Lactobacillus salivarius SNK-6 Regulates Liver Lipid Metabolism Partly via the miR-130a-5p/MBOAT2 Pathway in a NAFLD Model of Laying Hens

Compound Bacillus improves eggshell quality and egg metabolites of hens by promoting the metabolism balance of calcium and phosphorus and uterine cell proliferation

Probiotics have beneficial effects on improving egg quality, but there is little research about the effect of probiotics on metabolite composition, and the mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential mechanisms by which compound Bacillus improves egg quality and metabolite composition. A total of 20,000 Jingfen No. 6 laying hens at 381 d old were randomly divided into two treatments: control group with a basal diet, and the basal diet with 5 × 108 CFU/kg compound Bacillus supplementation (Ba) group. The trial lasted eight weeks. The results showed that compound Bacillus improved the gloss and strength of eggshells and reduced the ratio of sand-shell eggs by 23.8%. Specifically, the effective layer of eggshell was thicker and its calcite column was closely connected. Compound Bacillus increased the contents of beneficial fatty acids in the egg yolk, and lipids and lipid-like molecules in the albumen (P < 0.01), while decreased the contents of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and benzene ring compounds in the egg yolk and organic oxygen compounds in the albumen (P < 0.01). In addition, the compound Bacillus increased the calcium absorption in the duodenum by up-regulating the expression of transporters and serum hormone synergism (P < 0.05), and promoted metabolic balance of calcium and phosphorus. Simultaneously, uterine transcriptome showed that the expression of ChaC glutathione specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 (CHAC1), glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type 1 beta (PIP5K1B), methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2), brain enriched myelin associated protein 1 (BCAS1), and squalene epoxidase (SQLE) genes were increased (P < 0.01), indicating that nutrient metabolism activity was enhanced. The expression of the BCAS1, C1GALT1, KLF transcription factor 13 (KLF13), and leucine rich repeat neuronal 1 (LRRN1) was increased (P < 0.01), indicating that the cell proliferation was enhanced, which slowed uterus aging. In conclusion, compound Bacillus improved the eggshell strength and metabolite composition in the egg by promoting metabolic balance of calcium and phosphorus, cell proliferation, and nutrient metabolism in the uterus.

Rab8a Is a Key Target That Melatonin Prevents Lipid Disorder from Atrazine

Atrazine (ATZ), a widely used herbicide, disrupts mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism in the liver. Melatonin (MLT), a naturally synthesized hormone, combats mitochondrial dysfunction and alleviates lipid toxicity. However, the mechanisms behind ATZ-induced lipid metabolism toxicity and the protective effects of MLT remain unexplored. Mice were randomly assigned to four groups: control (Con), 5 mg/kg MLT, 170 mg/kg ATZ, and a cotreatment group receiving 170 mg/kg ATZ with 5 mg/kg MLT (ATZ+MLT). Additionally, we analyzed the effects of MLT and Rab8a on mRNA and proteins related to mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism disrupted by ATZ in AML12 cells. In conclusion, ATZ induced mitochondrial stress and disrupted fatty acid metabolism in mouse hepatocytes and AML12 cells. Exogenous MLT restores Rab8a levels, regulating fatty acid utilization in mitochondria and mitochondrial function. Notably, targeting Rab8a does not significantly affect mitochondrial function but prevents ATZ-induced lipid metabolism disorders in hepatocytes.

Quercetin ameliorates lipid deposition in primary hepatocytes of the chicken embryo

1. The accumulation of excessive fat plays a role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and phytogenic feed additives have the potential to ameliorate this. This study involved the isolation and culture of primary hepatocytes from chicken embryos to establish a model of hepatic steatosis induced by oleic acid/dexamethasone (OA/DEX). Lipid accumulation and cell viability were assessed using Nile Red staining, Oil Red O staining and cell count Kit -8 (CCK8) following treatment with varying concentrations of quercetin (Que). The potential mechanism by which Que exerts its effects was preliminarily investigated.2. The results indicated that OA effectively treated lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. There was no notable variance in cell proliferation between the normal and OA/DEX groups when subjected to Que treatment at concentrations of 1000 ng/ml and 10 000 ng/ml. Triglycerides and cholesterol (low and high density) decreased with Que treatment, with the most substantial reduction observed at 10 000 ng/ml.3. Gene expression levels decreased to levels similar to those in the control groups. Western blot data demonstrated that sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) protein expression correlated with its mRNA expression level. Que mitigated lipid accumulation through the alpha serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Expression levels of lipid-related genes (APOB, PPARα, CYP3A5 and SREBP-1) decreased to levels similar to the control groups. Western blot data demonstrated that the SREBP-1 protein expression correlated with its mRNA expression level.4. Supplementation with Que ameliorated lipid accumulation through AKT and ERK signalling pathway in OA/DEX-induced high-fat hepatocytes.

Lactobacillus salivarius Ameliorates AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity via PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in Geese

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is commonly found in feed ingredients and foods all over the world, posing a significant threat to food safety and public health in animals and humans. Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) was recorded to improve the intestinal health and performance of chickens. However, whether L. salivarius can alleviate AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity in geese was unknown. A total of 300 Lande geese were randomly assigned to five groups: control group, AFB1 low-dose group (L), L. salivarius+AFB1 low-dose group (LL), AFB1 high dosage groups (H), L. salivarius+AFB1 high dosage groups (LH), respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of ALT, AST, and GGT significantly increased after exposure to AFB1. Similarly, severe damage of hepatic morphology was observed including the hepatic structure injury and inflammatory cell infiltration. The oxidative stress was evidenced by the elevated concentrations of MDA, and decreased activities of GSH-Px, GSH and SOD. The observation of immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and western blotting showed that the expression of PINK1 and the value of LC3II/LC3I were increased, but that of p62 significantly decreased after AFB1 exposure. Moreover, the supplementation of L. salivarius effectively improved the geese performance, ameliorated AFB1-induced oxidative stress, inhibited mitochondrial mitophagy and enhanced the liver restoration to normal level. The present study demonstrated that L. salivarius ameliorated AFB1-induced the hepatotoxicity by decreasing the oxidative stress, and regulating the expression of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in the mitochondria of the geese liver. Furthermore, this investigation suggested that L. salivarius might serve as a novel and safe additive for preventing AFB1 contamination in poultry feed.

Maternal PFOS exposure in mice induces hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation in adult female offspring: Involvement of microbiome-gut-liver axis and autophagy

Perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) are the persistent organic pollutants. In the present study, 0, 0.3, or 3-mg/kg PFOS were administered to pregnant mice from GD 11 to GD 18. The histopathology of liver and intestine, serum and hepatic lipid levels, lipid metabolism related genes, and gut microbiota were examined in adult female offspring. The results suggested that maternal PFOS exposure increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and induced F4/80+ macrophage infiltration in adult female offspring, in addition to the elevation of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels in low-dose and high-dose groups, respectively. Furthermore, maternal exposure to PFOS increased serum triglyceride (TG) and hepatic total cholesterol (TC) levels, which was associated with the alteration of the process of fatty acid transport and β-oxidation, TG synthesis and transport, cholesterol synthesis and excretion in the liver. The AMPK/mTOR/autophagy signaling was also inhibited in the liver of adult female offspring. Moreover, changes in gut microbiota were also related to lipid metabolism, especially for the Desulfovibrio, Ligilactobacillus, Enterorhabdus, HT002 and Peptococcaceae_unclassified. Additionally, maternal exposure to PFOS decreased mRNA expressions of the tight junction protein and AB+ goblet cells in the colon, while increasing the overproduction of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and F4/80+ macrophage infiltration. Collectively, maternal PFOS exposure induced liver lipid accumulation and inflammation, which strongly correlated with the disruption of the gut-liver axis and autophagy in adult female offspring, highlighting the persistent adverse effects in offspring exposed to PFOS.

Treatment and prevention of pigeon diarrhea through the application of Lactobacillus SNK-6

In the pigeon industry, treating and preventing diarrhea is vital because it is a serious health problem for pigeons. This study investigated the incidence of diarrhea in 3 pigeon farms in Shanghai, and analyzed the microflora through 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. Four strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from pigeon diarrhea feces were administered via gavage to healthy pigeons, with each pigeon receiving 2 × 108 CFU. Pigeons that developed diarrhea after E. coli challenge were treated with 3 g of Lactobacillus salivarius SNK-6 (L. salivarius SNK-6) health sand (1.6 × 107 CFU/g). Then, a mass feeding experiment expanded to 688 pairs of pigeons with 3 replicates, each receiving 3 g of health sand containing L. salivarius SNK-6 (1.6 × 107 CFU/g) every 2 wk, and fecal status monitored and recorded. The study found that the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus and L. salivarius in feces from pigeons with diarrhea was significantly lower than in normal pigeon feces (P < 0.05). In contrast, E. coli showed a higher abundance and diversity in feces from pigeons with diarrhea than in normal feces (P < 0.05). Three out of the 4 isolated E. coli strains caused pigeon diarrhea, resulting in a significant reduction in microbial diversity in fecal samples (P < 0.05). Both the small group attack experiment and the mass-fed additive experiment in pigeon farms demonstrated that feeding L. salivarius SNK-6 effectively cured and prevented diarrhea. Pigeons fed with L. salivarius SNK-6 exhibited no diarrhea, while the control group had a 10% diarrhea rate. In summary, a deficiency of Lactobacillus or a high abundance of E. coli in the intestine could easily cause pigeon diarrhea. Feeding L. salivarius SNK-6 could treat pigeon diarrhea, and continuous supplementation could maintain stable preventive effects.

Prevotella and succinate treatments altered gut microbiota, increased laying performance, and suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation in laying hens

BACKGROUND

This work aimed to investigate the potential benefits of administering Prevotella and its primary metabolite succinate on performance, hepatic lipid accumulation and gut microbiota in laying hens.

RESULTS

One hundred and fifty 58-week-old Hyline Brown laying hens, with laying rate below 80% and plasma triglyceride (TG) exceeding 5 mmol/L, were used in this study. The hens were randomly allocated into 5 groups and subjected to one of the following treatments: fed with a basal diet (negative control, NC), oral gavage of 3 mL/hen saline every other day (positive control, PC), gavage of 3 mL/hen Prevotella melaninogenica (107 CFU/mL, PM) or 3 mL/hen Prevotella copri (107 CFU/mL, P. copri) every other day, and basal diet supplemented with 0.25% sodium succinate (Succinate). The results showed that PM and P. copri treatments significantly improved laying rate compared to the PC (P < 0.05). The amount of lipid droplet was notably decreased by PM, P. copri, and Succinate treatments at week 4 and decreased by P. copri at week 8 (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, the plasma TG level in Succinate group was lower than that of PC (P < 0.05). Hepatic TG content, however, was not significantly influenced at week 4 and 8 (P > 0.05). PM treatment increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels of genes PGC-1β and APB-5B at week 4, and ACC and CPT-1 at week 8. The results indicated enhanced antioxidant activities at week 8, as evidenced by reduced hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level and improved antioxidant enzymes activities in PM and Succinate groups (P < 0.05). Supplementing with Prevotella or succinate can alter the cecal microbiota. Specifically, the abundance of Prevotella in the Succinate group was significantly higher than that in the other 4 groups at the family and genus levels (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Oral intake of Prevotella and dietary supplementation of succinate can ameliorate lipid metabolism of laying hens. The beneficial effect of Prevotella is consistent across different species. The finding highlights that succinate, the primary metabolite of Prevotella, represents a more feasible feed additive for alleviating fatty liver in laying hens.

Isolation and Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles from Lactobacillus salivarius SNK-6

The proteins carried by the extracellular vesicles of Lactobacillus salivarius SNK-6 (LsEVs) were identified to provide a foundation for further explorations of the probiotic activities of L. salivarius SNK-6. LsEVs were isolated from the culture media of L. salivarius SNK-6 and morphological analysis was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. Subsequent transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis were performed to assess the morphology and particle size of the LsEVs. In addition, the protein composition of LsEVs was analyzed using silver staining and protein mass spectrometry. Finally, internalization of the identified LsEVs was confirmed using a confocal microscope, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to analyze the levels of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-challenged RAW264.7 cells. The results revealed that the membrane-enclosed LsEVs were spherical, with diameters ranging from 100-250 nm. The LsEVs with diameters of 111-256 nm contained the greatest amount of cargo. In total, 320 proteins (10-38 kD) were identified in the LsEVs and included anti-inflammatory molecules, such as PrtP proteinase, co-chaperones, and elongation factor Tu, as well as some proteins involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, such as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. Enrichment analysis showed these proteins to be related to the terms "metabolic pathway," "ribosome," "glycolysis/gluconeogenesis," "carbohydrate metabolism," and "amino acid metabolism." Furthermore, the LsEVs were internalized by host liver cells and can regulate inflammation. These findings confirm that LsEVs contain various functional proteins that play important roles in energy metabolism, signal transduction, and biosynthesis.

Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius SNK-6 on egg quality, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbial community of laying hens

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) SNK-6 supple-mentation on the laying performance, egg quality, blood parameters, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbial community of laying hens. A total of 432 healthy 30-wk-age laying hens were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates under the same husbandry and dietary regimes: control (CON); 2.0 × 108 CFU/kg L. salivarius supplementation (T1); 2.0 × 109 CFU/kg L. salivarius supplementation (T2). The experiment lasted for 10 wk. The results indicated that the supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in the broken egg and unqualified egg ratios, and a significant increase in the eggshell strength, eggshell relative weight, albumen height, and Haugh units (P < 0.05). The L. salivarius-treated hens exhibited significantly reduced serum malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05); significantly increased total protein, phosphorus, calcitonin, and immunoglobulin M (P < 0.05); significantly increased cecal secretory immunoglobulin A concentration (P < 0.05); significantly improved villus height (VH) in the duodenum and VH to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (P < 0.05). The serum globulin and interleukin-1β, immunoglobulin G concentrations, and catalase activity significantly increased in T2 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the serum interferon-α level in T1 was significantly higher than that of the CON (P < 0.05). The intestinal barrier-related mRNA gene ZO-1, CLDN1, and MUC2 expression in the jejunum was significantly upregulated in the T1 and T2 groups (P < 0.05). The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was higher and the relative abundances of Flavonifractor and Clostridiales_noname were significantly higher in the T1 group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with L. salivarius SNK-6 may improve hen egg quality, serum antioxidant capacity, immune function, and intestinal health.

Prebiotics and Probiotics: Therapeutic Tools for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Alterations in the gut-liver axis and changes in the gut microbiome are among the risk factors for the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These patients show increased bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine and impaired intestinal permeability. Therefore, therapeutic options such as probiotics or prebiotics have been investigated to modulate intestinal microbiota composition to improve NAFLD. Most in vivo and in vitro probiotic studies have focused on reducing hepatic fat accumulation. The beneficial effects of probiotics on NAFLD have been demonstrated in animal models, and the most widely used microorganisms are those of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera. In animal models, probiotics help restore the intestinal microbiota and improve the integrity of the intestinal barrier. This narrative review summarizes published evidence and the likely benefits of probiotics and prebiotics as a therapeutic option for patients with NAFLD.

Maturation of the gut metabolome during the first year of life in humans

The gut microbiota is involved in the production of numerous metabolites that maintain host wellbeing. The assembly of the gut microbiome is highly dynamic, and influenced by many postnatal factors, moreover, little is known about the development of the gut metabolome. We showed that geography has an important influence on the microbiome dynamics in the first year of life based on two independent cohorts from China and Sweden. Major compositional differences since birth were the high relative abundance of Bacteroides in the Swedish cohort and Streptococcus in the Chinese cohort. We analyzed the development of the fecal metabolome in the first year of life in the Chinese cohort. Lipid metabolism, especially acylcarnitines and bile acids, was the most abundant metabolic pathway in the newborn gut. Delivery mode and feeding induced particular differences in the gut metabolome since birth. In contrast to C-section newborns, medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines were abundant at newborn age only in vaginally delivered infants, associated by the presence of bacteria such as Bacteroides vulgatus and Parabacteroides merdae. Our data provide a basis for understanding the maturation of the fecal metabolome and the metabolic role of gut microbiota in infancy.