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Lee JY, Park J, Hong D. HSPA5 and FGFR1 genes in the mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma can improve a treatment efficacy. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:216-227. [PMID: 38770056 PMCID: PMC11104699 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2347538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have emerged as a potential treatment strategy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, their efficacy is limited by various drug resistance mechanisms. To devise more effective treatments for GBM, genetic characteristics must be considered in addition to pre-existing treatments. We performed an integrative analysis with heterogeneous GBM datasets of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data from DepMap, TCGA and CPTAC. We found that poor prognosis was induced by co-upregulation of heat shock protein family A member 5 (HSPA5) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). Co-up regulation of these two genes could regulate the PI3K/AKT pathway. GBM cell lines with co-upregulation of these two genes showed higher drug sensitivity to PI3K inhibitors. In the mesenchymal subtype, the co-upregulation of FGFR1 and HSPA5 resulted in the most malignant subtype of GBM. Furthermore, we found this newly discovered subtype was correlated with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) In conclusion, we discovered novel druggable candidates within the group exhibiting co-upregulation of these two genes in GBM, suggest potential strategies for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Lee
- Department of Biomedicine and Health, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkeun Park
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwan Hong
- Department of Biomedicine and Health, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- CMC Institute for Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Qiu W, Dincer AB, Janizek JD, Celik S, Pittet M, Naxerova K, Lee SI. A deep profile of gene expression across 18 human cancers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.17.585426. [PMID: 38559197 PMCID: PMC10980029 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.17.585426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Clinically and biologically valuable information may reside untapped in large cancer gene expression data sets. Deep unsupervised learning has the potential to extract this information with unprecedented efficacy but has thus far been hampered by a lack of biological interpretability and robustness. Here, we present DeepProfile, a comprehensive framework that addresses current challenges in applying unsupervised deep learning to gene expression profiles. We use DeepProfile to learn low-dimensional latent spaces for 18 human cancers from 50,211 transcriptomes. DeepProfile outperforms existing dimensionality reduction methods with respect to biological interpretability. Using DeepProfile interpretability methods, we show that genes that are universally important in defining the latent spaces across all cancer types control immune cell activation, while cancer type-specific genes and pathways define molecular disease subtypes. By linking DeepProfile latent variables to secondary tumor characteristics, we discover that tumor mutation burden is closely associated with the expression of cell cycle-related genes. DNA mismatch repair and MHC class II antigen presentation pathway expression, on the other hand, are consistently associated with patient survival. We validate these results through Kaplan-Meier analyses and nominate tumor-associated macrophages as an important source of survival-correlated MHC class II transcripts. Our results illustrate the power of unsupervised deep learning for discovery of novel cancer biology from existing gene expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ayse B. Dincer
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joseph D. Janizek
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Mikael Pittet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Switzerland
| | - Kamila Naxerova
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Su-In Lee
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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3
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Chen Y, Ma J, Gao Q, Gai Y, Sun Y, Wang M. Larotrectinib versus infigratinib for adult patients with both glioma and tyrosine kinase alterations after failure of initial therapies: Efficacy and safety analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2024; 79:100329. [PMID: 38330791 PMCID: PMC10864862 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of larotrectinib with those of infigratinib in adult glioma patients with tyrosine kinase alterations. METHODS Patients received oral infigratinib 125 mg (IN cohort, n = 125) or oral larotrectinib (LB cohort, n = 105) until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression. RESULTS Duration of treatment was longer in the LB cohort than in the IN cohort (8 [9.5-6.25] months vs. 5.5 [6-5.25] months, p < 0.0001). Patients with partial responses (p = 0.0424) and overall survival (p = 0.03) were higher in the IN cohort than those in the LB cohort. The number of patients with disease progression was higher in the LB cohort (p = 0.0015). All the patients reported diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, constipation, and decreased appetite. Patients in the IN cohort reported hyperphosphatemia, hyperlipasemia, stomatitis, dry skin, alopecia, dyspepsia, onycholysis, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, nail disorders, and dry eyes. Patients in the LB cohort reported upper respiratory tract infections, pyrexia, cough, anemia, bacterial/viral infections, conjunctivitis, urinary tract infections, headaches, ataxia, dizziness, and muscle tremors. A total of 30 (24 %) and 40 (38 %) patients from the IN and the LB cohorts died at the follow-up of 18 months (p = 0.03). Patients who received bevacizumab initial therapy had higher overall survival (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Infigratinib has higher efficacy and overall survival than larotrectinib but has higher adverse effects in the management of both glioma and tyrosine kinase alterations after failure of initial therapies. Initial bevacizumab therapy is associated with a higher overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Pathology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Gai
- Department of Pathology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yichi Sun
- Department of Pathology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Singh S, Ghosh P, Roy R, Behera A, Sahadevan R, Kar P, Sadhukhan S, Sonawane A. 4″-Alkyl EGCG Derivatives Induce Cytoprotective Autophagy Response by Inhibiting EGFR in Glioblastoma Cells. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2286-2301. [PMID: 38250397 PMCID: PMC10795032 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy has been proven vital in the last two decades for the treatment of multiple cancer types, including nonsmall cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, breast cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Unfortunately, the majority of approved EGFR inhibitors fall into the drug resistance category because of continuous mutations and acquired resistance. Recently, autophagy has surfaced as one of the emerging underlying mechanisms behind resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Previously, we developed a series of 4″-alkyl EGCG (4″-Cn EGCG, n = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18) derivatives with enhanced anticancer effects and stability. Therefore, the current study hypothesized that 4″-alkyl EGCG might induce cytoprotective autophagy upon EGFR inhibition, and inhibition of autophagy may lead to improved cytotoxicity. In this study, we have observed growth inhibition and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in 4″-alkyl EGCG derivative-treated glioblastoma cells (U87-MG). We also confirmed that 4″-alkyl EGCG could inhibit EGFR in the cells, as well as mutant L858R/T790M EGFR, through an in vitro kinase assay. Furthermore, we have found that EGFR inhibition with 4″-alkyl EGCG induces cytoprotective autophagic responses, accompanied by the blockage of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, cytotoxicity caused by 4″-C10 EGCG, 4″-C12 EGCG, and 4″-C14 EGCG was significantly increased after the inhibition of autophagy by the pharmacological inhibitor chloroquine. These findings enhance our understanding of the autophagic response toward EGFR inhibitors in glioblastoma cells and suggest a potent combinatorial strategy to increase the therapeutic effectiveness of EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Singh
- Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
| | - Priya Ghosh
- Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
| | - Ananyaashree Behera
- School
of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751 024, India
| | - Revathy Sahadevan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
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Bi Y, Zheng R, Hu J, Shi R, Shi J, Wang Y, Wang P, Jiang W, Kim G, Liu Z, Li X, Lin L. A novel FGFR1 inhibitor CYY292 suppresses tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis of glioblastoma by inhibiting the Akt/GSK3β/snail signaling axis. Genes Dis 2024; 11:479-494. [PMID: 37588207 PMCID: PMC10425802 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor that grows quickly, spreads widely, and is resistant to treatment. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. FGFR1 was predominantly expressed in GBM tissues, and FGFR1 expression was negatively correlated with overall survival. We rationally designed a novel small molecule CYY292, which exhibited a strong affinity for the FGFR1 protein in GBM cell lines in vitro. CYY292 also exerted an effect on the conserved Ser777 residue of FGFR1. CYY292 dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness, invasion, and migration in vitro by specifically targeting the FGFR1/AKT/Snail pathways in GBM cells, and this effect was prevented by pharmacological inhibitors and critical gene knockdown. In vivo experiments revealed that CYY292 inhibited U87MG tumor growth more effectively than AZD4547. CYY292 also efficiently reduced GBM cell proliferation and increased survival in orthotopic GBM models. This study further elucidates the function of FGFR1 in the GBM and reveals the effect of CYY292, which targets FGFR1, on downstream signaling pathways directly reducing GBM cell growth, invasion, and metastasis and thus impairing the recruitment, activation, and function of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruiling Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiahao Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ruiqing Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gyudong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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6
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Sharma S, Chepurna O, Sun T. Drug resistance in glioblastoma: from chemo- to immunotherapy. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:688-708. [PMID: 38239396 PMCID: PMC10792484 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
As the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor in adults, glioblastoma is estimated to end over 10,000 lives each year in the United States alone. Stand treatment for glioblastoma, including surgery followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy (i.e., Temozolomide), has been largely unchanged since early 2000. Cancer immunotherapy has significantly shifted the paradigm of cancer management in the past decade with various degrees of success in treating many hematopoietic cancers and some solid tumors, such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, little progress has been made in the field of neuro-oncology, especially in the application of immunotherapy to glioblastoma treatment. In this review, we attempted to summarize the common drug resistance mechanisms in glioblastoma from Temozolomide to immunotherapy. Our intent is not to repeat the well-known difficulty in the area of neuro-oncology, such as the blood-brain barrier, but to provide some fresh insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance by summarizing some of the most recent literature. Through this review, we also hope to share some new ideas for improving the immunotherapy outcome of glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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7
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Jonnakuti VS, Ji P, Gao Y, Lin A, Chu Y, Elrod N, Huang KL, Li W, Yalamanchili HK, Wagner EJ. NUDT21 alters glioma migration through differential alternative polyadenylation of LAMC1. J Neurooncol 2023; 163:623-634. [PMID: 37389756 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomas and their surrounding microenvironment constantly interact to promote tumorigenicity, yet the underlying posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms that govern this interplay are poorly understood. METHODS Utilizing our established PAC-seq approach and PolyAMiner bioinformatic analysis pipeline, we deciphered the NUDT21-mediated differential APA dynamics in glioma cells. RESULTS We identified LAMC1 as a critical NUDT21 alternative polyadenylation (APA) target, common in several core glioma-driving signaling pathways. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that NUDT21-knockdown in glioma cells results in the preferred usage of the proximal polyA signal (PAS) of LAMC1. Functional studies revealed that NUDT21-knockdown-induced 3'UTR shortening of LAMC1 is sufficient to cause translational gain, as LAMC1 protein is upregulated in these cells compared to their respective controls. We demonstrate that 3'UTR shortening of LAMC1 after NUDT21 knockdown removes binding sites for miR-124/506, thereby relieving potent miRNA-based repression of LAMC1 expression. Remarkably, we report that the knockdown of NUDT21 significantly promoted glioma cell migration and that co-depletion of LAMC1 with NUDT21 abolished this effect. Lastly, we observed that LAMC1 3'UTR shortening predicts poor prognosis of low-grade glioma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas. CONCLUSION This study identifies NUDT21 as a core alternative polyadenylation factor that regulates the tumor microenvironment through differential APA and loss of miR-124/506 inhibition of LAMC1. Knockdown of NUDT21 in GBM cells mediates 3'UTR shortening of LAMC1, contributing to an increase in LAMC1, increased glioma cell migration/invasion, and a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Soumith Jonnakuti
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yipeng Gao
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ai Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yuan Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Nathan Elrod
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kai-Lieh Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hari Krishna Yalamanchili
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Eric J Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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8
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Di Filippo LD, de Carvalho SG, Duarte JL, Luiz MT, Paes Dutra JA, de Paula GA, Chorilli M, Conde J. A receptor-mediated landscape of druggable and targeted nanomaterials for gliomas. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100671. [PMID: 37273792 PMCID: PMC10238751 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common type of brain cancer, and among them, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent (about 60% of cases) and the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor. The treatment of GBM is a major challenge due to the pathophysiological characteristics of the disease, such as the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents and regulates the passage of substances from the bloodstream to the brain parenchyma, making many of the chemotherapeutics currently available not able to reach the brain in therapeutic concentrations, accumulating in non-target organs, and causing considerable adverse effects for the patient. In this scenario, nanocarriers emerge as tools capable of improving the brain bioavailability of chemotherapeutics, in addition to improving their biodistribution and enhancing their uptake in GBM cells. This is possible due to its nanometric size and surface modification strategies, which can actively target nanocarriers to elements overexpressed by GBM cells (such as transmembrane receptors) related to aggressive development, drug resistance, and poor prognosis. In this review, an overview of the most frequently overexpressed receptors in GBM cells and possible approaches to chemotherapeutic delivery and active targeting using nanocarriers will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Tavares Luiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Geanne Aparecida de Paula
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Conde
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Sanati M, Afshari AR, Ahmadi SS, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. Aptamers against cancer drug resistance: Small fighters switching tactics in the face of defeat. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166720. [PMID: 37062453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Discovering novel cancer therapies has attracted extreme interest in the last decade. In this regard, multidrug resistance (MDR) to chemotherapies is the primary challenge in cancer treatment. Cancerous cells are growingly become resistant to existing chemotherapeutics by employing diverse mechanisms, highlighting the significance of discovering approaches to overcome MDR. One promising strategy is utilizing aptamers as unique tools to target elements or signalings incorporated in resistance mechanisms or develop active targeted drug delivery systems or chimeras enabling the precise delivery of novel agents to inhibit the conventionally undruggable resistance elements. Further, due to their advantages over their proteinaceous counterparts, particularly antibodies, including improved targeting action, enhanced thermal stability, easier production, and superior tumor penetration, aptamers are emerging and have frequently been considered for developing cancer therapeutics. Here, we highlighted significant chemoresistance pathways and thoroughly discussed using aptamers as prospective tools to surmount cancer MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Experimental and Animal Study Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajad Ahmadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Khatam-Ol-Anbia Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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10
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Gu J, Pang L, Yan D, Wang C, Song Y, Jin Z, Xu Z, Mao Y, Liu S, Chen S. Ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated ubiquitination modification patterns and characterization of tumor microenvironment infiltration, stemness and cellular senescence in low-grade glioma. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:2970-2998. [PMID: 37053008 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) performs a crucial role in immune activation and tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, the comprehensive role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the low-grade glioma (LGG) tumor microenvironment (TME) remains unknown. Ubiquitination modification patterns in LGG patients and corresponding characteristics of tumor immune traits, CSC stemness, and cellular senescence were evaluated via a comprehensive analysis of 20 ubiquitination modification regulators. For quantification of the ubiquitination modification status of individual patients, the UM-score was constructed and associated with TME characteristics, clinical features, cancer stem cell stemness, cellular senescence, prognosis, and immunotherapy efficacy. We identified that alterations in multiple ubiquitination regulators are linked to patient survival and the shaping of the tumor microenvironment. We found two different styles of ubiquitination modification in patients with low-grade glioma (immune-inflamed differentiation and immune-exclude dedifferentiation), characterized by high and low UM-score, and the two regulatory patterns of ubiquitination modification on immunity, stemness feature, and cellular senescence. We demonstrate that the UM-score could forecast the subtype of LGG, the immunologic infiltration traits, the biological process, the stemness feature, and the cellular senescence trait. Notably, the UM-score was related to immunotherapeutic efficacy, implying that modifying ubiquitination modification patterns by targeting ubiquitination modification regulators or ubiquitination modification pattern signature genes to reverse unfavorable TME properties will provide new insights into cancer immunotherapy. This research indicated that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is crucial in the formation of TME complexity and multiformity. The UM-score can determine ubiquitination modification status in individual patients, bringing about more personalized and effective immunotherapeutic tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Pang
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donghua Yan
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuekun Song
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengshuai Jin
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenwei Xu
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanqing Mao
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengzhe Liu
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Al Saihati HA, Rabaan AA. Cellular resistance mechanisms in cancer and the new approaches to overcome resistance mechanisms chemotherapy. Saudi Med J 2023; 44:329-344. [PMID: 37062547 PMCID: PMC10153614 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.4.20220600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite major advancements in cancer healing approaches over the last few decades, chemotherapy remains the most popular malignancy treatment. Chemotherapeutic drugs are classified into many kinds based on their mechanism of action. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is responsible for approximately 90% of fatalities in malignancy cases treated with standard chemotherapeutics or innovative targeted medicines. Many innovative prospective anti-cancer medicines displayed high anti-cancer efficacy in a single application. However, combining them with other medications improves cancer treatment efficacy. This supports the belief that a combination of drugs is significantly more effective than a single medicine. Due to the intricacy of MDR processes and the diversity of tumor illnesses, there will rarely be a single medicine that can be utilized to treat all types of cancer. Finding new medications that can reverse MDR in malignancy cells will augment efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents and allow us to treat cancers that are now incurable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajir A. Al Saihati
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Science (Al Saihati), Applied Medical College, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, and from the Depatment of Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory (Rabaan), Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Science (Al Saihati), Applied Medical College, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, and from the Depatment of Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory (Rabaan), Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Candido MF, Medeiros M, Veronez LC, Bastos D, Oliveira KL, Pezuk JA, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. Drugging Hijacked Kinase Pathways in Pediatric Oncology: Opportunities and Current Scenario. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020664. [PMID: 36839989 PMCID: PMC9966033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood cancer is considered rare, corresponding to ~3% of all malignant neoplasms in the human population. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a universal occurrence of more than 15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants around the globe, and despite improvements in diagnosis, treatment and supportive care, one child dies of cancer every 3 min. Consequently, more efficient, selective and affordable therapeutics are still needed in order to improve outcomes and avoid long-term sequelae. Alterations in kinases' functionality is a trademark of cancer and the concept of exploiting them as drug targets has burgeoned in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry of the 21st century. Consequently, an increasing plethora of inhibitors has emerged. In the present study, the expression patterns of a selected group of kinases (including tyrosine receptors, members of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways, coordinators of cell cycle progression, and chromosome segregation) and their correlation with clinical outcomes in pediatric solid tumors were accessed through the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform and by a thorough search of published literature. To further illustrate the importance of kinase dysregulation in the pathophysiology of pediatric cancer, we analyzed the vulnerability of different cancer cell lines against their inhibition through the Cancer Dependency Map portal, and performed a search for kinase-targeted compounds with approval and clinical applicability through the CanSAR knowledgebase. Finally, we provide a detailed literature review of a considerable set of small molecules that mitigate kinase activity under experimental testing and clinical trials for the treatment of pediatric tumors, while discuss critical challenges that must be overcome before translation into clinical options, including the absence of compounds designed specifically for childhood tumors which often show differential mutational burdens, intrinsic and acquired resistance, lack of selectivity and adverse effects on a growing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Medeiros
- Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Chain Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - David Bastos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Laissa Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-9144; Fax: +55-16-3315-4886
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13
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Pineda E, Domenech M, Hernández A, Comas S, Balaña C. Recurrent Glioblastoma: Ongoing Clinical Challenges and Future Prospects. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:71-86. [PMID: 36721854 PMCID: PMC9884437 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s366371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually all glioblastomas treated in the first-line setting will recur in a short period of time, and the search for alternative effective treatments has so far been unsuccessful. Various obstacles remain unresolved, and no effective salvage therapy for recurrent glioblastoma can be envisaged in the short term. One of the main impediments to progress is the low incidence of the disease itself in comparison with other pathologies, which will be made even lower by the recent WHO classification of gliomas, which includes molecular alterations. This new classification helps refine patient prognosis but does not clarify the most appropriate treatment. Other impediments are related to clinical trials: glioblastoma patients are often excluded from trials due to their advanced age and limiting neurological symptoms; there is also the question of how best to measure treatment efficacy, which conditions the design of trials and can affect the acceptance of results by oncologists and medicine agencies. Other obstacles are related to the drugs themselves: most treatments cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier or the brain-to-tumor barrier to reach therapeutic drug levels in the tumor without producing toxicity; the drugs under study may have adverse metabolic interactions with those required for symptom control; identifying the target of the drug can be a complex issue. Additionally, the optimal method of treatment - local vs systemic therapy, the choice of chemotherapy, irradiation, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination thereof - is not yet clear in glioblastoma in comparison with other cancers. Finally, in addition to curing or stabilizing the disease, glioblastoma therapy should aim at maintaining the neurological status of the patients to enable them to return to their previous lifestyle. Here we review currently available treatments, obstacles in the search for new treatments, and novel lines of research that show promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Pineda
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Domenech
- Medical Oncology, Institut Catala d’Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Hernández
- Medical Oncology, Institut Catala d’Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Comas
- Radiation Oncology, Institut Catala d’Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Carmen Balaña
- Medical Oncology, Institut Catala d’Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, Barcelona, Spain,Correspondence: Carmen Balaña, Institut Catala d’Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, Carretera Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Spain, Tel +34 497 89 25, Fax +34 497 89 50, Email
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14
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Zeng C, Guo M, Xiang Y, Song M, Xiao K, Li C. Mesentery AjFGF4-AjFGFR2-ERK pathway modulates intestinal regeneration via targeting cell cycle in echinoderms. Cell Prolif 2022; 56:e13351. [PMID: 36263902 PMCID: PMC9890533 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study aims to understand the regeneration process and its cytology mechanism in economic echinoderms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The intestine regeneration process of Apostichopus japonicus was investigated by immunohistochemistry and the cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Fibroblast growth factor 4 of A. japonicus (AjFGF4) was screened by RNA-seq analysis and validated to regulate cell proliferation by siAjFGF4 and recombinant-AjFGF4 treatment. The binding and co-localization of AjFGF4 and AjFGFR2 were verified by Co-IP, GST-pull down, and immunofluorescence. Then, the AjFGF4-AjFGFR2-ERK-cell cycle axis was examined by western blot, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry techniques. RESULTS The mesentery was served as the epicenter of intestinal regeneration via activating cell proliferation and other cellular events. Mechanically, AjFGF4-mediated cell proliferation was dependent on the binding to its receptor AjFGFR2, and then triggered the conserved ERK-MAPK pathway but not JNK and p38 pathway. The activated ERK-MAPK subsequently mediated the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins of CDK2, Cyclin A, and Cyclin B to promote cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first functional evidence that AjFGF4-AjFGFR2-ERK-cell cycle axis mediated cell proliferation was the engine for mesentery-derived intestine regeneration in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuili Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yangxi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Mingshan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Ke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
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15
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Daneshimehr F, Barabadi Z, Abdolahi S, Soleimani M, Verdi J, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Ai J. Angiogenesis and Its Targeting in Glioblastoma with Focus on Clinical Approaches. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:555-568. [PMID: 36259473 PMCID: PMC9617020 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.8154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a characteristic of glioblastoma (GBM), the most fatal and therapeutic-resistant brain tumor. Highly expressed angiogenic cytokines and proliferated microvascular system made anti-angiogenesis treatments a thoroughly plausible approach for GBM treatment. Many trials have proved to be not only as a safe but also as an effective approach in GBM retardation in a certain time window as seen in radiographic response rates; however, they have failed to implement significant improvements in clinical manifestation whether alone or in combination with radio/chemotherapy. Bevasizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) antibody, is the only agent that exerts meaningful clinical influence by improving progression-free survival (PFS) and partially alleviate clinical symptoms, nevertheless, it could not prolong the overall survival (OS) in patients with GBM. The data generated from phase II trials clearly revealed a correlation between elevated reperfusion, subsequent to vascular normalization induction, and improved clinical outcomes which explicitly indicates anti-angiogenesis treatments are beneficial. In order to prolong these initial benefits observed in a certain period of time after anti-angiogenesis targeting, some aspects of the therapy should be tackled: recognition of other bypass angiogenesis pathways activated following antiangiogenesis therapy, identification of probable pathways that induce insensitivity to shortage of blood supply, and classifying the patients by mapping their GBM-related gene profile as biomarkers to predict their responsiveness to therapy. Herein, the molecular basis of brain vasculature development in normal and tumoral conditions is briefly discussed and it is explained how "vascular normalization" concept opened a window to a better comprehension of some adverse effects observed in anti-angiogenesis therapy in clinical condition. Then, the most targeted angiogenesis pathways focused on ligand/receptor interactions in GBM clinical trials are reviewed. Lastly, different targeting strategies applied in anti-angiogenesis treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Daneshimehr
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Barabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of
Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Abdolahi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran,Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,P.O.Box: 14177-55469Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell SciencesSchool of Advanced Technologies
in MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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16
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Czech C, Chen A, Morgan KP, Zamora C, El-Refai S, Poynter N, Khagi S. Response to Selpercatinib in a Patient With Recurrent Glioblastoma and RET Amplification. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022; 20:966-971. [PMID: 36075388 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2022.7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant central nervous system neoplasm that remains largely incurable. Limited treatment options currently exist after disease progression on standard-of-care first-line therapy. However, repurposing the use of approved therapies in patients with potentially targetable genomic alterations continues to be an emerging area of interest. This report presents the first description of a patient with isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type GBM with an underlying RET amplification who demonstrated a near-complete response while receiving therapy with the RET inhibitor selpercatinib. The case highlights the excellent blood-brain barrier penetration of selpercatinib, as well as its potential role in the management of RET-amplified GBM. Larger biomarker-enriched studies are needed to confirm the results of this case report. Given the rare incidence of RET alterations in GBM, findings from this report can help guide and support optimal treatment strategies for patients with RET-altered GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Czech
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Now with Exelixis Inc., Alameda, California
| | - Ashley Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Now with Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Katherine P Morgan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Norleena Poynter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Health System, Scotland Cancer Treatment Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Simon Khagi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and.,Now with Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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17
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FGFR3-TACCs3 Fusions and Their Clinical Relevance in Human Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158675. [PMID: 35955806 PMCID: PMC9369421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic fusion genes have emerged as successful targets in several malignancies, such as chronic myeloid leukemia and lung cancer. Fusion of the fibroblast growth receptor 3 and the transforming acidic coiled coil containing protein—FGFR3-TACC3 fusion—is prevalent in 3–4% of human glioblastoma. The fusion protein leads to the constitutively activated kinase signaling of FGFR3 and thereby promotes cell proliferation and tumor progression. The subgroup of FGFR3-TACC3 fusion-positive glioblastomas presents with recurrent clinical and histomolecular characteristics, defining a distinctive subtype of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. This review aims to provide an overview of the available literature on FGFR3-TACC3 fusions in glioblastoma and possible implications for actual clinical practice.
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18
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Thakur A, Faujdar C, Sharma R, Sharma S, Malik B, Nepali K, Liou JP. Glioblastoma: Current Status, Emerging Targets, and Recent Advances. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8596-8685. [PMID: 35786935 PMCID: PMC9297300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant
brain tumor characterized
by a heterogeneous population of genetically unstable and highly infiltrative
cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. Although substantial efforts
have been invested in the field of anti-GBM drug discovery in the
past decade, success has primarily been confined to the preclinical
level, and clinical studies have often been hampered due to efficacy-,
selectivity-, or physicochemical property-related issues. Thus, expansion
of the list of molecular targets coupled with a pragmatic design of
new small-molecule inhibitors with central nervous system (CNS)-penetrating
ability is required to steer the wheels of anti-GBM drug discovery
endeavors. This Perspective presents various aspects of drug discovery
(challenges in GBM drug discovery and delivery, therapeutic targets,
and agents under clinical investigation). The comprehensively covered
sections include the recent medicinal chemistry campaigns embarked
upon to validate the potential of numerous enzymes/proteins/receptors
as therapeutic targets in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chetna Faujdar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201307, India
| | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Basant Malik
- Department of Sterile Product Development, Research and Development-Unit 2, Jubiliant Generics Ltd., Noida 201301, India
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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19
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Lassman AB, Sepúlveda-Sánchez JM, Cloughesy TF, Gil-Gil MJ, Puduvalli VK, Raizer JJ, De Vos FY, Wen PY, Butowski NA, Clement PM, Groves MD, Belda-Iniesta C, Giglio P, Soifer HS, Rowsey S, Xu C, Avogadri F, Wei G, Moran S, Roth P. Infigratinib in Patients with Recurrent Gliomas and FGFR Alterations: A Multicenter Phase II Study. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2270-2277. [PMID: 35344029 PMCID: PMC9167702 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE FGFR genomic alterations (amplification, mutations, and/or fusions) occur in ∼8% of gliomas, particularly FGFR1 and FGFR3. We conducted a multicenter open-label, single-arm, phase II study of a selective FGFR1-3 inhibitor, infigratinib (BGJ398), in patients with FGFR-altered recurrent gliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Adults with recurrent/progressive gliomas harboring FGFR alterations received oral infigratinib 125 mg on days 1 to 21 of 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria. Comprehensive genomic profiling was performed on available pretreatment archival tissue to explore additional molecular correlations with efficacy. RESULTS Among 26 patients, the 6-month PFS rate was 16.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.0-32.5], median PFS was 1.7 months (95% CI, 1.1-2.8), and objective response rate was 3.8%. However, 4 patients had durable disease control lasting longer than 1 year. Among these, 3 had tumors harboring activating point mutations at analogous positions of FGFR1 (K656E; n = 2) or FGFR3 (K650E; n = 1) in pretreatment tissue; an FGFR3-TACC3 fusion was detected in the other. Hyperphosphatemia was the most frequently reported treatment-related adverse event (all-grade, 76.9%; grade 3, 3.8%) and is a known on-target toxicity of FGFR inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS FGFR inhibitor monotherapy with infigratinib had limited efficacy in a population of patients with recurrent gliomas and different FGFR genetic alterations, but durable disease control lasting more than 1 year was observed in patients with tumors harboring FGFR1 or FGFR3 point mutations or FGFR3-TACC3 fusions. A follow-up study with refined biomarker inclusion criteria and centralized FGFR testing is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Lassman
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, New York
- Corresponding Author: Andrew B. Lassman, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 710 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032. Phone: 212-342-0871; Fax: 212-342-1246; E-mail:
| | | | | | - Miguel J. Gil-Gil
- Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vinay K. Puduvalli
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey J. Raizer
- Northwestern University, Department of Neurology, Section of Neuro-Oncology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Filip Y.F. De Vos
- Department Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Y. Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Giglio
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | - Cindy Xu
- QED Therapeutics, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Ge Wei
- QED Therapeutics, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Patrick Roth
- Department of Neurology & Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activity of the FGF2 118-126 fragment dependent on the loop structure. Biochem J 2022; 479:1285-1302. [PMID: 35638868 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor /FGF Receptor 1 (FGF2/FGFR1) system regulates the growth and metastasis of different cancers. Inhibition of this signaling pathway is an attractive target for cancer therapy. Here, we aimed to reproduce the 118-126 fragment of FGF2 to interfere with the FGF2-FGFR1 interaction. To determine whether the loop structure affects the function of this fragment, we compared cyclic (disulfide-bonded) and linear peptide variants. The cyclic peptide (referred to as BGF1) effectively inhibited the FGF2-induced proliferation of HUVECs, 4T1 mammary carcinoma, U87 glioblastoma, and SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells. It led to apoptosis induction in HUVECs, whereas the linear peptide (referred to as BGF2) was ineffective. In a murine 4T1 tumor model, BGF1 inhibited tumor growth more effectively than Avastin and increased animals' survival without causing weight loss, but the linear peptide BGF2 had no significant anti-tumor effects. According to immunohistochemical studies, the anti-tumor properties of BGF1 were associated with suppression of tumor cell proliferation (Ki-67 expression), angiogenesis (CD31 expression), and apoptosis induction (as was shown by increased p53 expression and TUNEL staining and decreased Bcl-2 expression). The potential of BGF1 to suppress tumor invasion was indicated by quantitative analysis of the metastasis-related proteins, including FGFR1, pFGFR1, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, MMP-9, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin, and supported by small animal positron emission tomography (PET) used 18Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). These results demonstrate that the functional properties of the 118-126 region of FGF2 depend on the loop structure and the peptide derived from this fragment encourages further preclinical investigations.
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22
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Clinical Application of Comprehensive Genomic Profiling Tests for Diffuse Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102454. [PMID: 35626060 PMCID: PMC9139713 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing-based comprehensive genomic profiling test (CGPT) enables clinicians and patients to access promising molecularly targeted therapeutic agents. Approximately 10% of patients who undergo CGPT receive an appropriate agent. However, its coverage of glioma patients is seldom reported. The aim of this study was to reveal the comprehensive results of CGPT in glioma patients in our institution, especially the clinical actionability. We analyzed the genomic aberrations, tumor mutation burden scores, and microsatellite instability status. The Molecular Tumor Board (MTB) individually recommended a therapeutic agent and suggested further confirmation of germline mutations after considering the results. The results of 65/104 patients with glioma who underwent CGPTs were reviewed by MTB. Among them, 12 (18.5%) could access at least one therapeutic agent, and 5 (7.7%) were suspected of germline mutations. A total of 49 patients with IDH-wildtype glioblastoma showed frequent genomic aberrations in the following genes: TERT promoter (67%), CDKN2A (57%), CDKN2B (51%), MTAP (41%), TP53 (35%), EGFR (31%), PTEN (31%), NF1 (18%), BRAF (12%), PDGFRA (12%), CDK4 (10%), and PIK3CA (10%). Since glioma patients currently have very limited standard treatment options and a high recurrence rate, CGPT might be a facilitative tool for glioma patients in terms of clinical actionability and diagnostic value.
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Grochans S, Cybulska AM, Simińska D, Korbecki J, Kojder K, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme–Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102412. [PMID: 35626018 PMCID: PMC9139611 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, accounting for 14.5% of all central nervous system tumors and 48.6% of malignant central nervous system tumors. The median overall survival (OS) of GBM patients is only 15 months. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the epidemiology of GBM and factors that may have a significant impact on the risk of GBM. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with a median overall survival of approximately 15 months. In this review, we analyze the pathogenesis of GBM, as well as epidemiological data, by age, gender, and tumor location. The data indicate that GBM is the higher-grade primary brain tumor and is significantly more common in men. The risk of being diagnosed with glioma increases with age, and median survival remains low, despite medical advances. In addition, it is difficult to determine clearly how GBM is influenced by stimulants, certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs), cell phone use, and exposure to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Grochans
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Anna Maria Cybulska
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48 St., 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
- Department of Ruminants Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29 St., 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1 St., 71-281 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (S.G.); (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.C.); (I.B.-B.)
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Yamaguchi F, Hayakawa S, Kawashima S, Asakura T, Oishi Y. Antitumor effect of memantine is related to the formation of the splicing isoform of GLG1, a decoy FGF‑binding protein. Int J Oncol 2022; 61:80. [PMID: 35543162 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning is a strategy for repurposing the approved or investigational drugs that are outside the scope of the original medical indication. Memantine is used as a non‑competitive N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor antagonist to prevent glutamate‑mediated excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease, and is one of the promising agents which is utilized for the purpose of cancer therapy. However, the association between memantine and Golgi glycoprotein 1 (GLG1), an intracellular fibroblast growth factor receptor, in cancers has not yet been clarified. The present study analyzed the expression and location of GLG1 in tumor cells treated with memantine. Memantine was found to suppress the growth of malignant glioma and breast cancer cells in a concentration‑dependent manner. The mRNA expression of GLG1 was upregulated in a concentration‑dependent manner, and the splicing variant profiles were altered in all cell lines examined. The results of western blot analysis revealed an increase in the full‑length and truncated forms of GLG1. Moreover, GLG1 spread in the cytosol of memantine‑treated cells, whereas it localized in the Golgi apparatus in control cells. Since GLG1 functions as a decoy FGF receptor, the modulation of GLG1 may prove to be one of the mechanisms underlying the cancer‑suppressive effects of memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery for Community Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Sumio Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Shota Kawashima
- Faculty of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asakura
- Department of Neurosurgery for Community Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
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25
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Shafi O, Siddiqui G. Tracing the origins of glioblastoma by investigating the role of gliogenic and related neurogenic genes/signaling pathways in GBM development: a systematic review. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:146. [PMID: 35538578 PMCID: PMC9087910 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive tumors. The etiology and the factors determining its onset are not yet entirely known. This study investigates the origins of GBM, and for this purpose, it focuses primarily on developmental gliogenic processes. It also focuses on the impact of the related neurogenic developmental processes in glioblastoma oncogenesis. It also addresses why glial cells are at more risk of tumor development compared to neurons. Methods Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched for published articles without any date restrictions, involving glioblastoma, gliogenesis, neurogenesis, stemness, neural stem cells, gliogenic signaling and pathways, neurogenic signaling and pathways, and astrocytogenic genes. Results The origin of GBM is dependent on dysregulation in multiple genes and pathways that accumulatively converge the cells towards oncogenesis. There are multiple layers of steps in glioblastoma oncogenesis including the failure of cell fate-specific genes to keep the cells differentiated in their specific cell types such as p300, BMP, HOPX, and NRSF/REST. There are genes and signaling pathways that are involved in differentiation and also contribute to GBM such as FGFR3, JAK-STAT, and hey1. The genes that contribute to differentiation processes but also contribute to stemness in GBM include notch, Sox9, Sox4, c-myc gene overrides p300, and then GFAP, leading to upregulation of nestin, SHH, NF-κB, and others. GBM mutations pathologically impact the cell circuitry such as the interaction between Sox2 and JAK-STAT pathway, resulting in GBM development and progression. Conclusion Glioblastoma originates when the gene expression of key gliogenic genes and signaling pathways become dysregulated. This study identifies key gliogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis in glioblastoma cells, including p300, BMP, PAX6, HOPX, NRSF/REST, LIF, and TGF beta. It also identifies key neurogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis including PAX6, neurogenins including Ngn1, NeuroD1, NeuroD4, Numb, NKX6-1 Ebf, Myt1, and ASCL1. This study also postulates how aging contributes to the onset of glioblastoma by dysregulating the gene expression of NF-κB, REST/NRSF, ERK, AKT, EGFR, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovais Shafi
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ghazia Siddiqui
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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26
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Gabler L, Jaunecker CN, Katz S, van Schoonhoven S, Englinger B, Pirker C, Mohr T, Vician P, Stojanovic M, Woitzuck V, Laemmerer A, Kirchhofer D, Mayr L, LaFranca M, Erhart F, Grissenberger S, Wenninger-Weinzierl A, Sturtzel C, Kiesel B, Lang A, Marian B, Grasl-Kraupp B, Distel M, Schüler J, Gojo J, Grusch M, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Donoghue DJ, Lötsch D, Berger W. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 promotes glioblastoma progression: a central role of integrin-mediated cell invasiveness. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:65. [PMID: 35484633 PMCID: PMC9052585 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by a particularly invasive phenotype, supported by oncogenic signals from the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/ FGF receptor (FGFR) network. However, a possible role of FGFR4 remained elusive so far. Several transcriptomic glioma datasets were analyzed. An extended panel of primary surgical specimen-derived and immortalized GBM (stem)cell models and original tumor tissues were screened for FGFR4 expression. GBM models engineered for wild-type and dominant-negative FGFR4 overexpression were investigated regarding aggressiveness and xenograft formation. Gene set enrichment analyses of FGFR4-modulated GBM models were compared to patient-derived datasets. Despite widely absent in adult brain, FGFR4 mRNA was distinctly expressed in embryonic neural stem cells and significantly upregulated in glioblastoma. Pronounced FGFR4 overexpression defined a distinct GBM patient subgroup with dismal prognosis. Expression levels of FGFR4 and its specific ligands FGF19/FGF23 correlated both in vitro and in vivo and were progressively upregulated in the vast majority of recurrent tumors. Based on overexpression/blockade experiments in respective GBM models, a central pro-oncogenic function of FGFR4 concerning viability, adhesion, migration, and clonogenicity was identified. Expression of dominant-negative FGFR4 resulted in diminished (subcutaneous) or blocked (orthotopic) GBM xenograft formation in the mouse and reduced invasiveness in zebrafish xenotransplantation models. In vitro and in vivo data consistently revealed distinct FGFR4 and integrin/extracellular matrix interactions. Accordingly, FGFR4 blockade profoundly sensitized FGFR4-overexpressing GBM models towards integrin/focal adhesion kinase inhibitors. Collectively, FGFR4 overexpression contributes to the malignant phenotype of a highly aggressive GBM subgroup and is associated with integrin-related therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gabler
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carola Nadine Jaunecker
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Katz
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sushilla van Schoonhoven
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Englinger
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Christine Pirker
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Vician
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjana Stojanovic
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Woitzuck
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Laemmerer
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Kirchhofer
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mery LaFranca
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Friedrich Erhart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Kiesel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Distel
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Schüler
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Germany GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gojo
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Spiegl-Kreinecker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020, Linz and Altenberger Strasse 69, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0367, USA
| | - Daniela Lötsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Paul S, Balakrishnan S, Arumugaperumal A, Lathakumari S, Syamala SS, Vijayan V, Durairaj SCJ, Arumugaswami V, Sivasubramaniam S. Importance of clitellar tissue in the regeneration ability of earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:1-32. [PMID: 35416560 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Among the annelids, earthworms are renowned for their phenomenal ability to regenerate the lost segments. The adult earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae contains 120 segments and the body segments of the earthworm are divided into pre-clitellar, clitellar and post-clitellar segments. The present study denoted that clitellum plays vital role in the successful regeneration of the species. We have performed histological studies to identify among the three skin layers of the earthworm, which cellular layer supports the blastema formation and regeneration of the species. The histological evidences denoted that the proliferation of the longitudinal cell layer at the amputation site is crucial for the successful regeneration of the earthworm and it takes place only in the presence of an intact clitellum. Besides we have performed clitellar transcriptome analysis of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae to monitor the key differentially expressed genes and their associated functions and pathways controlling the clitellar tissue changes during both anterior and posterior regeneration of the earthworm. A total of 4707 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the control clitellum and clitellum of anterior regenerated earthworms and 4343 DEGs were detected between the control clitellum and clitellum of posterior regenerated earthworms. The functional enrichment analysis confirmed the genes regulating the muscle mass shape and structure were significantly downregulated and the genes associated with response to starvation and anterior-posterior axis specification were significantly upregulated in the clitellar tissue during both anterior and posterior regeneration of the earthworm. The RNA sequencing data of clitellum and the comparative transcriptomic analysis were helpful to understand the complex regeneration process of the earthworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India.,Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | | | - Arun Arumugaperumal
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Saranya Lathakumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Sandhya Soman Syamala
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Vijithkumar Vijayan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Selvan Christyraj Jackson Durairaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India.,Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600 119, India
| | | | - Sudhakar Sivasubramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India.
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Roosen M, Odé Z, Bunt J, Kool M. The oncogenic fusion landscape in pediatric CNS neoplasms. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:427-451. [PMID: 35169893 PMCID: PMC8960661 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric neoplasms in the central nervous system (CNS) are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Recent developments in molecular analyses have greatly contributed to a more accurate diagnosis and risk stratification of CNS tumors. Additionally, sequencing studies have identified various, often entity specific, tumor-driving events. In contrast to adult tumors, which often harbor multiple mutated oncogenic drivers, the number of mutated genes in pediatric cancers is much lower and many tumors can have a single oncogenic driver. Moreover, in children, much more than in adults, fusion proteins play an important role in driving tumorigenesis, and many different fusions have been identified as potential driver events in pediatric CNS neoplasms. However, a comprehensive overview of all the different reported oncogenic fusion proteins in pediatric CNS neoplasms is still lacking. A better understanding of the fusion proteins detected in these tumors and of the molecular mechanisms how these proteins drive tumorigenesis, could improve diagnosis and further benefit translational research into targeted therapies necessary to treat these distinct entities. In this review, we discuss the different oncogenic fusions reported in pediatric CNS neoplasms and their structure to create an overview of the variety of oncogenic fusion proteins to date, the tumor entities they occur in and their proposed mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Roosen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zelda Odé
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Bunt
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Kool
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ and German Cancer Consortium DKTK, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions in Tackling Glioblastoma Resistance to Small Kinase Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030600. [PMID: 35158868 PMCID: PMC8833415 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Drug resistance is a major issue in brain tumor therapy. Despite novel promising therapeutic approaches, glioblastoma (GBM) remains refractory in showing beneficial responses to anticancer agents, as demonstrated by the failure in clinical trials of small kinase inhibitors. One of the reasons may lie in the development of different types of drug resistance mechanisms derived from the intrinsic heterogeneous nature of GBM. Obtaining insights into these mechanisms could improve the management of the clinical intervention and monitoring. Such insights could be achieved with the improvement of preclinical in vitro models for studying drug resistance. Abstract Despite clinical intervention, glioblastoma (GBM) remains the deadliest brain tumor in adults. Its incurability is partly related to the establishment of drug resistance, both to standard and novel treatments. In fact, even though small kinase inhibitors have changed the standard clinical practice for several solid cancers, in GBM, they did not fulfill this promise. Drug resistance is thought to arise from the heterogeneity of GBM, which leads the development of several different mechanisms. A better understanding of the evolution and characteristics of drug resistance is of utmost importance to improve the current clinical practice. Therefore, the development of clinically relevant preclinical in vitro models which allow careful dissection of these processes is crucial to gain insights that can be translated to improved therapeutic approaches. In this review, we first discuss the heterogeneity of GBM, which is reflected in the development of several resistance mechanisms. In particular, we address the potential role of drug resistance mechanisms in the failure of small kinase inhibitors in clinical trials. Finally, we discuss strategies to overcome therapy resistance, particularly focusing on the importance of developing in vitro models, and the possible approaches that could be applied to the clinic to manage drug resistance.
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30
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Lu J, Ding J, Liu Z, Chen T. Retrospective analysis of the preparation and application of immunotherapy in cancer treatment (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 60:12. [PMID: 34981814 PMCID: PMC8759346 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody technology plays a vital role in biomedical and immunotherapy, which greatly promotes the study of the structure and function of genes and proteins. To date, monoclonal antibodies have gone through four stages: murine monoclonal antibody, chimeric monoclonal antibody, humanised monoclonal antibody and fully human monoclonal antibody; thousands of monoclonal antibodies have been used in the fields of biology and medicine, playing a special role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of disease. In this review, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of hybridoma technology, phage display technology, ribosome display technology, transgenic mouse technology, single B cell monoclonal antibody generation technologies, and forecast the promising applications of these technologies in clinical medicine, disease diagnosis and tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Dai W, Wu A, Li Y, Yu G, Yan X. XPA Enhances Temozolomide Resistance of Glioblastoma Cells by Promoting Nucleotide Excision Repair. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221092778. [PMID: 35536165 PMCID: PMC9096195 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221092778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent, as well as aggressive kind of high-grade malignant glioma. Chemoresistance is posing a significant clinical barrier to the efficacy of temozolomide-based glioblastoma treatment. By suppressing xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA), a pivotal DNA damage recognition protein implicated in nucleotide excision repair (NER), we devised a novel method to enhance glioblastoma therapy and alleviate temozolomide resistance. On the basis of preliminary assessment, we found that XPA dramatically increased in glioblastoma compared with normal cells and contributed to temozolomide resistance. By constructing XPA stably knockdown cells, we illustrate that XPA protects glioma cells from temozolomide-triggered reproductive cell death, apoptosis, as well as DNA repair. Besides, XPA silencing remarkably enhances temozolomide efficacy in vivo. This study revealed a crucial function of XPA-dependent NER in the resistance of glioma cells to temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou Hospital affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - An Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou Hospital affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Yunping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou Hospital affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou Hospital affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Xinjiang Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou Hospital affiliated of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
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Biological Significance and Targeting of the FGFR Axis in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225681. [PMID: 34830836 PMCID: PMC8616401 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary All cells within tissues and organ systems must communicate with each other to ensure they function in a coordinated manner. One form of communication is signalling mediated by small proteins (for example fibroblast growth factors; FGFs) that are secreted by one cell and bind to specialised receptors (for example FGF receptors) on nearby cells. These receptors propagate the signal to the nucleus of the receiving cell, which in turn dictates to the cell how it should react. FGFR signalling is versatile, tightly controlled and important for normal body homeostasis, facilitating growth, healing and replacing old cells. However, cancer cells can take command of this pathway and use it to their advantage. This review will first explain the biology of FGFR signalling and then describe how it can be corrupted, the implications in cancer, and how it can be targeted to improve cancer therapy. Abstract The pleiotropic effects of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), the widespread expression of all seven signalling FGF receptors (FGFRs) throughout the body, and the dramatic phenotypes shown by many FGF/R knockout mice, highlight the diversity, complexity and functional importance of FGFR signalling. The FGF/R axis is critical during normal tissue development, homeostasis and repair. Therefore, it is not surprising that substantial evidence also pinpoints the involvement of aberrant FGFR signalling in disease, including tumourigenesis. FGFR aberrations in cancer include mutations, gene fusions, and amplifications as well as corrupted autocrine/paracrine loops. Indeed, many clinical trials on cancer are focusing on targeting the FGF/FGFR axis, using selective FGFR inhibitors, nonselective FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ligand traps, and monoclonal antibodies and some have already been approved for the treatment of cancer patients. The heterogeneous tumour microenvironment and complexity of FGFR signalling may be some of the factors responsible for the resistance or poor response to therapy with FGFR axis-directed therapeutic agents. In the present review we will focus on the structure and function of FGF(R)s, their common irregularities in cancer and the therapeutic value of targeting their function in cancer.
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Salati M, Caputo F, Baldessari C, Carotenuto P, Messina M, Caramaschi S, Dominici M, Bonetti LR. The Evolving Role of FGFR2 Inhibitors in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Targeting. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:7747-7757. [PMID: 34675670 PMCID: PMC8517413 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s330710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is an anatomically and biologically distinct entity with a rising incidence and a poor prognosis on conventional treatments. Surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is a potentially curative option in resectable cases, while palliative-intent chemotherapy is the standard-of-care in the advanced setting. Technological advances through massive parallel sequencing have enabled a deeper understanding of disease biology with the identification of several druggable molecular vulnerabilities in nearly 50% of cases. Among them, gene fusions involving the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) are the most therapeutically exploited so far with a number of Phase II clinical trials investigating FGFR2 inhibitors showing unprecedented efficacy results in this molecular subgroup. Over the last year, these efforts have culminated in the US FDA-approval of pemigatinib and infigratinib, the first two oral selective FGFR2 targeted agents for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic iCCA driven by FGFR2 fusion or rearrangements. While first-line Phase III trials are currently underway to test these targeted approach against standard-of-care chemotherapy, translational studies are trying to better understand primary and secondary resistance mechanisms in order to optimize FGFR2 blockade in iCCA. In this article, we extensively reviewed the current evidence on the biological rationale, as well as preclinical and clinical development of FGFR inhibitors in iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Salati
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
- PhD Program Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Caputo
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Baldessari
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Pietro Carotenuto
- Department of Genomics, Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Messina
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Cefalu, Italy
| | - Stefania Caramaschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – AOU Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Reggiani Bonetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia – AOU Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Abstract
Amongst the several types of brain cancers known to humankind, glioma is one of the most severe and life-threatening types of cancer, comprising 40% of all primary brain tumors. Recent reports have shown the incident rate of gliomas to be 6 per 100,000 individuals per year globally. Despite the various therapeutics used in the treatment of glioma, patient survival rate remains at a median of 15 months after undergoing first-line treatment including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy with Temozolomide. As such, the discovery of newer and more effective therapeutic agents is imperative for patient survival rate. The advent of computer-aided drug design in the development of drug discovery has emerged as a powerful means to ascertain potential hit compounds with distinctively high therapeutic effectiveness against glioma. This review encompasses the recent advances of bio-computational in-silico modeling that have elicited the discovery of small molecule inhibitors and/or drugs against various therapeutic targets in glioma. The relevant information provided in this report will assist researchers, especially in the drug design domains, to develop more effective therapeutics against this global disease.
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C3G Protein, a New Player in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810018. [PMID: 34576182 PMCID: PMC8466177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
C3G (RAPGEF1) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for GTPases from the Ras superfamily, mainly Rap1, although it also acts through GEF-independent mechanisms. C3G regulates several cellular functions. It is expressed at relatively high levels in specific brain areas, playing important roles during embryonic development. Recent studies have uncovered different roles for C3G in cancer that are likely to depend on cell context, tumour type, and stage. However, its role in brain tumours remained unknown until very recently. We found that C3G expression is downregulated in GBM, which promotes the acquisition of a more mesenchymal phenotype, enhancing migration and invasion, but not proliferation. ERKs hyperactivation, likely induced by FGFR1, is responsible for this pro-invasive effect detected in C3G silenced cells. Other RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases) are also dysregulated and could also contribute to C3G effects. However, it remains undetermined whether Rap1 is a mediator of C3G actions in GBM. Various Rap1 isoforms can promote proliferation and invasion in GBM cells, while C3G inhibits migration/invasion. Therefore, other RapGEFs could play a major role regulating Rap1 activity in these tumours. Based on the information available, C3G could represent a new biomarker for GBM diagnosis, prognosis, and personalised treatment of patients in combination with other GBM molecular markers. The quantification of C3G levels in circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in the cerebrospinal liquid and/or circulating fluids might be a useful tool to improve GBM patient treatment and survival.
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Bolcaen J, Nair S, Driver CHS, Boshomane TMG, Ebenhan T, Vandevoorde C. Novel Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway Inhibitors for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Glioblastoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:626. [PMID: 34209513 PMCID: PMC8308832 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) remains the most fatal brain tumor characterized by a high infiltration rate and treatment resistance. Overexpression and/or mutation of receptor tyrosine kinases is common in GB, which subsequently leads to the activation of many downstream pathways that have a critical impact on tumor progression and therapy resistance. Therefore, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) have been investigated to improve the dismal prognosis of GB in an effort to evolve into a personalized targeted therapy strategy with a better treatment outcome. Numerous RTKIs have been approved in the clinic and several radiopharmaceuticals are part of (pre)clinical trials as a non-invasive method to identify patients who could benefit from RTKI. The latter opens up the scope for theranostic applications. In this review, the present status of RTKIs for the treatment, nuclear imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy of GB is presented. The focus will be on seven tyrosine kinase receptors, based on their central role in GB: EGFR, VEGFR, MET, PDGFR, FGFR, Eph receptor and IGF1R. Finally, by way of analyzing structural and physiological characteristics of the TKIs with promising clinical trial results, four small molecule RTKIs were selected based on their potential to become new therapeutic GB radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bolcaen
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
| | - Shankari Nair
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
| | - Cathryn H. S. Driver
- Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Brits 0240, South Africa;
- Pre-Clinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pelindaba, Brits 0242, South Africa;
| | - Tebatso M. G. Boshomane
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Pre-Clinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pelindaba, Brits 0242, South Africa;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Department of Science and Technology, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
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Rosińska S, Gavard J. Tumor Vessels Fuel the Fire in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6514. [PMID: 34204510 PMCID: PMC8235363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a subset of aggressive brain tumors, deploy several means to increase blood vessel supply dedicated to the tumor mass. This includes typical program borrowed from embryonic development, such as vasculogenesis and sprouting angiogenesis, as well as unconventional processes, including co-option, vascular mimicry, and transdifferentiation, in which tumor cells are pro-actively engaged. However, these neo-generated vascular networks are morphologically and functionally abnormal, suggesting that the vascularization processes are rather inefficient in the tumor ecosystem. In this review, we reiterate the specificities of each neovascularization modality in glioblastoma, and, how they can be hampered mechanistically in the perspective of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rosińska
- CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Julie Gavard
- CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France;
- Integrated Center for Oncology, ICO, 44800 St. Herblain, France
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38
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Liang X, Yang Q, Wu P, He C, Yin L, Xu F, Yin Z, Yue G, Zou Y, Li L, Song X, Lv C, Zhang W, Jing B. The synthesis review of the approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors for anticancer therapy in 2015-2020. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:105011. [PMID: 34091289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the 21st century, cancer is the major public health problem worldwide. Based on the important roles of protein tyrosine kinase, the accelerated hunt for potent small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors has led to the success of 30 newly inhibitors in this family for the cancer therapy in last five years. In this review, we updated their synthesis methods, and compared the original research routes with the optimized routes for each PTK inhibitor against different target, in order to make an outlook on the future synthesis of potential PTK inhibitors for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Qian Yang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Pan Wu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Funeng Xu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Bo Jing
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of veterinary medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
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Colardo M, Segatto M, Di Bartolomeo S. Targeting RTK-PI3K-mTOR Axis in Gliomas: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4899. [PMID: 34063168 PMCID: PMC8124221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common and challenging malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS), due to their infiltrative nature, tendency to recurrence, and poor response to treatments. Indeed, despite the advances in neurosurgical techniques and in radiation therapy, the modest effects of therapy are still challenging. Moreover, tumor recurrence is associated with the onset of therapy resistance; it is therefore critical to identify effective and well-tolerated pharmacological approaches capable of inducing durable responses in the appropriate patient groups. Molecular alterations of the RTK/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway are typical hallmarks of glioma, and several clinical trials targeting one or more players of this axis have been launched, showing disappointing results so far, due to the scarce BBB permeability of certain compounds or to the occurrence of resistance/tolerance mechanisms. However, as RTK/PI3K/mTOR is one of the pivotal pathways regulating cell growth and survival in cancer biology, targeting still remains a strong rationale for developing strategies against gliomas. Future rigorous clinical studies, aimed at addressing the tumor heterogeneity, the interaction with the microenvironment, as well as diverse posology adjustments, are needed-which might unravel the therapeutic efficacy and response prediction of an RTK/PI3K/mTOR-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabrina Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, IS, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
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40
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Kalya MP, Beisbarth T, Kel A. [Master regulators associated with poor prognosis in glioblastoma multiforme]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2021; 67:201-212. [PMID: 34142527 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216703201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor with average survival time of 15 months. Less than 2% of the patients survive beyond 36 months. To understand the molecular mechanism responsible for poor prognosis, we analyzed GBM samples of TCGA microarray (n=560) data. We have identified 720 genes that have a significant impact upon survival based on univariate cox regression. We applied the Genome Enhancer pipeline to analyze potential mechanisms of regulation of activity of these genes and to build gene regulatory networks. We identified 12 transcription factors enriched in the promoters of these genes including the key molecule of GBM - STAT3. We found that STAT3 had significant differential expression across extreme survivor groups (short-term survivors- survival 36 months) and also had a significant impact on survival. In the next step, we identified master regulators in the signal transduction network that regulate the activity of these transcription factors. Master regulators are filtered based on their differential expression across extreme survivors groups and impact on survival. This work validates our earlier report on master regulators IGFBP2, PDGFA, OSMR, and AEBP1 driving short survival. Additionally, we propose CD14, CD44, DUSP6, GRB10, IL1RAP, FGFR3, and POSTN as master regulators driving poor survival. These master regulators are proposed as promising therapeutic targets to counter poor prognosis in GBM. Finally, the algorithm has prioritized several drugs for the further study as potential remedies to conquer the aggressive forms of GBM and to extend survival of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Kalya
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; geneXplain GmbH, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - T Beisbarth
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Kel
- geneXplain GmbH, Wolfenbüttel, Germany; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SBRAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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41
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Liang X, Wu P, Yang Q, Xie Y, He C, Yin L, Yin Z, Yue G, Zou Y, Li L, Song X, Lv C, Zhang W, Jing B. An update of new small-molecule anticancer drugs approved from 2015 to 2020. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113473. [PMID: 33906047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A high incidence of cancer has given rise to the development of more anti-tumor drugs. From 2015 to 2020, fifty-six new small-molecule anticancer drugs, divided into ten categories according to their anti-tumor target activities, have been approved. These include TKIs (30 drugs), MAPK inhibitors (3 drugs), CDK inhibitors (3 drugs), PARP inhibitors (3 drugs), PI3K inhibitors (3 drugs), SMO receptor antagonists (2 drugs), AR antagonists (2 drugs), SSTR inhibitors (2 drugs), IDH inhibitors (2 drugs) and others (6 drugs). Among them, PTK inhibitors (30/56) have led to a paradigm shift in cancer treatment with less toxicity and more potency. Each of their structures, approval statuses, applications, SAR analyses, and original research synthesis routes have been summarized, giving us a more comprehensive map for further efforts to design more specific targeted agents for reducing cancer in the future. We believe this review will help further research of potential antitumor agents in clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
| | - Pan Wu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yunyu Xie
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Bo Jing
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
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Cruz Da Silva E, Mercier MC, Etienne-Selloum N, Dontenwill M, Choulier L. A Systematic Review of Glioblastoma-Targeted Therapies in Phases II, III, IV Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1795. [PMID: 33918704 PMCID: PMC8069979 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most frequent and aggressive glial tumor, is currently treated as first line by the Stupp protocol, which combines, after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For recurrent GBM, in absence of standard treatment or available clinical trials, various protocols including cytotoxic drugs and/or bevacizumab are currently applied. Despite these heavy treatments, the mean overall survival of patients is under 18 months. Many clinical studies are underway. Based on clinicaltrials.org and conducted up to 1 April 2020, this review lists, not only main, but all targeted therapies in phases II-IV of 257 clinical trials on adults with newly diagnosed or recurrent GBMs for the last twenty years. It does not involve targeted immunotherapies and therapies targeting tumor cell metabolism, that are well documented in other reviews. Without surprise, the most frequently reported drugs are those targeting (i) EGFR (40 clinical trials), and more generally tyrosine kinase receptors (85 clinical trials) and (ii) VEGF/VEGFR (75 clinical trials of which 53 involving bevacizumab). But many other targets and drugs are of interest. They are all listed and thoroughly described, on an one-on-one basis, in four sections related to targeting (i) GBM stem cells and stem cell pathways, (ii) the growth autonomy and migration, (iii) the cell cycle and the escape to cell death, (iv) and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Cruz Da Silva
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marie-Cécile Mercier
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Nelly Etienne-Selloum
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
- Service de Pharmacie, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Laurence Choulier
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
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Dong Q, Zavortink M, Froldi F, Golenkina S, Lam T, Cheng LY. Glial Hedgehog signalling and lipid metabolism regulate neural stem cell proliferation in Drosophila. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52130. [PMID: 33751817 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202052130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The final size and function of the adult central nervous system (CNS) are determined by neuronal lineages generated by neural stem cells (NSCs) in the developing brain. In Drosophila, NSCs called neuroblasts (NBs) reside within a specialised microenvironment called the glial niche. Here, we explore non-autonomous glial regulation of NB proliferation. We show that lipid droplets (LDs) which reside within the glial niche are closely associated with the signalling molecule Hedgehog (Hh). Under physiological conditions, cortex glial Hh is autonomously required to sustain niche chamber formation. Upon FGF-mediated cortex glial overgrowth, glial Hh non-autonomously activates Hh signalling in the NBs, which in turn disrupts NB cell cycle progression and its ability to produce neurons. Glial Hh's ability to signal to NB is further modulated by lipid storage regulator lipid storage droplet-2 (Lsd-2) and de novo lipogenesis gene fatty acid synthase 1 (Fasn1). Together, our data suggest that glial-derived Hh modified by lipid metabolism mechanisms can affect the neighbouring NB's ability to proliferate and produce neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dong
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael Zavortink
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Francesca Froldi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Sofya Golenkina
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Tammy Lam
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Louise Y Cheng
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,The Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Mastrototaro G, Zaghi M, Massimino L, Moneta M, Mohammadi N, Banfi F, Bellini E, Indrigo M, Fagnocchi G, Bagliani A, Taverna S, Rohm M, Herzig S, Sessa A. TBL1XR1 Ensures Balanced Neural Development Through NCOR Complex-Mediated Regulation of the MAPK Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641410. [PMID: 33708771 PMCID: PMC7940385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TBL1XR1 gene is associated with multiple developmental disorders presenting several neurological aspects. The relative protein is involved in the modulation of important cellular pathways and master regulators of transcriptional output, including nuclear receptor repressors, Wnt signaling, and MECP2 protein. However, TBL1XR1 mutations (including complete loss of its functions) have not been experimentally studied in a neurological context, leaving a knowledge gap in the mechanisms at the basis of the diseases. Here, we show that Tbl1xr1 knock-out mice exhibit behavioral and neuronal abnormalities. Either the absence of TBL1XR1 or its point mutations interfering with stability/regulation of NCOR complex induced decreased proliferation and increased differentiation in neural progenitors. We suggest that this developmental unbalance is due to a failure in the regulation of the MAPK cascade. Taken together, our results broaden the molecular and functional aftermath of TBL1XR1 deficiency associated with human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Mastrototaro
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Zaghi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Moneta
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Neda Mohammadi
- Neurimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Banfi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bellini
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Indrigo
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fagnocchi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Bagliani
- Medical Oncology Unit, ASST Ovest Milanese, Legnano Hospital, Legnano, Italy
| | - Stefano Taverna
- Neurimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rohm
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sessa
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Wu J, Wang X, Yuan X, Shan Q, Wang Z, Wu Y, Xie J. Kinesin Family Member C1 Increases Temozolomide Resistance of Glioblastoma Through Promoting DNA Damage Repair. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:963689721991466. [PMID: 33588605 PMCID: PMC7894588 DOI: 10.1177/0963689721991466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most frequent primary malignant brain tumors with a poor prognosis. Unfortunately, due to the intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance of GBM cells, it easily becomes refractory disease and tumors are easy to recur. Therefore, it is critical to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemoresistance of GBM cells to discover more efficient therapeutic treatments. Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1) is a normal nonessential kinesin motor that affects the progression of multiple types of cancers. However, whether KIFC1 have a function in GBM is still unexplored. Here we found that KIFC1 was upregulated in human temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant GBM tissues. KIFC1 silencing is sufficient to inhibit GBM cell proliferation and amplify TMZ-induced repression of cell proliferation. Mechanistically, KIFC1 silencing contributed to DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis through regulating Rad51, Akt, and DNA-PKcs phosphorylation. We also noticed that KIFC1 silencing also inhibited tumor formation and increased TMZ sensitivity through regulating Ki67, Rad51, γ-H2AX, and phosphorylation of AKT in vivo. Our findings therefore confirm the involvement of KIFC1 in GBM progression and provide a novel understanding of KIFC1-Akt axis in the sensitivity of GBM to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianheng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Xinjun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaowei Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Qiao Shan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuehui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
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46
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El-Khayat SM, Arafat WO. Therapeutic strategies of recurrent glioblastoma and its molecular pathways 'Lock up the beast'. Ecancermedicalscience 2021; 15:1176. [PMID: 33680090 PMCID: PMC7929780 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has a poor prognosis-despite aggressive primary treatment composed of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, median survival is still around 15 months. It starts to grow again after a year of treatment and eventually nothing is effective at this stage. Recurrent GBM is one of the most disappointing fields for researchers in which their efforts have gained no benefit for patients. They were directed for a long time towards understanding the molecular basis that leads to the development of GBM. It is now known that GBM is a heterogeneous disease and resistance comes mainly from the regrowth of malignant cells after eradicating specific clones by targeted treatment. Epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet derived growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor are known to be highly active in primary and recurrent GBM through different underlying pathways, despite this bevacizumab is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for recurrent GBM. Immunotherapy is another important promising modality of treatment of GBM, after proper understanding of the microenvironment of the tumour and overcoming the reasons that historically stigmatise GBM as an 'immunologically cold tumour'. Radiotherapy can augment the effect of immunotherapy by different mechanisms. Also, dual immunotherapy which targets immune pathways at different stages and through different receptors further enhances immune stimulation against GBM. Delivery of pro-drugs to be activated at the tumour site and suicidal genes by gene therapy using different vectors shows promising results. Despite using neurotropic viral vectors specifically targeting glial cells (which are the cells of origin of GBM), no significant improvement of overall-survival has been seen as yet. Non-viral vectors 'polymeric and non-polymeric' show significant tumour shrinkage in pre-clinical trials and now at early-stage clinical trials. To this end, in this review, we aim to study the possible role of different molecular pathways that are involved in GBM's recurrence, we will also review the most relevant and recent clinical experience with targeted treatments and immunotherapies. We will discuss trials utilised tyrosine receptor kinase inhibitors, immunotherapy and gene therapy in recurrent GBM pointing to the causes of potential disappointing preliminary results of some of them. Additionally, we are suggesting a possible future treatment based on recent successful clinical data that could alter the outcome for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M El-Khayat
- Cancer Management and Research Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt
| | - Waleed O Arafat
- Alexandria Clinical Oncology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt
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Osimertinib successfully combats EGFR-negative glioblastoma cells by inhibiting the MAPK pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:108-114. [PMID: 32398685 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) patients have extremely poor prognoses, and currently no effective treatment available including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. MAPK-interacting kinases (MNK1/2) as the downstream of the MAPK-signaling pathway regulate protein synthesis in normal and tumor cells. Research has shown that targeting MNKs may be an effective strategy to treat GBM. In this study we investigated the antitumor activity of osimertinib, an FDA-approved epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, against patient-derived primary GBM cells. Using high-throughput screening approach, we screened the entire panel of FDA-approved drugs against primary cancer cells derived from glioblastoma patients, found that osimertinib (3 μM) suppressed the proliferation of a subset (10/22) of EGFR-negative GBM cells (>50% growth inhibition). We detected the gene expression difference between osimertinib-sensitive and -resistant cells, found that osimertinib-sensitive GBM cells displayed activated MAPK-signaling pathway. We further showed that osimertinib potently inhibited the MNK kinase activities with IC50 values of 324 nM and 48.6 nM, respectively, against MNK1 and MNK2 kinases; osimertinib (0.3-3 μM) dose-dependently suppressed the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). In GBM patient-derived xenografts mice, oral administration of osimertinib (40 mg· kg-1 ·d-1, for 18 days) significantly suppressed the tumor growth (TGI = 74.5%) and inhibited eIF4E phosphorylation in tumor cells. Given the fact that osimertinib could cross the blood-brain barrier and its toxicity was well tolerated in patients, our results suggest that osimertinib could be a new and effective drug candidate for the EGFR-negative GBM patients.
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Ardizzone A, Scuderi SA, Giuffrida D, Colarossi C, Puglisi C, Campolo M, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E, Paterniti I. Role of Fibroblast Growth Factors Receptors (FGFRs) in Brain Tumors, Focus on Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3825. [PMID: 33352931 PMCID: PMC7766440 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite pharmacological treatments and surgical practice options, the mortality rate of astrocytomas and glioblastomas remains high, thus representing a medical emergency for which it is necessary to find new therapeutic strategies. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act through their associated receptors (FGFRs), a family of tyrosine kinase receptors consisting of four members (FGFR1-4), regulators of tissue development and repair. In particular, FGFRs play an important role in cell proliferation, survival, and migration, as well as angiogenesis, thus their gene alteration is certainly related to the development of the most common diseases, including cancer. FGFRs are subjected to multiple somatic aberrations such as chromosomal amplification of FGFR1; mutations and multiple dysregulations of FGFR2; and mutations, translocations, and significant amplifications of FGFR3 and FGFR4 that correlate to oncogenesis process. Therefore, the in-depth study of these receptor systems could help to understand the etiology of both astrocytoma and glioblastoma so as to achieve notable advances in more effective target therapies. Furthermore, the discovery of FGFR inhibitors revealed how these biological compounds improve the neoplastic condition by demonstrating efficacy and safety. On this basis, this review focuses on the role and involvement of FGFRs in brain tumors such as astrocytoma and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Sarah A. Scuderi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Dario Giuffrida
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande (CT), Italy; (D.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Colarossi
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande (CT), Italy; (D.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Caterina Puglisi
- IOM Ricerca Srl, Via Penninazzo 11, 95029 Viagrande (CT), Italy;
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (S.C.); (E.E.)
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Li J, Xing S, Zhao G, Zheng M, Yang X, Sun J, Wen J, Liu R. Identification of diverse cell populations in skeletal muscles and biomarkers for intramuscular fat of chicken by single-cell RNA sequencing. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:752. [PMID: 33129271 PMCID: PMC7603756 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of skeletal muscle is closely related to the efficiency of meat production and meat quality. Chicken skeletal muscle development depends on myogenesis and adipogenesis and occurs in two phases-hyperplasia and hypertrophy. However, cell profiles corresponding to the two-phase muscle development have yet to be determined. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) can elucidate the cell subpopulations in tissue and capture the gene expression of individual cells, which can provide new insights into the myogenesis and intramuscular adipogenesis. RESULTS Ten cell clusters at the post-hatching developmental stage at Day 5 and seven cell clusters at the late developmental stage at Day 100 were identified in chicken breast muscles by scRNA-seq. Five myocyte-related clusters and two adipocyte clusters were identified at Day 5, and one myocyte cluster and one adipocyte cluster were identified at Day 100. The pattern of cell clustering varied between the two stages. The cell clusters showed clear boundaries at the terminal differentiation stage at Day 100; by contrast, cell differentiation was not complete at Day 5. APOA1 and COL1A1 were selected from up-regulated genes in the adipocyte cluster and found to be co-expressed with the ADIPOQ adipocyte marker gene in breast muscles by RNA in situ hybridization. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to describe the heterogeneity of chicken skeletal muscle at two developmental stages. The genes APOA1 and COL1A1 were identified as biomarkers for chicken intramuscular fat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Xing
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Maiqing Zheng
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Xinting Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Jie Wen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China
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50
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Santolla MF, Maggiolini M. The FGF/FGFR System in Breast Cancer: Oncogenic Features and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3029. [PMID: 33081025 PMCID: PMC7603197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the treatment of breast cancer is the heterogeneous nature of the disease. With multiple subtypes of breast cancer identified, there is an unmet clinical need for the development of therapies particularly for the less tractable subtypes. Several transduction mechanisms are involved in the progression of breast cancer, therefore making the assessment of the molecular landscape that characterizes each patient intricate. Over the last decade, numerous studies have focused on the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to target the main pathways dysregulated in breast cancer, however their effectiveness is often limited either by resistance to treatments or the appearance of adverse effects. In this context, the fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) system represents an emerging transduction pathway and therapeutic target to be fully investigated among the diverse anti-cancer settings in breast cancer. Here, we have recapitulated previous studies dealing with FGFR molecular aberrations, such as the gene amplification, point mutations, and chromosomal translocations that occur in breast cancer. Furthermore, alterations in the FGF/FGFR signaling across the different subtypes of breast cancer have been described. Next, we discussed the functional interplay between the FGF/FGFR axis and important components of the breast tumor microenvironment. Lastly, we pointed out the therapeutic usefulness of FGF/FGFR inhibitors, as revealed by preclinical and clinical models of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
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