signaling pathways contribute in a dynamic and coordinated manner to maintain intestinal homeostasis and mucosal regeneration/repair. However, when intestinal homeostasis becomes chronically disturbed and an inflammatory immune response is constitutively active due to impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier autoimmune disease results, particularly inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Many proteins and signaling pathways become dysregulated or impaired during these pathological conditions, with the mechanisms of regulation just beginning to be understood. Consequently, there remains a relative lack of broadly effective therapeutics that can restore MH due to the complexity of both the disease and healing processes, so tissue damage in the gastrointestinal tract of patients, even those in clinical remission, persists. With increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IBD and MH, tissue damage from autoimmune disease may in the future be ameliorated by developing therapeutics that enhance the body’s own healing response. In this review, we introduce the concept of mucosal healing and its relevance in IBD as well as discuss the mechanisms of IBD and potential strategies for altering these processes and inducing MH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lynn Otte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Raju Lama Tamang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Julia Papapanagiotou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Amar B Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
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16
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Tandel N, Negi S, Dalai SK, Tyagi RK. Role of natural killer and B cell interaction in inducing pathogen specific immune responses. Int Rev Immunol 2023:1-19. [PMID: 36731424 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2172406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The innate lymphoid cell (ILC) system comprising of the circulating and tissue-resident cells is known to clear infectious pathogens, establish immune homeostasis as well as confer antitumor immunity. Human natural killer cells (hNKs) and other ILCs carry out mopping of the infectious pathogens and perform cytolytic activity regulated by the non-adaptive immune system. The NK cells generate immunological memory and rapid recall response tightly regulated by the adaptive immunity. The interaction of NK and B cell, and its role to induce the pathogen specific immunity is not fully understood. Hence, present article sheds light on the interaction between NK and B cells and resulting immune responses in the infectious diseases. The immune responses elicited by the NK-B cell interaction is of particular importance for developing therapeutic vaccines against the infectious pathogens. Further, experimental evidences suggest the immune-response driven by NK cell population elicits the host-specific antibodies and memory B cells. Also, recently developed humanized immune system (HIS) mice and their importance in to understanding the NK-B cell interaction and resulting pathogen specific immunity has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sushmita Negi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sarat K Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajeev K Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
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17
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Gomez-Bris R, Saez A, Herrero-Fernandez B, Rius C, Sanchez-Martinez H, Gonzalez-Granado JM. CD4 T-Cell Subsets and the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032696. [PMID: 36769019 PMCID: PMC9916759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term for the chronic immune-mediated idiopathic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, manifesting as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD is characterized by exacerbated innate and adaptive immunity in the gut in association with microbiota dysbiosis and the disruption of the intestinal barrier, resulting in increased bacterial exposure. In response to signals from microorganisms and damaged tissue, innate immune cells produce inflammatory cytokines and factors that stimulate T and B cells of the adaptive immune system, and a prominent characteristic of IBD patients is the accumulation of inflammatory T-cells and their proinflammatory-associated cytokines in intestinal tissue. Upon antigen recognition and activation, CD4 T-cells differentiate towards a range of distinct phenotypes: T helper(h)1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, T follicular helper (Tfh), and several types of T-regulatory cells (Treg). T-cells are generated according to and adapt to microenvironmental conditions and participate in a complex network of interactions among other immune cells that modulate the further progression of IBD. This review examines the role of the CD4 T-cells most relevant to IBD, highlighting how these cells adapt to the environment and interact with other cell populations to promote or inhibit the development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gomez-Bris
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Saez
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herrero-Fernandez
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rius
- Department of History of Science and Information Science, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- UISYS Research Unit, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Sanchez-Martinez
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Gonzalez-Granado
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913908766
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Poggi A. 10th Anniversary of Cells: Advances in Cellular Immunology-Regulation of Autoimmune Response and Antitumor Reactivity: Are They Two Side of the Same Coin? Cells 2022; 11:cells11244122. [PMID: 36552886 PMCID: PMC9776996 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate and adaptive arms of the immune system are involved in maintaining organism homeostasis [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogensesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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19
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Tandel N, Negi S, Tyagi RK. NKB cells: A double-edged sword against inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972435. [PMID: 36405684 PMCID: PMC9669376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) activate the adaptive system’s B and T cells in response to pathogenic invasion; however, how these cells are activated during infections is not yet fully understood. In recent years, a new lymphocyte population referred to as “natural killer-like B (NKB) cells”, expressing the characteristic markers of innate NK cells and adaptive B cells, has been identified in both the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes during infectious and inflammatory pathologies. NKB cells produce IL-18 and IL-12 cytokines during the early phases of microbial infection, differentiating them from conventional NK and B cells. Emerging evidence indicates that NKB cells play key roles in clearing microbial infections. In addition, NKB cells contribute to inflammatory responses during infectious and inflammatory diseases. Hence, the role of NKB cells in disease pathogenesis merits further study. An in-depth understanding of the phenotypic, effector, and functional properties of NKB cells may pave the way for the development of improved vaccines and therapeutics for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sushmita Negi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajeev K. Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-immunology Lab, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
- *Correspondence: Rajeev K. Tyagi, ;
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20
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Sharma TT, Rabizadeh RR, Prabhakar VS, Bury MI, Sharma AK. Evolving Experimental Platforms to Evaluate Ulcerative Colitis. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200018. [PMID: 35866469 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multifactorial disease defined by chronic intestinal inflammation with idiopathic origins. It has a predilection to affect the mucosal lining of the large intestines and rectum. Management of UC depends upon numerous factors that include disease pathogenesis and severity that are maintained via medical or surgical means. Chronic inflammation that is left untreated or managed poorly from a clinical stance can result in intestinal ulceration accompanied by resulting physiological dysfunction. End-stage UC is mediated by surgical intervention with the resection of diseased tissue. This can lead to numerous health-related quality of life issues but is considered a curative approach. Regimens to treat UC are ever evolving and find their basis within various platforms to evaluate and treat UC. Numerous modeling systems have been examined to delineate potential mechanisms of action. However, UC is a heterogenous disease spanning unknown genetic origins coupled with environmental factors that can influence disease outcomes and related treatment procedures. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all model to fully assess all facets of UC. Within the context of this review article, the utility of various approaches that have been employed to gain insight into different aspects of UC will be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T Sharma
- Lurie Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rebecca R Rabizadeh
- Lurie Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vibhav S Prabhakar
- Lurie Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Matthew I Bury
- Lurie Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Lurie Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,McCormick School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering (CARE), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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21
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Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulates Th17/Treg Balance in Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6275136. [PMID: 36159571 PMCID: PMC9499767 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6275136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), also known as chronic nonspecific inflammatory disease of the colon and rectum, is primarily characterized by mucopurulent bloody stools, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and tenesmus. Its cause is uncertain. IBD patients frequently experience a high rate of recurrence, a protracted treatment course, and a high risk of carcinogenesis. Additionally, the difficulty of treatment is significantly increased by these illness characteristics. Currently, the normal treatment for this illness can lessen symptoms to some amount and even meet clinical treatment requirements, but due to serious side effects, unfavorable reactions, and high costs, we need to develop better complementary and alternative medicines. A number of studies have found that the imbalance of T helper cell 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) contributes significantly to the occurrence and progression of IBD and that Th17/Treg balance restoration is frequently useful in the management of IBD. As a result, regulating the Th17/Treg balance has also emerged as a novel approach to treating IBD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained popularity in recent years due to its advantages of low side effects, a variety of targets, and multiple regulatory mechanisms. A number of studies have shown that TCM can successfully intervene in the Th17/Treg imbalance and restore it, and research on the prevention and treatment of IBD by TCM by restoring Th17/Treg has also shown promising results. The characteristics of the Th17/Treg balance and its role in the pathogenesis of IBD, as well as the role of TCM in regulating the Th17/Treg imbalance, are analyzed. The research results are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment and pathology mechanism research of IBD.
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22
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Schlöder J, Shahneh F, Schneider FJ, Wieschendorf B. Boosting regulatory T cell function for the treatment of autoimmune diseases – That’s only half the battle! Front Immunol 2022; 13:973813. [PMID: 36032121 PMCID: PMC9400058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.973813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) represent a subset of specialized T cells that are essential for the regulation of immune responses and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Once activated, Treg exert powerful immunosuppressive properties, for example by inhibiting T cell-mediated immune responses against self-antigens, thereby protecting our body from autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, exhibit an immunological imbalance mainly characterized by a reduced frequency and impaired function of Treg. In addition, there has been increasing evidence that – besides Treg dysfunction – immunoregulatory mechanisms fail to control autoreactive T cells due to a reduced responsiveness of T effector cells (Teff) for the suppressive properties of Treg, a process termed Treg resistance. In order to efficiently treat autoimmune diseases and thus fully induce immunological tolerance, a combined therapy aimed at both enhancing Treg function and restoring Teff responsiveness could most likely be beneficial. This review provides an overview of immunomodulating drugs that are currently used to treat various autoimmune diseases in the clinic and have been shown to increase Treg frequency as well as Teff sensitivity to Treg-mediated suppression. Furthermore, we discuss strategies on how to boost Treg activity and function, and their potential use in the treatment of autoimmunity. Finally, we present a humanized mouse model for the preclinical testing of Treg-activating substances in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Schlöder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Janine Schlöder,
| | - Fatemeh Shahneh
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz-Joseph Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn Wieschendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Bharti S, Bharti M. The Business of T Cell Subsets and Cytokines in the Immunopathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cureus 2022; 14:e27290. [PMID: 36039239 PMCID: PMC9407026 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder and one of the most common inflammatory diseases of gastrointestinal (GI) tract in young adults. It is now equally prevalent in western countries as well as in Asian countries. Recently, there has been an increasing IBD burden in low- to middle-income countries as opposed to the earlier notion of this being a disease of the affluents. It occurs due to a variety of factors, namely, local immune alteration, disruption and inflammation of the mucosa, environmental factors, microbial commensals, and pathogen-induced genetic predisposition or genetic alteration in protective factors, etc. So far, an exact etiopathogenesis of IBD is yet to be completely elucidated. Several recent types of research have emphasized the role of altered innate and humoral immunity in its causation, many of them based on animal models of IBD. Due to the poor understanding of its etiopathogenesis, IBD is still a challenge for the treating clinicians leading to persistent and recurrent disease in many cases. Immune dysregulation in the GI tract incited by various pathogenic stimuli has gained great attention from researchers in the field of IBD. This review focuses on highlighting the role of various T cell subsets, their interplay, and associated cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of IBD along with a short description of genetic as well as other immunological factors. A better understanding of the pathogenic factors and subsequent randomized controlled trials targeting these factors is prudent for better therapeutic approaches for IBD.
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24
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Ma K, Que W, Hu X, Guo WZ, Zhong L, Ueda D, Gu EL, Li XK. Combinations of anti-GITR antibody and CD28 superagonist ameliorated dextran sodium sulfate-induced mouse colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 208:340-350. [PMID: 35511600 PMCID: PMC9226153 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disease of the colonic mucosa with an unclear etiology. Interleukin (IL)-10 has been reported to play a crucial role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the intestinal environment. Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells are a subset of CD4+Foxp3- T cells able to secrete high amounts of IL-10 with potent immunosuppressive properties. In this study, we found that the combination of anti-GITR antibody (G3c) and CD28 superagonist (D665) treatment stimulated the generation of a large amount of Tr1 cells. Furthermore, G3c/D665 treatment not only significantly relieved severe mucosal damage but also reduced the incidence of colonic shortening, weight loss, and hematochezia. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) upregulated the mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-C chemokine receptor type 5, and Bax in splenic lymphocytes (SPLs) and colon tissues, while G3c/D665 treatment conversely inhibited the increase in mRNA levels of these genes. In addition, G3c/D665 treatment altered the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and increased CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in SPLs, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs). Thus, the combination of G3c and D665 treatment showed efficacy against DSS-induced UC in mice by inducing a large amount of Tr1 cell generation via the musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma pathways in vivo and relieving inflammatory responses both systematically and locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuai Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Jing'an Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Weitao Que
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daisuke Ueda
- Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Er-Li Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Jing'an Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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25
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Bao ZK, Mi YH, Xiong XY, Wang XH. Sulforaphane Ameliorates the Intestinal Injury in Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Regulating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3 β Signaling Pathway. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 2022:6529842. [PMID: 35600210 PMCID: PMC9117068 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6529842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious neonatal disease; this study aims to investigate the role of sulforaphane (SFN) in NEC-induced intestinal injury. Methods An animal model of NEC was established in newborn mice and intragastrically administrated with SFN; then, the general status and survival of the mice were observed. H&E staining was used to observe the pathological changes of intestinal tissues. ELISA, immunohistochemical staining, and flow cytometry assays were used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17, the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, TLR4, and NF-κB, and the percentages of the Th17 and Treg cells, respectively. GSK-3β expression levels were measured by immunofluorescence. IEC-6 and FHC cells were induced with LPS to mimic NEC in vitro and coincubated with SFN; then, the inflammatory factor levels and cell apoptosis rate were detected. Finally, Western blot was used to assess the expression of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway-related proteins in vitro and in vivo. Results SFN improved the survival rate of NEC mice during modeling, alleviated the severity of the intestinal injury, and reduced the proportion of Th17/Treg cells. SFN could inhibit TLR4 and NF-κB levels, decrease the release of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6, suppress Bax expression, increase Bcl-2 expression, and inhibit apoptosis both in in vitro and in vivo models of NEC. Meanwhile, SFN regulated the expression of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway-related proteins in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion SFN relieved the inflammatory response and apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway, thereby alleviating NEC in model mice and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Kun Bao
- Department of Radiology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Mi
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xiong
- Department of Neonatology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Abstract
Extensive research conducted on mouse-human chimeras has advanced our understanding on infectious diseases including the human-malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. In vitro culture of asexual-blood stage infection of P. falciparum does not answer all questions related to parasitology, pharmacology and immunology, and complex life cycle, complicated genome, evolution of drug resistance and poor diagnosis makes it difficult to understand the patho-biology of parasite. Unavailability of effective-vaccine and issues of drug resistance advocates the use of human cell/tissues reconstituted immunodeficient-mice to P. falciparum. A number of immunodeficient-strains (TK/NOG, FRG/NOD, NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor γ chain null, NOD severe combined immunodeficiency gamma [NSG] mouse and NOD.Rag1-/- IL2Rγ-/- [NRG; DRAG]) are used for humanization purposes. Additionally, human-hematopoietic stem cells (CD34 reconstituted-NSG [human immune system]) mice support the engraftment and repopulation of immune effecters to study systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology & Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology & Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
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