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Tiwari S, Basnet N, Choi JW. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 Plays a Pathogenic Role in Permanent Brain Ischemic Stroke by Modulating Neuroinflammatory Responses. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:319-328. [PMID: 38627097 PMCID: PMC11063482 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2024.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) plays a critical role in brain injury following a transient brain ischemic stroke. However, its role in permanent brain ischemic stroke remains unknown. To address this, we investigated whether LPA1 could contribute to brain injury of mice challenged by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). A selective LPA1 antagonist (AM152) was used as a pharmacological tool for this investigation. When AM152 was given to pMCAO-challenged mice one hour after occlusion, pMCAO-induced brain damage such as brain infarction, functional neurological deficits, apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier disruption was significantly attenuated. Histological analyses demonstrated that AM152 administration attenuated microglial activation and proliferation in injured brain after pMCAO challenge. AM152 administration also attenuated abnormal neuroinflammatory responses by decreasing expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the injured brain. As underlying effector pathways, NF-κB, MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38, and JNKs), and PI3K/Akt were found to be involved in LPA1-dependent pathogenesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that LPA1 can contribute to brain injury by permanent ischemic stroke, along with relevant pathogenic events in an injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Tiwari
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikita Basnet
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Wang C, Li N, Feng Y, Sun S, Rong J, Xie XH, Xu S, Liu Z. Effects of autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid deficiencies on depression-like behaviors in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 30:100632. [PMID: 38601361 PMCID: PMC11004986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of lipids in the mechanism of depression has triggered extensive discussions. Earlier studies have identified diminished levels of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and autotaxin (ATX) in individuals experiencing depression. However, the exact significance of this phenomenon in relation to depression remains inconclusive. This study seeks to explore the deeper implications of these observations. We assessed alterations in ATX and LPA in both the control group and the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model group. Additionally, the impact of ATX adeno-associated virus (AAV-ATX) injection into the hippocampus was validated through behavioral tests in CUMS-exposed mice. Furthermore, we probed the effects of LPA on synapse-associated proteins both in HT22 cells and within the mouse hippocampus. The mechanisms underpinning the LPA-triggered shifts in protein expression were further scrutinized. Hippocampal tissues were augmented with ATX to assess its potential to alleviate depression-like behavior by modulating synaptic-related proteins. Our findings suggest that the decrement in ATX and LPA levels alters the expression of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity in vitro and in vivo, such as synapsin-I (SYN), synaptophysin (SYP), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, we discerned a role for the ERK/CREB signaling pathway in mediating the effects of ATX and LPA. Importantly, strategic supplementation of ATX effectively mitigated depression-like behaviors. This study indicates that the ATX-LPA pathway may influence depression-like behaviors by modulating synaptic plasticity in the brains of CUMS-exposed mice. These insights augment our understanding of depression's potential pathogenic mechanism in the context of lipid metabolism and propose promising therapeutic strategies for ameliorating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ningyuan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Siqi Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jingtong Rong
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xin-hui Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shuxian Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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Xu H, Dong J, Li Y, Zhang L, Yin J, Zhu C, Wang X, Ren K, Zhang H, Zhao D. Neuritin has a neuroprotective role in the rat model of acute ischemia stroke by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:107391. [PMID: 37832268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored the anti-inflammatory, anti-neuronal apoptosis, and neuroprotective effects of Neuritin in rat models of acute ischemia stroke (AIS). METHODS AIS was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats were divided into sham, MCAO, MCAO+neuritin, MCAO + neuritin + PBS, MCAO + neuritin+MCC950, and MCAO + neuritin + MSU groups. Neurological score assessment, brain water content measurement, HE staining, TTC staining, TUNEL staining, ELISA, and Western blot were performed. RESULTS Neuritin significantly improved the neurobehavioral score, infarct size, brain water content, apoptosis, and neuroinflammatory response compared with the MCAO and MCAO + PBS groups within 24 h after AIS. Moreover, Neuritin inhibited the protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasome, and reduced the expression of IL-18 and IL-1B, thereby reducing the inflammatory response. Meanwhile, the neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis effects of Neuritin were enhanced by MCC950 but partly counteracted by MSU. CONCLUSION Neuritin may reduce brain injury after AIS by inhibiting the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and then inhibiting the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jiangtao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neuromedicine, Beitun Hospital, the Tenth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Beitun 836000, China
| | - Jiangwen Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Kunhao Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
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Dacheux MA, Norman DD, Tigyi GJ, Lee SC. Emerging roles of lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtype 5 (LPAR5) in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108414. [PMID: 37061203 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator that regulates a variety of cellular functions such as cell proliferation, migration, survival, calcium mobilization, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and neurite retraction. The biological actions of LPA are mediated by at least six G protein-coupled receptors known as LPAR1-6. Given that LPAR1-3 were among the first LPARs identified, the majority of research efforts have focused on understanding their biology. This review provides an in-depth discussion of LPAR5, which has recently emerged as a key player in regulating normal intestinal homeostasis and modulating pathological conditions such as pain, itch, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. We also present a chronological overview of the efforts made to develop compounds that target LPAR5 for use as tool compounds to probe or validate LPAR5 biology and therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie A Dacheux
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Gábor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America.
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Joshi L, Plastira I, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Koshenov Z, Graier WF, Vujic N, Kratky D, Rivera R, Chun J, Sattler W. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5 (LPA 5) Knockout Ameliorates the Neuroinflammatory Response In Vivo and Modifies the Inflammatory and Metabolic Landscape of Primary Microglia In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071071. [PMID: 35406635 PMCID: PMC8998093 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation induces alterations in the finely tuned micromilieu of the brain that is continuously monitored by microglia. In the CNS, these changes include increased synthesis of the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a ligand for the six members of the LPA receptor family (LPA1-6). In mouse and human microglia, LPA5 belongs to a set of receptors that cooperatively detect danger signals in the brain. Engagement of LPA5 by LPA polarizes microglia toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, we studied the consequences of global LPA5 knockout (-/-) on neuroinflammatory parameters in a mouse endotoxemia model and in primary microglia exposed to LPA in vitro. A single endotoxin injection (5 mg/kg body weight) resulted in lower circulating concentrations of TNFα and IL-1β and significantly reduced gene expression of IL-6 and CXCL2 in the brain of LPS-injected LPA5-/- mice. LPA5 deficiency improved sickness behavior and energy deficits produced by low-dose (1.4 mg LPS/kg body weight) chronic LPS treatment. LPA5-/- microglia secreted lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory cyto-/chemokines in response to LPA and showed higher maximal mitochondrial respiration under basal and LPA-activated conditions, further accompanied by lower lactate release, decreased NADPH and GSH synthesis, and inhibited NO production. Collectively, our data suggest that LPA5 promotes neuroinflammation by transmiting pro-inflammatory signals during endotoxemia through microglial activation induced by LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Joshi
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Helga Reicher
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Zhanat Koshenov
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Wolfgang F. Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Rivera
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (R.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Jerold Chun
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (R.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-71950
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Sapkota A, Choi JW. Oleanolic Acid Provides Neuroprotection against Ischemic Stroke through the Inhibition of Microglial Activation and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:55-63. [PMID: 34873072 PMCID: PMC8724842 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, has been reported to exert protective effects against several neurological diseases through its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of OA against acute and chronic brain injuries after ischemic stroke using a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO, MCAO/reperfusion). OA administration immediately after reperfusion significantly attenuated acute brain injuries including brain infarction, functional neurological deficits, and neuronal apoptosis. Moreover, delayed administration of OA (at 3 h after reperfusion) attenuated brain infarction and improved functional neurological deficits during the acute phase. Such neuroprotective effects were associated with attenuation of microglial activation and lipid peroxidation in the injured brain after the tMCAO challenge. OA also attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in activated microglia during the acute phase. In addition, daily administration of OA for 7 days starting from either immediately after reperfusion or 1 day after reperfusion significantly improved functional neurological deficits and attenuated brain tissue loss up to 21 days after the tMCAO challenge; these findings supported therapeutic effects of OA against ischemic stroke-induced chronic brain injury. Together, these findings showed that OA exerted neuroprotective effects against both acute and chronic brain injuries after tMCAO challenge, suggesting that OA is a potential therapeutic agent to treat ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sapkota
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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7
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Zhang X, Huang T, Lang L, Yu L. Effects of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 on NLRC4 inflammasome in brain tissues of transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221078870. [PMID: 35230166 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221078870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore whether LPA5 was involved in the inflammatory responses in CI/R injury by regulation of NLRC4. METHOD The cerebral I/R model in rats was constructed with ischemia of 2h and different time points of reperfusion. After that, western blot was used to determine protein expression (LPA5, NLRC4, AIM2, caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, mature IL-1β, and precursor IL-1β). And LPA5 and NLRC4 expression were also detected by using immunofluorescence experiment. Afterward, two sequence of LPA5-siRNA were injected into rats via intracerebroventricular administration. TTC staining and HE staining were performed. RESULT As the reperfusion time was prolonged, LPA5 content was continuously increased, and the highest expression of NLRC4 was found at 4h of reperfusion. And protein expression of AIM2, cleaved-caspase-1, and mature IL-1β was also at highest level at 4h. And after reperfusion of 4h, LPA5 siRNA1# or 2# was injected into lateral ventricles. LPA5 silence markedly reduced the infract volume and improved the histological change of ischemic zone. And LPA5 silence significantly downregulated NLRC4, AIM2, and the ratio of cleaved-caspase-1/caspase-1 and mature IL-1β/precursor IL-1β. And compared with LPA5-siRNA2#, LPA5-siRNA1# exerted a more significant effect. CONCLUSION Low expression of LPA5 can protect against the inflammatory responses in CI/R model of rats through inhibiting NLRC4 inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Neurology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Lubo Lang
- Department of Neurology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Neurology, 519688Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
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Sun Y, Wang J, Han B, Meng K, Han Y, Ding Y. Elucidating the Molecular Mechanism of Ischemic Stroke Using Integrated Analysis of miRNA, mRNA, and lncRNA Expression Profiles. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:638114. [PMID: 34483854 PMCID: PMC8415716 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.638114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms associated with ischemic stroke through the construction of a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. miRNA expression profile in GSE55937, mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles in GSE122709, and mRNA expression profile in GSE146882 were downloaded from the NCBI GEO database. After the identification of the differentially expressed miRNA, lncRNA, and mRNA using GSE55937 and GSE122709 in ischemic stroke vs. control groups, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. The lncRNA-miRNA, lncRNA-mRNA, and miRNA-mRNA pairs were predicted, and a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed. Additionally, the gene-drug interactions were predicted. Characteristic genes were used to construct a support vector machine (SVM) model and verified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In total 38 miRNAs, 115 lncRNAs, and 990 mRNAs were identified between ischemic stroke and control groups. A PPI network with 371 nodes and 2306 interaction relationships was constructed. The constructed lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network contained 7 mRNAs, 14 lncRNAs, such as SND1-IT1, NAPA-AS1, LINC01001, LUCAT1, and ASAP1-IT2, and 8 miRNAs, such as miR-93-3p and miR-24-3p. The drug action analysis of the seven differential mRNAs included in the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network showed that four genes (GPR17, ADORA1, OPRM1 and LPAR3) were predicted as molecular targets of drugs. The area under the curve of the constructed SVM model was 0.886. The verification results of the relative expression of RNA by qRT-PCR were consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis. LPAR3, ADORA1, GPR17, and OPRM1 may serve as therapeutic targets of ischemic stroke. lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axis such as SND1-IT1/NAPA-AS1/LINC01001-miR-24-3p-LPAR3/ADORA1 and LUCAT1/ASAP1-IT2-miR-93-3p-GPR17 may play important roles in the progression of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kun Meng
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yongxia Ding
- College of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Joshi L, Plastira I, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Triebl A, Köfeler HC, Sattler W. Inhibition of Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5 Attenuates Neuroinflammation in LPS-Activated BV-2 Microglia and a Mouse Endotoxemia Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168519. [PMID: 34445223 PMCID: PMC8395174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that systemic inflammation triggers a neuroinflammatory response that involves sustained microglia activation. This response has deleterious consequences on memory and learning capability in experimental animal models and in patients. However, the mechanisms connecting systemic inflammation and microglia activation remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the autotaxin (ATX)/lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)/LPA-receptor axis as a potential pharmacological target to modulate the LPS-mediated neuroinflammatory response in vitro (the murine BV-2 microglia cell line) and in vivo (C57BL/6J mice receiving a single i.p. LPS injection). In LPS-stimulated (20 ng/mL) BV-2 cells, we observed increased phosphorylation of transcription factors (STAT1, p65, and c-Jun) that are known to induce a proinflammatory microglia phenotype. LPS upregulated ATX, TLR4, and COX2 expression, amplified NO production, increased neurotoxicity of microglia conditioned medium, and augmented cyto-/chemokine concentrations in the cellular supernatants. PF8380 (a type I ATX inhibitor, used at 10 and 1 µM) and AS2717638 (an LPA5 antagonist, used at 1 and 0.1 µM) attenuated these proinflammatory responses, at non-toxic concentrations, in BV-2 cells. In vivo, we demonstrate accumulation of PF8380 in the mouse brain and an accompanying decrease in LPA concentrations. In vivo, co-injection of LPS (5 mg/kg body weight) and PF8380 (30 mg/kg body weight), or LPS/AS2717638 (10 mg/kg body weight), significantly attenuated LPS-induced iNOS, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL2 mRNA expression in the mouse brain. On the protein level, PF8380 and AS2717638 significantly reduced TLR4, Iba1, GFAP and COX2 expression, as compared to LPS-only injected animals. In terms of the communication between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, both inhibitors significantly attenuated LPS-mediated systemic TNFα and IL-6 synthesis, while IL-1β was only reduced by PF8380. Inhibition of ATX and LPA5 may thus provide an opportunity to protect the brain from the toxic effects that are provoked by systemic endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Joshi
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Helga Reicher
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.)
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.T.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Harald C. Köfeler
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.T.); (H.C.K.)
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.)
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-71950
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Liu Y, Li X, Li T, Li B, Wang Z, Gan J, Wei B. A deep semantic segmentation correction network for multi-model tiny lesion areas detection. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2021; 21:89. [PMID: 34330249 PMCID: PMC8323231 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-021-01430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Semantic segmentation of white matter hyperintensities related to focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) and lacunar infarction (LACI) is of significant importance for the automatic screening of tiny cerebral lesions and early prevention of LACI. However, existing studies on brain magnetic resonance imaging lesion segmentation focus on large lesions with obvious features, such as glioma and acute cerebral infarction. Owing to the multi-model tiny lesion areas of FCI and LACI, reliable and precise segmentation and/or detection of these lesion areas is still a significant challenge task. Methods We propose a novel segmentation correction algorithm for estimating the lesion areas via segmentation and correction processes, in which we design two sub-models simultaneously: a segmentation network and a correction network. The segmentation network was first used to extract and segment diseased areas on T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Consequently, the correction network was used to classify these areas at the corresponding locations on T1 FLAIR images to distinguish between FCI and LACI. Finally, the results of the correction network were used to correct the segmentation results and achieve segmentation and recognition of the lesion areas. Results In our experiment on magnetic resonance images of 113 clinical patients, our method achieved a precision of 91.76% for detection and 92.89% for classification, indicating a powerful method to distinguish between small lesions, such as FCI and LACI. Conclusions Overall, we developed a complete method for segmentation and detection of WMHs related to FCI and LACI. The experimental results show that it has potential clinical application potential. In the future, we will collect more clinical data and test more types of tiny lesions at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, 266112, China.,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, 266112, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, 266112, China.,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, 266112, China.,College of Intelligence and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Tianyang Li
- Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, 266112, China.,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, 266112, China
| | - Bin Li
- Radiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Zhensong Wang
- Radiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Jie Gan
- Radiology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Benzheng Wei
- Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, 266112, China. .,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, 266112, China.
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11
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Critical Roles of Lysophospholipid Receptors in Activation of Neuroglia and Their Neuroinflammatory Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157864. [PMID: 34360625 PMCID: PMC8346064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia and/or astrocytes often releases proinflammatory molecules as critical pathogenic mediators that can promote neuroinflammation and secondary brain damages in diverse diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, controlling the activation of glial cells and their neuroinflammatory responses has been considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating neuroinflammatory diseases. Recently, receptor-mediated lysophospholipid signaling, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor- and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor-mediated signaling in particular, has drawn scientific interest because of its critical roles in pathogenies of diverse neurological diseases such as neuropathic pain, systemic sclerosis, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, hydrocephalus, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Activation of microglia and/or astrocytes is a common pathogenic event shared by most of these CNS disorders, indicating that lysophospholipid receptors could influence glial activation. In fact, many studies have reported that several S1P and LPA receptors can influence glial activation during the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and multiple sclerosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework about the roles of S1P and LPA receptors in the activation of microglia and/or astrocytes and their neuroinflammatory responses in CNS diseases.
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12
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Hammond BP, Manek R, Kerr BJ, Macauley MS, Plemel JR. Regulation of microglia population dynamics throughout development, health, and disease. Glia 2021; 69:2771-2797. [PMID: 34115410 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic expansions and contractions of the microglia population in the central nervous system (CNS) to achieve homeostasis are likely vital for their function. Microglia respond to injury or disease but also help guide neurodevelopment, modulate neural circuitry throughout life, and direct regeneration. Throughout these processes, microglia density changes, as does the volume of area that each microglia surveys. Given that microglia are responsible for sensing subtle alterations to their environment, a change in their density could affect their capacity to mobilize rapidly. In this review, we attempt to synthesize the current literature on the ligands and conditions that promote microglial proliferation across development, adulthood, and neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia display an impressive proliferative capacity during development and in neurodegenerative diseases that is almost completely absent at homeostasis. However, the appropriate function of microglia in each state is critically dependent on density fluctuations that are primarily induced by proliferation. Proliferation is a natural microglial response to insult and often serves neuroprotective functions. In contrast, inappropriate microglial proliferation, whether too much or too little, often precipitates undesirable consequences for nervous system health. Thus, fluctuations in the microglia population are tightly regulated to ensure these immune cells can execute their diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady P Hammond
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupali Manek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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13
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David S, López-Vales R. Bioactive Lipid Mediators in the Initiation and Resolution of Inflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2021; 466:273-297. [PMID: 33951502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature of the response to CNS trauma. It is also an important hallmark of various neurodegenerative diseases in which inflammation contributes to the progression of pathology. Inflammation in the CNS can contribute to secondary damage and is therefore an excellent therapeutic target for a range of neurological conditions. Inflammation in the nervous system is complex and varies in its fine details in different conditions. It involves a wide variety of secreted factors such as chemokines and cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and different cell types that include resident cell of the CNS, as well as immune cells recruited from the peripheral circulation. Added to this complexity is the fact that some aspects of inflammation are beneficial, while other aspects can induce secondary damage in the acute, subacute and chronic phases. Understanding these aspects of the inflammatory profile is essential for developing effective therapies. Bioactive lipids constitute a large group of molecules that modulate the initiation and the resolution of inflammation. Dysregulation of these bioactive lipid pathways can lead to excessive acute inflammation, and failure to resolve this by specialized pro-resolution lipid mediators can lead to the development of chronic inflammation. The focus of this review is to discuss the effects of bioactive lipids in spinal cord trauma and their potential for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, BRaIN Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Rubén López-Vales
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Inmunologia, Institut de Neurociències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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14
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Sapkota A, Park SJ, Choi JW. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Is Involved in LPA 5-Mediated Brain Damage after a Transient Ischemic Stroke. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020080. [PMID: 33499230 PMCID: PMC7910825 DOI: 10.3390/life11020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 (LPA5) has been recently identified as a novel pathogenic factor for brain ischemic stroke. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we determined whether the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) could be involved in LPA5-mediated brain injuries after ischemic challenge using a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). RAGE was upregulated in the penumbra and ischemic core regions after tMCAO challenge. RAGE upregulation was greater at 3 days than that at 1 day after tMCAO challenge. It was mostly observed in Iba1-immunopositive cells of a post-ischemic brain. Suppressing LPA5 activity with its antagonist, TCLPA5, attenuated RAGE upregulation in the penumbra and ischemic core regions, particularly on Iba1-immunopositive cells, of injured brains after tMCAO challenge. It also attenuated blood–brain barrier disruption, one of the core pathogenesis upon RAGE activation, after tMCAO challenge. As an underlying signaling pathways, LPA5 could contribute to the activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB in injured brains after tMCAO challenge. Collectively, the current study suggests that RAGE is a possible mediator for LPA5-dependent ischemic brain injury.
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15
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Lee CH, Sapkota A, Gaire BP, Choi JW. NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Is Involved in LPA 1-Mediated Brain Injury after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228595. [PMID: 33202644 PMCID: PMC7697439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) contributes to brain injury following transient focal cerebral ischemia. However, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation might be an underlying mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of brain injury associated with LPA1 following ischemic challenge with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Suppressing LPA1 activity by its antagonist attenuated NLRP3 upregulation in the penumbra and ischemic core regions, particularly in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-expressing cells like macrophages of mouse after tMCAO challenge. It also suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation, such as caspase-1 activation, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) maturation, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) speck formation, in a post-ischemic brain. The role of LPA1 in NLRP3 inflammasome activation was confirmed in vitro using lipopolysaccharide-primed bone marrow-derived macrophages, followed by LPA exposure. Suppressing LPA1 activity by either pharmacological antagonism or genetic knockdown attenuated NLRP3 upregulation, caspase-1 activation, IL-1β maturation, and IL-1β secretion in these cells. Furthermore, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p38 were found to be LPA1-dependent effector pathways in these cells. Collectively, results of the current study first demonstrate that LPA1 could contribute to ischemic brain injury by activating NLRP3 inflammasome with underlying effector mechanisms.
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16
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Gaire BP, Sapkota A, Choi JW. BMS-986020, a Specific LPA 1 Antagonist, Provides Neuroprotection against Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111097. [PMID: 33171697 PMCID: PMC7695306 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death. Stroke survivors often suffer from long-term functional disability. This study demonstrated neuroprotective effects of BMS-986020 (BMS), a selective lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) antagonist under clinical trials for lung fibrosis and psoriasis, against both acute and sub-acute injuries after ischemic stroke by employing a mouse model with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). BMS administration immediately after reperfusion significantly attenuated acute brain injuries including brain infarction, neurological deficits, and cell apoptosis at day 1 after tMCAO. Neuroprotective effects of BMS were preserved even when administered at 3 h after reperfusion. Neuroprotection by BMS against acute injuries was associated with attenuation of microglial activation and lipid peroxidation in post-ischemic brains. Notably, repeated BMS administration daily for 14 days after tMCAO exerted long-term neuroprotection in tMCAO-challenged mice, as evidenced by significantly attenuated neurological deficits and improved survival rate. It also attenuated brain tissue loss and cell apoptosis in post-ischemic brains. Mechanistically, it significantly enhanced neurogenesis and angiogenesis in injured brains. A single administration of BMS provided similar long-term neuroprotection except survival rate. Collectively, BMS provided neuroprotection against both acute and sub-acute injuries of ischemic stroke, indicating that BMS might be an appealing therapeutic agent to treat ischemic stroke.
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17
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Birgbauer E. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signalling in Nervous System Development and Function. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:68-85. [PMID: 33151452 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One class of molecules that are now coming to be recognized as essential for our understanding of the nervous system are the lysophospholipids. One of the major signaling lysophospholipids is lysophosphatidic acid, also known as LPA. LPA activates a variety of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) leading to a multitude of physiological responses. In this review, I describe our current understanding of the role of LPA and LPA receptor signaling in the development and function of the nervous system, especially the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, I highlight how aberrant LPA receptor signaling may underlie neuropathological conditions, with important clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Birgbauer
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, USA.
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18
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Sapkota A, Park SJ, Choi JW. Inhibition of LPA 5 Activity Provides Long-Term Neuroprotection in Mice with Brain Ischemic Stroke. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:512-518. [PMID: 33024060 PMCID: PMC7585638 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in ischemic survivors who are suffering from motor, cognitive, and memory impairment. Previously, we have reported suppressing LPA5 activity with its specific antagonist can attenuate acute brain injuries after ischemic stroke. However, it is unclear whether suppressing LPA5 activity can also attenuate chronic brain injuries after ischemic stroke. Here, we explored whether effects of LPA5 antagonist, TCLPA5, could persist a longer time after brain ischemic stroke using a mouse model challenged with tMCAO. TCLPA5 was administered to mice every day for 3 days, starting from the time immediately after reperfusion. TCLPA5 administration improved neurological function up to 21 days after tMCAO challenge. It also reduced brain tissue loss and cell apoptosis in mice at 21 days after tMCAO challenge. Such long-term neuroprotection of TCLPA5 was associated with enhanced neurogenesis and angiogenesis in post-ischemic brain, along with upregulated expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. Collectively, results of the current study indicates that suppressing LPA5 activity can provide long-term neuroprotection to mice with brain ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sapkota
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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