1
|
Li X, Yennawar M, Wiest A, O'Brien WT, Babrowicz B, White RS, Talos DM, Jensen FE. Cannabidiol attenuates seizure susceptibility and behavioural deficits in adult CDKL5 R59X knock-in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:3337-3352. [PMID: 38654472 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) deficiency disorder (CDD) is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in CDKL5 gene, encoding a serine-threonine kinase highly expressed in the brain. CDD manifests with early-onset epilepsy, autism, motor impairment and severe intellectual disability. While there are no known treatments for CDD, the use of cannabidiol has recently been introduced into clinical practice for neurodevelopmental disorders. Given the increased clinical utilization of cannabidiol, we examined its efficacy in the CDKL5R59X knock-in (R59X) mice, a CDD model based on a human mutation that exhibits both lifelong seizure susceptibility and behavioural deficits. We found that cannabidiol pre-treatment rescued the increased seizure susceptibility in response to the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), attenuated working memory and long-term memory impairments, and rescued social deficits in adult R59X mice. To elucidate a potential mechanism, we compared the developmental hippocampal and cortical expression of common endocannabinoid (eCB) targets in R59X mice and their wild-type littermates, including cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and 2 (TRPV2), G-coupled protein receptor 55 (GPR55) and adenosine receptor 1 (A1R). Many of these eCB targets were developmentally regulated in both R59X and wild-type mice. In addition, adult R59X mice demonstrated significantly decreased expression of CB1R and TRPV1 in the hippocampus, and TRPV2 in the cortex, while TRPV1 was increased in the cortex. These findings support the potential for dysregulation of eCB signalling as a plausible mechanism and therapeutic target in CDD, given the efficacy of cannabidiol to attenuate hyperexcitability and behavioural deficits in this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Li
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Madhumita Yennawar
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alyssa Wiest
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William T O'Brien
- Neurobehavior Testing Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bergan Babrowicz
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel S White
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Delia M Talos
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pereira ADS, Bottari NB, Nauderer JN, Assmann CE, Copetti PM, Reichert KP, Mostardeiro VB, da Silveira MV, Morsch VMM, Schetinger MRC. Purinergic signaling influences the neuroinflammatory outcomes of a testosterone-derived synthetic in female rats: Resistance training protective effects on brain health. Steroids 2024; 203:109352. [PMID: 38128896 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is recognized as a non-pharmacological approach to treat and protect against several neuroinflammatory conditions and thus to prevent brain disorders. However, the interest in ergogenic resources by athletes and bodybuilding practitioners is widespread and on the rise. These substances shorten the process of performance gain and improve aesthetics, having led to the prominent use and abuse of hormones in the past years. Recent evidence has shown that the purinergic system, composed of adenine nucleotides, nucleosides, enzymes, and receptors, participates in a wide range of processes within the brain, such as neuroinflammation, neuromodulation, and cellular communication. Here, we investigated the effects of the anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) testosterone (TES) at a dose of 70 mg/kg/week in female rats and the neuroprotective effect of resistance exercise related to the purinergic system and oxidative stress parameters. Our findings showed a decrease in ATP and ADO hydrolysis in treated and trained animals. Furthermore, there was an increase in the density of purinoceptors (P2X7 and A2A) and inflammatory markers (IBA-1, NRLP3, CASP-1, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the cerebral cortex of animals that received AAS. On the other hand, exercise reversed neuroinflammatory parameters such as IBA-1, NLRP3, CASP-1, and IL-1β and improved antioxidant response and anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine levels. Overall, this study shows that the use of TES without indication or prescription disrupts brain homeostasis, as demonstrated by the increase in neuroinflammation, and that the practice of exercise can protect brain health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline da Silva Pereira
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Nathieli Bianchin Bottari
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jelson Norberto Nauderer
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marquezan Copetti
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Paula Reichert
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Bastianello Mostardeiro
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcylene Vieira da Silveira
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Melchiors Morsch
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiao C, Gavrilova O, Liu N, Lewicki SA, Reitman ML, Jacobson KA. In vivo phenotypic validation of adenosine receptor-dependent activity of non-adenosine drugs. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:551-564. [PMID: 36781825 PMCID: PMC10539256 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Some non-adenosinergic drugs are reported to also act through adenosine receptors (ARs). We used mouse hypothermia, which can be induced by agonism at any of the four ARs, as an in vivo screen for adenosinergic effects. An AR contribution was identified when a drug caused hypothermia in wild type mice that was diminished in mice lacking all four ARs (quadruple knockout, QKO). Alternatively, an adenosinergic effect was identified if a drug potentiated adenosine-induced hypothermia. Four drugs (dipyridamole, nimodipine, cilostazol, cyclosporin A) increased the hypothermia caused by adenosine. Dipyridamole and nimodipine probably achieved this by inhibition of adenosine clearance via ENT1. Two drugs (cannabidiol, canrenoate) did not cause hypothermia in wild type mice. Four other drugs (nifedipine, ranolazine, ketamine, ethanol) caused hypothermia, but the hypothermia was unchanged in QKO mice indicating non-adenosinergic mechanisms. Zinc chloride caused hypothermia and hypoactivity; the hypoactivity was blunted in the QKO mice. Interestingly, the antidepressant amitriptyline caused hypothermia in wild type mice that was amplified in the QKO mice. Thus, we have identified adenosine-related effects for some drugs, while other candidates do not affect adenosine signaling by this in vivo assay. The adenosine-modulating drugs could be considered for repurposing based on predicted effects on AR activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Sarah A Lewicki
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Species dependence of A 3 adenosine receptor pharmacology and function. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:523-550. [PMID: 36538251 PMCID: PMC9763816 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to fully understand pharmacological differences between G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) species homologues are generally not pursued in detail during the drug development process. To date, many GPCRs that have been successfully targeted are relatively well-conserved across species in amino acid sequence and display minimal variability of biological effects. However, the A3 adenosine receptor (AR), an exciting drug target for a multitude of diseases associated with tissue injury, ischemia, and inflammation, displays as little as 70% sequence identity among mammalian species (e.g., rodent vs. primate) commonly used in drug development. Consequently, the pharmacological properties of synthetic A3AR ligands vary widely, not only in binding affinity, selectivity, and signaling efficacy, but to the extent that some function as agonists in some species and antagonists in others. Numerous heterocyclic antagonists that have nM affinity at the human A3AR are inactive or weakly active at the rat and mouse A3ARs. Positive allosteric modulators, including the imidazo [4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine derivative LUF6000, are only active at human and some larger animal species that have been evaluated (rabbit and dog), but not rodents. A3AR agonists evoke systemic degranulation of rodent, but not human mast cells. The rat A3AR undergoes desensitization faster than the human A3AR, but the human homologue can be completely re-sensitized and recycled back to the cell surface. Thus, comprehensive pharmacological evaluation and awareness of potential A3AR species differences are critical in studies to further understand the basic biological functions of this unique AR subtype. Recombinant A3ARs from eight different species have been pharmacologically characterized thus far. In this review, we describe in detail current knowledge of species differences in genetic identity, G protein-coupling, receptor regulation, and both orthosteric and allosteric A3AR pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu G, Zhang S, Zheng L, Hu Z, Cheng L, Chen L, Li J, Shi Z. In silico identification of A1 agonists and A2a inhibitors in pain based on molecular docking strategies and dynamics simulations. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:87-97. [PMID: 34677752 PMCID: PMC9984648 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most recently, the adenosine is considered as one of the most promising targets for treating pain, with few side effects. It exists in the central nervous system, and plays a key role in nociceptive afferent pathway. It is reported that the A1 receptor (A1R) could inhibit Ca2+ channels to reduce the pain like analgesic mechanism of morphine. And, A2a receptor (A2aR) was reported to enhance the accumulation of AMP (cAMP) and released peptides from sensory neurons, resulting in constitutive activation of pain. Much evidence showed that A1R and A2aR could be served as the interesting targets for the treatment of pain. Herein, virtual screening was utilized to identify the small molecule compounds towards A1R and A2aR, and top six molecules were considered as candidates via amber scores. The molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA) were employed to further analyze the affinity and binding stability of the six molecules towards A1R and A2aR. Moreover, energy decomposition analysis showed significant residues in A1R and A2aR, including His1383, Phe1276, and Glu1277. It provided basics for discovery of novel agonists and antagonists. Finally, the agonists of A1R (ZINC19943625, ZINC13555217, and ZINC04698406) and inhibitors of A2aR (ZINC19370372, ZINC20176051, and ZINC57263068) were successfully recognized. Taken together, our discovered small molecules may serve as the promising candidate agents for future pain research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangya Xu
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital & College of Basic Medicine & College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Shutao Zhang
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital & College of Basic Medicine & College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital & College of Basic Medicine & College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Zhongjiao Hu
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital & College of Basic Medicine & College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610081, China.,School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Lijia Cheng
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital & College of Basic Medicine & College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Lvlin Chen
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital & College of Basic Medicine & College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Jun Li
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital & College of Basic Medicine & College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610081, China. .,Sichuan Wuyan Biotech Co. Ltd Company, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Zheng Shi
- Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital & College of Basic Medicine & College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610081, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prommaban A, Sriyab S, Marsup P, Neimkhum W, Sirithunyalug J, Anuchapreeda S, To-anun C, Chaiyana W. Comparison of chemical profiles, antioxidation, inhibition of skin extracellular matrix degradation, and anti-tyrosinase activity between mycelium and fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris and Isaria tenuipes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:225-234. [PMID: 35068295 PMCID: PMC8786250 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.2025255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cordyceps militaris and Isaria tenuipes (Cordycipitaceae) are high-value fungi that are used for health-promoting food supplements. Since laboratory cultivation has begun for these fungi, increased output has been achieved. OBJECTIVE This study compared the chemical profiles, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and skin extracellular matrix degradation inhibition between mycelium and fruiting body of C. militaris and I. tenuipes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antioxidative potential of 10% v/v aqueous infused extract from each fungus was separately investigated using 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant ability, and ferric thiocyanate methods. The inhibition against MMP-1, elastase, and hyaluronidase were determined to reveal their anti-wrinkle potential. Anti-tyrosinase activities were determined. RESULTS C. militaris and I. tenuipes extracts were found to contain a wide range of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and adenosine. A correlation was discovered between the chemical compositions and their biological activities. The extract from I. tenuipes fruiting body (IF) was highlighted as an extraordinary elastase inhibitor (IC50 = 0.006 ± 0.004 mg/mL), hyaluronidase inhibitor (IC50: 30.3 ± 3.2 mg/mL), and antioxidant via radical scavenging (ABTS IC50: 0.22 ± 0.02 mg/mL; DPPH IC50: 0.05 ± 0.02 mg/mL), thereby reducing ability (EC1: 95.3 ± 4.8 mM FeSO4/g extract) and lipid peroxidation prevention (IC50: 0.40 ± 0.11 mg/mL). IF had a three-times higher EC1 value than ascorbic acid and significantly higher elastase inhibition than epigallocatechin gallate. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS IF is proposed as a powerful natural extract with antioxidant and anti-wrinkle properties; therefore, it is suggested for further use in pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and nutraceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adchara Prommaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suwannee Sriyab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pachabadee Marsup
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Waranya Neimkhum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | - Jakkapan Sirithunyalug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Songyot Anuchapreeda
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Division of Clinical Microscopy, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat To-anun
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wantida Chaiyana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pak ES, Cha JJ, Cha DR, Kanasaki K, Ha H. Adenosine receptors as emerging therapeutic targets for diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2022; 41:S74-S88. [PMID: 36239063 PMCID: PMC9590297 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is now a pandemic worldwide, and novel therapeutic options are urgently required. Adenosine, an adenosine triphosphate metabolite, plays a role in kidney homeostasis through interacting with four types of adenosine receptors (ARs): A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR. Increasing evidence highlights the role of adenosine and ARs in the development and progression of DKD: 1) increased adenosine in the plasma and urine of diabetics with kidney injury, 2) increased expression of each of the ARs in diabetic kidneys, 3) the protective effect of coffee, a commonly ingested nonselective AR antagonist, on DKD, and 4) the protective effect of AR modulators in experimental DKD models. We propose AR modulators as a new therapeutic option to treat DKD. Detailed mechanistic studies on the pharmacology of AR modulators will help us to develop effective first-in-class AR modulators against DKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seon Pak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Joo Cha
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Internal Medical 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang G, Li L, Liu J, Cai J, Fu J, Li N, Cao H, Xu H, Zhang Y, Cao R. Comparing the metabolite components of Sichuan Sun vinegar and other kinds of vinegar based on non-targeted metabolomic. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Luo HY, Shen HY, Perkins RS, Wang YX. Adenosine Kinase on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Methylation: Adenosine Receptor-Independent Pathway in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:908882. [PMID: 35721189 PMCID: PMC9200284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.908882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation is an important mechanism contributing to cancer pathology. Methylation of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes has been closely associated with tumor occurrence and development. New insights regarding the potential role of the adenosine receptor-independent pathway in the epigenetic modulation of DNA methylation offer the possibility of new interventional strategies for cancer therapy. Targeting DNA methylation of cancer-related genes is a promising therapeutic strategy; drugs like 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR, decitabine) effectively reverse DNA methylation and cancer cell growth. However, current anti-methylation (or methylation modifiers) are associated with severe side effects; thus, there is an urgent need for safer and more specific inhibitors of DNA methylation (or DNA methylation modifiers). The adenosine signaling pathway is reported to be involved in cancer pathology and participates in the development of tumors by altering DNA methylation. Most recently, an adenosine metabolic clearance enzyme, adenosine kinase (ADK), has been shown to influence methylation on tumor suppressor genes and tumor development and progression. This review article focuses on recent updates on ADK and its two isoforms, and its actions in adenosine receptor-independent pathways, including methylation modification and epigenetic changes in cancer pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yun Luo
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Ying Shen
- Department of Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States.,Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States
| | - R Serene Perkins
- Legacy Tumor Bank, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States.,Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles, OR, United States
| | - Ya-Xu Wang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Spinaci A, Buccioni M, Dal Ben D, Maggi F, Marucci G, Francucci B, Santoni G, Lambertucci C, Volpini R. A3 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists with Nucleoside Structures and Their Anticancer Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020164. [PMID: 35215276 PMCID: PMC8879107 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of the A3 adenosine receptor (AR) in a number of cancer cell types makes it an attractive target for tumor diagnosis and therapy. Hence, in the search for new A3AR ligands, a series of novel 2,N6-disubstituted adenosines (Ados) was synthesized and tested in radioligand binding and functional assays at ARs. Derivatives bearing a 2-phenethylamino group in the N6-position were found to exert higher A3AR affinity and selectivity than the corresponding N6-(2,2-diphenylethyl) analogues. 2-Chloro-N6-phenylethylAdo (15) was found to be a potent full A3AR agonist with a Ki of 0.024 nM and an EC50 of 14 nM, in a cAMP accumulation assay. Unlike 15, the other ligands behaved as A3AR antagonists, which concentration-dependently reduced cell growth and exerted cytostatic activity on the prostate cancer cell line PC3, showing comparable and even more pronounced effects with respect to the ones elicited by the reference full agonist Cl-IB-MECA. In particular, the N6-(2,2-diphenylethyl)-2-phenylethynylAdo (12: GI50 = 14 µM, TGI = 29 µM, and LC50 = 59 µM) showed the highest activity proving to be a potential antitumor agent. The cytostatic effect of both A3AR agonist (Cl-IB-MECA) and antagonists (12 and other newly synthesized compounds) confirm previous observations according to which, in addition to the involvement of A3ARs, other cellular mechanisms are responsible for the anticancer effects of these ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spinaci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (A.S.); (M.B.); (D.D.B.); (G.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Michela Buccioni
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (A.S.); (M.B.); (D.D.B.); (G.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (A.S.); (M.B.); (D.D.B.); (G.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Federica Maggi
- Experimental Medicine Section, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (F.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (A.S.); (M.B.); (D.D.B.); (G.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Beatrice Francucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (A.S.); (M.B.); (D.D.B.); (G.M.); (B.F.)
| | - Giorgio Santoni
- Experimental Medicine Section, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (F.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (A.S.); (M.B.); (D.D.B.); (G.M.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (R.V.); Tel.: +39-073-740-2252 (C.L.); +39-073-740-2278 (R.V.)
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (A.S.); (M.B.); (D.D.B.); (G.M.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (R.V.); Tel.: +39-073-740-2252 (C.L.); +39-073-740-2278 (R.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cladribine as a Potential Object of Nucleoside Transporter-Based Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 61:167-187. [PMID: 34894346 PMCID: PMC8813788 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B and T-lymphocytes) to its active triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®), administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years), are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Cladribine has been shown to be a substrate of various nucleoside transporters (NTs). Intestinal absorption and distribution of cladribine throughout the body appear to be essentially mediated by equilibrative NTs (ENTs) and concentrative NTs (CNTs), specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Other efficient transporters of cladribine are the ABC efflux transporters, specifically breast cancer resistance protein, which likely modulates the oral absorption and renal excretion of cladribine. A key transporter for the intracellular uptake of cladribine into B and T-lymphocytes is ENT1 with ancillary contributions of ENT2 and CNT2. Transporter-based drug interactions affecting absorption and target cellular uptake of a prodrug such as cladribine are likely to reduce systemic bioavailability and target cell exposure, thereby possibly hampering clinical efficacy. In order to manage optimized therapy, i.e., to ensure uncompromised target cell uptake to preserve the full therapeutic potential of cladribine, it is important that clinicians are aware of the existence of NT-inhibiting medicinal products, various lifestyle drugs, and food components. This article reviews the existing knowledge on inhibitors of NT, which may alter cladribine absorption, distribution, and uptake into target cells, thereby summarizing the existing knowledge on optimized methods of administration and concomitant drugs that should be avoided during cladribine treatment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kotulová J, Hajdúch M, Džubák P. Current Adenosinergic Therapies: What Do Cancer Cells Stand to Gain and Lose? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12569. [PMID: 34830449 PMCID: PMC8617980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A key objective in immuno-oncology is to reactivate the dormant immune system and increase tumour immunogenicity. Adenosine is an omnipresent purine that is formed in response to stress stimuli in order to restore physiological balance, mainly via anti-inflammatory, tissue-protective, and anti-nociceptive mechanisms. Adenosine overproduction occurs in all stages of tumorigenesis, from the initial inflammation/local tissue damage to the precancerous niche and the developed tumour, making the adenosinergic pathway an attractive but challenging therapeutic target. Many current efforts in immuno-oncology are focused on restoring immunosurveillance, largely by blocking adenosine-producing enzymes in the tumour microenvironment (TME) and adenosine receptors on immune cells either alone or combined with chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. However, the effects of adenosinergic immunotherapy are not restricted to immune cells; other cells in the TME including cancer and stromal cells are also affected. Here we summarise recent advancements in the understanding of the tumour adenosinergic system and highlight the impact of current and prospective immunomodulatory therapies on other cell types within the TME, focusing on adenosine receptors in tumour cells. In addition, we evaluate the structure- and context-related limitations of targeting this pathway and highlight avenues that could possibly be exploited in future adenosinergic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liang L, Yang LL, Wang W, Ji C, Zhang L, Jia Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Tan J, Sun ZJ, Yuan Q, Tan W. Calcium Phosphate-Reinforced Metal-Organic Frameworks Regulate Adenosine-Mediated Immunosuppression. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102271. [PMID: 34554618 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Long-term accumulation of adenosine (Ado) in tumor tissues helps to establish the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and to promote tumor development. Regulation of Ado metabolism is particularly pivotal for blocking Ado-mediated immunosuppression. The activity of adenosine kinase (ADK) for catalyzing the phosphorylation of Ado plays an essential role in regulating Ado metabolism. Specifically, accumulated Ado in the tumor microenvironment occupies the active site of ADK, inhibiting the phosphorylation of Ado. Phosphate can protect ADK from inactivation and restore the activity of ADK. Herein, calcium phosphate-reinforced iron-based metal-organic frameworks (CaP@Fe-MOFs) are designed to reduce Ado accumulation and to inhibit Ado-mediated immunosuppressive response in the tumor microenvironment. CaP@Fe-MOFs are found to regulate the Ado metabolism by promoting ADK-mediated phosphorylation and relieving the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Moreover, CaP@Fe-MOFs can enhance the antitumor immune response via Ado regulation, including the increase of T lymphocytes and dendritic cells and the decrease of regulatory T lymphocytes. Finally, CaP@Fe-MOFs are used for cancer treatment in mice, alleviating the Ado-mediated immunosuppressive response and achieving tumor suppression. This study may offer a general strategy for blocking the Ado-mediated immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and further for enhancing the immunotherapy efficacy in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lei-Lei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Cailing Ji
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yiyi Jia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yuxia Chen
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xueqiang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Franco V, Bialer M, Perucca E. Cannabidiol in the treatment of epilepsy: Current evidence and perspectives for further research. Neuropharmacology 2021; 185:108442. [PMID: 33347884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD) in seizure disorders has been known for many years, but it is only in the last decade that major progress has been made in characterizing its preclinical and clinical properties as an antiseizure medication. The mechanisms responsible for protection against seizures are not fully understood, but they are likely to be multifactorial and to include, among others, antagonism of G protein-coupled receptor, desensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channels, potentiation of adenosine-mediated signaling, and enhancement of GABAergic transmission. CBD has a low and highly variable oral bioavailability, and can be a victim and perpetrator of many drug-drug interactions. A pharmaceutical-grade formulation of purified CBD derived from Cannabis sativa has been evaluated in several randomized placebo-controlled adjunctive-therapy trials, which resulted in its regulatory approval for the treatment of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and tuberous sclerosis complex. Interpretation of results of these trials, however, has been complicated by the occurrence of an interaction with clobazam, which leads to a prominent increase in the plasma concentration of the active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam in CBD-treated patients. Despite impressive advances, significant gaps in knowledge still remain. Areas that require further investigation include the mechanisms underlying the antiseizure activity of CBD in different syndromes, its pharmacokinetic profile in infants and children, potential relationships between plasma drug concentration and clinical response, interactions with other co-administered medications, potential efficacy in other epilepsy syndromes, and magnitude of antiseizure effects independent from interactions with clobazam. This article is part of the special issue on 'Cannabinoids'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Franco
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia and IRCCS Mondino Foundation (member of the ERN EpiCARE), Pavia, Italy
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel and David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia and IRCCS Mondino Foundation (member of the ERN EpiCARE), Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Magni G, Ceruti S. Adenosine Signaling in Autoimmune Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090260. [PMID: 32971792 PMCID: PMC7558305 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular components of the purinergic system (i.e., receptors, metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters) are widely expressed in the cells of the immune system. Additionally, high concentrations of adenosine are generated from the hydrolysis of ATP in any "danger" condition, when oxygen and energy availability dramatically drops. Therefore, adenosine acts as a retaliatory metabolite to counteract the nucleotide-mediated boost of the immune reaction. Based on this observation, it can be foreseen that the recruitment with selective agonists of the receptors involved in the immunomodulatory effect of adenosine might represent an innovative anti-inflammatory approach with potential exploitation in autoimmune disorders. Quite surprisingly, pro-inflammatory activity exerted by some adenosine receptors has been also identified, thus paving the way for the hypothesis that at least some autoimmune disorders may be caused by a derailment of adenosine signaling. In this review article, we provide a general overview of the roles played by adenosine on immune cells with a specific focus on the development of adenosine-based therapies for autoimmune disorders, as demonstrated by the exciting data from concluded and ongoing clinical trials.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gratal P, Lamuedra A, Medina JP, Bermejo-Álvarez I, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G, Mediero A. Purinergic System Signaling in Metainflammation-Associated Osteoarthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:506. [PMID: 32984382 PMCID: PMC7485330 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation triggered by metabolic imbalance, also called metainflammation, is low-grade inflammation caused by the components involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS), including central obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. This phenomenon is mainly due to excess nutrients and energy, and it contributes to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is characterized by the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, which suffers erosion and progressively becomes thinner. Purinergic signaling is involved in several physiological and pathological processes, such as cell proliferation in development and tissue regeneration, neurotransmission and inflammation. Adenosine and ATP receptors, and other members of the signaling pathway, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), are involved in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and OA progression. In this review, we focus on purinergic regulation in osteoarthritic cartilage and how different components of MetS, such as obesity and T2D, modulate the purinergic system in OA. In that regard, we describe the critical role in this disease of receptors, such as adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and ATP P2X7 receptor. Finally, we also assess how nucleotides regulate the inflammasome in OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gratal
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lamuedra
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Medina
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Largo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Mediero
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|