Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor CAR

Filling the Blank Space: Branched 4-Nonylphenol Isomers Are Responsible for Robust Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) Activation by Nonylphenol

4-Nonylphenol (4-NP), a para-substituted phenolic compound with a straight or branched carbon chain, is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and food contaminant. 4-NP, particularly the branched form, has been identified as an endocrine disruptor (ED) with potent activities on estrogen receptors. Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) is another crucial nuclear receptor that regulates hepatic lipid, glucose, and steroid metabolism and is involved in the ED mechanism of action. An NP mixture has been described as an extremely potent activator of both human and rodent CAR. However, detailed mechanistic aspects of CAR activation by 4-NP are enigmatic, and it is not known if 4-NP can directly interact with the CAR ligand binding domain (LBD). Here, we examined interactions of individual branched (22NP, 33NP, and 353NP) and linear 4-NPs with CAR variants using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, cellular experiments with various CAR expression constructs, recombinant CAR LBD in a TR-FRET assay, or a differentiated HepaRG hepatocyte cellular model. Our results demonstrate that branched 4-NPs display more stable poses to activate both wild-type CAR1 and CAR3 variant LBDs in MD simulations. Consistently, branched 4-NPs activated CAR3 and CAR1 LBD more efficiently than linear 4-NP. Furthermore, in HepaRG cells, we observed that all 4-NPs upregulated CYP2B6 mRNA, a relevant hallmark for CAR activation. This is the first study to provide detailed insights into the direct interaction between individual 4-NPs and human CAR-LBD, as well as its dominant variant CAR3. The work could contribute to the safer use of individual 4-NPs in many areas of industry.

5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Cell-Free DNA Predicts Immunotherapy Response in Lung Cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) drastically improve therapeutic outcomes for lung cancer, but accurately predicting individual patient responses to ICIs remains a challenge. We performed the genome-wide profiling of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in 85 plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples from lung cancer patients and developed a 5hmC signature that was significantly associated with progression-free survival (PFS). We built a 5hmC predictive model to quantify the 5hmC level and validated the model in the validation, test, and control sets. Low weighted predictive scores (wp-scores) were significantly associated with a longer PFS compared to high wp-scores in the validation [median 7.6 versus 1.8 months; p = 0.0012; hazard ratio (HR) 0.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.03-0.54] and test (median 14.9 versus 3.3 months; p = 0.00074; HR 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02-0.50) sets. Objective response rates in patients with a low or high wp-score were 75.0% (95% CI, 42.8-94.5%) versus 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0-60.2%) in the validation set (p = 0.019) and 80.0% (95% CI, 44.4-97.5%) versus 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0-36.9%) in the test set (p = 0.0011). The wp-scores were also significantly associated with PFS in patients receiving single-agent ICI treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, the 5hmC predictive signature demonstrated superior predictive capability to tumor programmed death-ligand 1 and specificity to ICI treatment response prediction. Moreover, we identified novel 5hmC-associated genes and signaling pathways integral to ICI treatment response in lung cancer. This study provides proof-of-concept evidence that the cfDNA 5hmC signature is a robust biomarker for predicting ICI treatment response in lung cancer.

Effects of short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on human cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes and human hepatocytes: An in vitro study

Short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been developed as alternatives to legacy long-chain PFAS, but they may still pose risks due to their potential to interact with biomolecules. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are essential for xenobiotic metabolism, and disruptions of these enzymes by PFAS can have significant human health implications. The inhibitory potential of two legacy long-chain (PFOA and PFOS) and five short-chain alternative PFAS (PFBS, PFHxA, HFPO-DA, PFHxS, and 6:2 FTOH) were assessed in recombinant CYP1A2, - 2B6, -2C19, -2E1, and -3A4 enzymes. Most of the short-chain PFAS, except for PFHxS, tested did not result in significant inhibition up to 100 μM. PFOS inhibited recombinant CYP1A2, -2B6, -2C19, and -3A4 enzymes. However, concentrations where inhibition occurred, were all higher than the averages reported in population biomonitoring studies, with IC50 values higher than 10 µM. We also evaluated the activities of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in HepaRG monolayers following 48 h exposures of the short-chain PFAS at two concentrations (1 nM or 1 µM) and with or without an inducer (benzo[a]pyrene, BaP, for CYP1A2 and rifampicin for CYP3A4). Our findings suggest that both 1 nM and 1 µM exposures to short-chain PFAS can modulate the CYP1A2 activity induced by BaP. Except for PFHxS, the short-chain PFAS appear to have little effect on CYP3A4 activity. Understanding the effects of PFAS exposure on biotransformation can shed light on the mechanisms of PFAS toxicity and aid in developing effective strategies for managing chemical risks, enabling regulators to make more informed decisions.

Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, pesticides, and diabetes in the Anniston Community Health Survey follow-up (ACHS II): single exposure and mixture analysis approaches

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds measurements were added to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides to expand the exposure profile in a follow-up to the Anniston Community Health Survey (ACHS II, 2014) and to study diabetes associations. Participants of ACHS I (2005-2007) still living within the study area were eligible to participate in ACHS II. Diabetes status (type-2) was determined by a doctor's diagnosis, fasting glucose ≥125 mg/dL, or being on any glycemic control medication. Incident diabetes cases were identified in ACHS II among those who did not have diabetes in ACHS I, using the same criteria. Thirty-five ortho-substituted PCBs, 6 pesticides, 7 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), 10 furans (PCDF), and 3 non-ortho PCBs were measured in 338 ACHS II participants. Dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQs) were calculated for all dioxin-like compounds. Main analyses used logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). In models adjusted for age, race, sex, BMI, total lipids, family history of diabetes, and taking lipid lowering medication, the highest ORs for diabetes were observed for PCDD TEQ: 3.61 (95 % CI: 1.04, 12.46), dichloro-diphenyl dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE): 2.07 (95 % CI 1.08, 3.97), and trans-Nonachlor: 2.55 (95 % CI 0.93, 7.02). The OR for sum 35 PCBs was 1.22 (95 % CI: 0.58-2.57). To complement the main analyses, we used BKMR and g-computation models to evaluate 12 mixture components including 4 TEQs, 2 PCB subsets and 6 pesticides; suggestive positive associations for the joint effect of the mixture analyses resulted in ORs of 1.40 (95% CI: -1.13, 3.93) for BKMR and 1.32 (95% CI: -1.12, 3.76) for g-computation. The mixture analyses provide further support to previously observed associations of trans-Nonachlor, p,p'- DDE, PCDD TEQ and some PCB groups with diabetes.

Hepatic Energy Metabolism under the Local Control of the Thyroid Hormone System

The energy homeostasis of the organism is orchestrated by a complex interplay of energy substrate shuttling, breakdown, storage, and distribution. Many of these processes are interconnected via the liver. Thyroid hormones (TH) are well known to provide signals for the regulation of energy homeostasis through direct gene regulation via their nuclear receptors acting as transcription factors. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the effects of nutritional intervention like fasting and diets on the TH system. In parallel, we detail direct effects of TH in liver metabolic pathways with regards to glucose, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism. This overview on hepatic effects of TH provides the basis for understanding the complex regulatory network and its translational potential with regards to currently discussed treatment options of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) involving TH mimetics.

The Function of Xenobiotic Receptors in Metabolic Diseases

Metabolic diseases are a series of metabolic disorders that include obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The increased prevalence of metabolic diseases has resulted in higher mortality and mobility rates over the past decades, and this has led to extensive research focusing on the underlying mechanisms. Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) are a series of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors that regulate their downstream target genes expression, thus defending the body from xenobiotic and endotoxin attacks. XR activation is associated with the development of a number of metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, thus suggesting an important role for XRs in modulating metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of XRs in the context of metabolic disorders under different nutrient conditions is complex and remains controversial. This review summarizes the effects of XRs on different metabolic components (cholesterol, lipids, glucose, and bile acids) in different tissues during metabolic diseases. As chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of metabolic diseases, we also discuss the impact of XRs on inflammation to comprehensively recognize the role of XRs in metabolic diseases. This will provide new ideas for treating metabolic diseases by targeting XRs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review outlines the current understanding of xenobiotic receptors on nutrient metabolism and inflammation during metabolic diseases. This work also highlights the gaps in this field, which can be used to direct the future investigations on metabolic diseases treatment by targeting xenobiotic receptors.

Multi-omics responses in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings from the Maumee Area of Concern, Maumee River, Ohio

A multi-omics approach was utilized to identify altered biological responses and functions, and to prioritize contaminants to assess the risks of chemical mixtures in the Maumee Area of Concern (AOC), Maumee River, OH, USA. The Maumee AOC is designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as having significant beneficial use impairments, including degradation of fish and wildlife populations, bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems, and loss of fish and wildlife habitat. Tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings were collected at five sites along the Maumee River, which included wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and industrial land-use sites. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo p dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and chlorinated pesticide concentrations were elevated in Maumee tree swallows, relative to a remote reference site, Star Lake, WI, USA. Liver tissue was utilized for non-targeted transcriptome and targeted metabolome evaluation. A significantly differentially expressed gene cluster related to a downregulation in cell growth and cell cycle regulation was identified when comparing all Maumee River sites with the reference site. There was an upregulation of lipogenesis genes, such as PPAR signaling (HMGCS2, SLC22A5), biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (FASN, SCD, ELOVL2, and FADS2), and higher lipogenesis related metabolites, such as docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (AA) at two industrial land-use sites, Ironhead and Maumee, relative to WWTP sites (Perrysburg and SideCut), and the reference site. Toledo Water, in the vicinity of the other two industrial sites and also adjacent to a WWTP, showed a mix of signals between industrial land-use and WWTP land-use. PAHs, oxychlordane, and PBDEs were determined to be the most likely causes of the differentiation in biological responses, including de novo lipogenesis and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.

Combinatorial pathway disruption is a powerful approach to delineate metabolic impacts of endocrine disruptors

The prevalence of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and chronic liver diseases among others, has been rising for several years. Epidemiology and mechanistic (in vivo, in vitro and in silico) toxicology have recently provided compelling evidence implicating the chemical environment in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In this review, we will describe the biological processes that contribute to the development of metabolic diseases targeted by metabolic disruptors, and will propose an integrated pathophysiological vision of their effects on several organs. With regard to these pathomechanisms, we will discuss the needs, and the stakes of evolving the testing and assessment of endocrine disruptors to improve the prevention and management of metabolic diseases that have become a global epidemic since the end of last century.

Associations between polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in adipose tissues and blood lipids in women of Shantou, China

Animal studies have indicated that exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) during development can permanently affect blood/liver lipid balance. However, no epidemiological study has assessed the relationship between PBDEs in adipose tissues and blood lipid metabolism. In this study, we explored the associations between PBDEs levels in female adipose tissues and lipid profiles. We recruited 150 female patients undergoing plastic surgery from hospital in Shantou, China, collected their characteristics, clinical information, and adipose tissue samples. Fourteen PBDE congeners in adipose tissues were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to explore the relationships between PBDEs and lipid profiles, while restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to evaluate the nonlinearity of mixtures. Median levels of ΣPBDEs and dominant congeners BDE-153, -209, and -183 in adipose tissues were 73.91, 26.12, 14.10 and 9.01 ng/g lipid, respectively. In the multiple linear model, BDE-153 and BDE-209 were negatively associated with triglycerides (TG), similarly for BDE-190 and total cholesterol (TC). While in the adjusted logistic models, BDE-138 was negatively associated with TC (OR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.58, 0.99) and total lipids (TL) (OR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.58, 0.99). Diastolic blood pressure was positively correlated with BDE-28 and BDE-71 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a non-linear relationship was observed in BDE-138 and blood lipid levels using a RCS model (P_nonlinearity<0.05). BKMR analysis indicated that with the cumulative levels across PBDEs increased, the health risks of hypertriglyceridemia gradually rebounded, and the health risks of hypercholesterolemia and high total lipid gradually rebounded and then declined, but without statistical significance. PBDEs pollution was still prevalent in Shantou city, and several PBDE congeners were significant risk factors for dyslipidemia and blood pressure alteration. There exist deleterious effects of PBDEs and blood lipids.

Membrane Hormone Receptors and Their Signaling Pathways as Targets for Endocrine Disruptors

The endocrine disruptors are mostly small organic molecules developed for numerous and very diverse industrial applications. They essentially act through nuclear receptors with small and hydrophobic endogenous ligands. Nevertheless, potential adverse effects through membrane hormone receptors cannot be ruled out, and have indeed been observed. The present paper reviews how orthosteric and allosteric binding sites of the different families of membrane receptors can be targets for man-made hydrophobic molecules (components of plastics, paints, flame retardants, herbicides, pesticides, etc.). We also review potential target proteins for such small hydrophobic molecules downstream of membrane receptors at the level of their intracellular signaling pathways. From the currently available information, although endocrine disruptors primarily affect nuclear receptors’ signaling, membrane receptors for hormones, cytokines, neuro-mediators, and growth factors can be affected as well and deserve attention.

Impact of neonatal activation of nuclear receptor CAR (Nr1i3) on Cyp2 gene expression in adult mouse liver

Perinatal exposure to environmental chemicals is proposed to reprogram development and alter disease susceptibility later in life. Supporting this, neonatal activation of the nuclear receptor CAR (Nr1i3) by TCPOBOP induces persistent expression of mouse hepatic Cyp2 genes into adulthood, attributed to long-term epigenetic memory of the early life exposure [Hepatology (2012) 56:1499-1509]. Here, we confirm that the same high-dose (15x ED50) neonatal TCPOBOP exposure used in that work induces prolonged (12 weeks) increases in hepatic Cyp2 expression; however, we show that the persistence of expression can be fully explained by the persistence of residual TCPOBOP in liver tissue. When the long-term presence of TCPOBOP in tissue was eliminated by decreasing the neonatal TCPOBOP dose 22-fold (0.67x ED50), strong neonatal increases in hepatic Cyp2 expression were still obtained but did not persist into adulthood. Furthermore, the neonatal ED50-range TCPOBOP exposure did not sensitize mice to a subsequent, low-dose TCPOBOP treatment. In contrast, neonatal treatment with phenobarbital, a short half-life (t1/2=8 h) agonist of CAR and of PXR (Nr1i2), induced high-level neonatal activation of Cyp2 genes and also altered their responsiveness to low-dose phenobarbital exposure at adulthood by either increasing (Cyp2b10) or decreasing (Cyp2c55) expression. Thus, neonatal xenobiotic exposure can reprogram hepatic Cyp2 genes and alter their responsiveness to exposures later in life. These findings highlight the need to carefully consider xenobiotic dose, half-life and persistence in tissue when evaluating the long-term effects of early life environmental chemical exposures.

Developmental toxicity of Nafion byproduct 2 (NBP2) in the Sprague-Dawley rat with comparisons to hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)

Nafion byproduct 2 (NBP2) is a polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid that was recently detected in surface water, drinking water, and human serum samples from monitoring studies in North Carolina, USA. We orally exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to NBP2 from gestation day (GD) 14-18 (0.1-30 mg/kg/d), GD17-21, and GD8 to postnatal day (PND) 2 (0.3-30 mg/kg/d) to characterize maternal, fetal, and postnatal effects. GD14-18 exposures were also conducted with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) for comparison to NBP2, as well as data previously published for hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA or GenX). NBP2 produced stillbirth (30 mg/kg), reduced pup survival shortly after birth (10 mg/kg), and reduced pup body weight (10 mg/kg). Histopathological evaluation identified reduced glycogen stores in newborn pup livers and hepatocyte hypertrophy in maternal livers at ≥ 10 mg/kg. Exposure to NBP2 from GD14-18 reduced maternal serum total T₃ and cholesterol concentrations (30 mg/kg). Maternal, fetal, and neonatal liver gene expression was investigated using RT-qPCR pathway arrays, while maternal and fetal livers were also analyzed using TempO-Seq transcriptomic profiling. Overall, there was limited alteration of genes in maternal or F1 livers from NBP2 exposure with significant changes mostly occurring in the top dose group (30 mg/kg) associated with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolomic profiling indicated elevated maternal bile acids for NBP2, but not HFPO-DA or PFOS, while all three reduced 3-indolepropionic acid. Maternal and fetal serum and liver NBP2 concentrations were similar to PFOS, but ∼10-30-fold greater than HFPO-DA concentrations at a given maternal oral dose. NBP2 is a developmental toxicant in the rat, producing neonatal mortality, reduced pup body weight, reduced pup liver glycogen, reduced maternal thyroid hormones, and altered maternal and offspring lipid and carbohydrate metabolism similar to other studied PFAS, with oral toxicity for pup loss that is slightly less potent than PFOS but more potent than HFPO-DA.

Off-target lipid metabolism disruption by the mouse constitutive androstane receptor ligand TCPOBOP in humanized mice

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) controls xenobiotic clearance, regulates liver glucose, lipid metabolism, and energy homeostasis. These functions have been mainly discovered using the prototypical mouse-specific CAR ligand TCPOBOP in wild-type or CAR null mice. However, TCPOBOP is reported to result in some off-target metabolic effects in CAR null mice. In this study, we compared the metabolic effects of TCPOBOP using lipidomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses in wild-type and humanized CAR-PXR-CYP3A4/3A7 mice. In the model, human CAR retains its constitutive activity in metabolism regulation; however, it is not activated by TCPOBOB. Notably, we observed that TCPOBOP affected lipid homeostasis by elevating serum and liver triglyceride levels and promoted hepatocyte hypertrophy in humanized CAR mice. Hepatic lipidomic analysis revealed a significant accumulation of triglycerides and decrease of its metabolites in humanized CAR mice. RNA-seq analysis has shown divergent gene expression levels in wild-type and humanized CAR mice. Gene expression regulation in humanized mice is mainly involved in lipid metabolic processes and in the PPAR, leptin, thyroid, and circadian clock pathways. In contrast, CAR activation by TCPOBOP in wild-type mice reduced liver and plasma triglyceride levels and induced a typical transcriptomic proliferative response in the liver. In summary, we identified TCPOBOP as a disruptor of lipid metabolism in humanized CAR mice. The divergent effects of TCPOBOP in humanized mice in comparison with the prototypical CAR-mediated response in WT mice warrant the use of appropriate model ligands and humanized animal models during the testing of endocrine disruption and the characterization of adverse outcome pathways.

In Utero Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Childhood Lipid Levels

Animal studies have shown that developmental exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) permanently affect blood/liver balance of lipids. No human study has evaluated associations between in utero exposures to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and later life lipid metabolism. In this pilot, maternal plasma levels of PBDEs (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, and BDE-153) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-138, PCB-153, and PCB-180) were determined at delivery in participants of GESTation and Environment (GESTE) cohort. Total cholesterol (TCh), triglycerides (TG), low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL-C and HDL-C), total lipids (TL), and PBDEs were determined in serum of 147 children at ages 6–7. General linear regression was used to estimate the relationship between maternal POPs and child lipid levels with adjustment for potential confounders, and adjustment for childhood POPs. In utero BDE-99 was associated with lower childhood levels of TG (p = 0.003), and non-significantly with HDL-C (p = 0.06) and TL (p = 0.07). Maternal PCB-138 was associated with lower childhood levels of TG (p = 0.04), LDL-C (p = 0.04), and TL (p = 0.02). Our data indicate that in utero exposures to POPs may be associated with long lasting decrease in circulating lipids in children, suggesting increased lipid accumulation in the liver, a mechanism involved in NAFLD development, consistent with previously reported animal data.

Activation of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor Inhibits Leukocyte Adhesiveness to Dysfunctional Endothelium

Leukocyte cell recruitment into the vascular subendothelium constitutes an early event in the atherogenic process. As the effect of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) on leukocyte recruitment and endothelial dysfunction is poorly understood, this study investigated whether the role of CAR activation can affect this response and the underlying mechanisms involved. Under physiological flow conditions, TNFα-induced endothelial adhesion of human leukocyte cells was concentration-dependently inhibited by preincubation of human umbilical arterial endothelial cells with the selective human CAR ligand CITCO. CAR agonism also prevented TNFα induced VCAM-1 expression, as well as MCP-1/CCL-2 and RANTES/CCL-5 release in endothelial cells. Suppression of CAR expression with a small interfering RNA abrogated the inhibitory effects of CITCO on these responses. Furthermore, CITCO increased interaction of CAR with Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) and reduced TNFα-induced p38-MAPK/NF-κB activation. In vivo, using intravital microscopy in the mouse cremasteric microcirculation treatment with the selective mouse CAR ligand TCPOBOP inhibited TNFα-induced leukocyte rolling flux, adhesion, and emigration and decreased VCAM-1 in endothelium. These results reveal that CAR agonists can inhibit the initial inflammatory response that precedes the atherogenic process by targeting different steps in the leukocyte recruitment cascade. Therefore, CAR agonists may constitute a new therapeutic tool in controlling cardiovascular disease-associated inflammatory processes.

Zebrafish as the toxicant screening model: Transgenic and omics approaches

The production of large amounts of synthetic industrial and biomedical compounds, together with environmental pollutants, poses a risk to our ecosystem and induces negative effects on the health of wildlife and human beings. With the emergence of the global problem of chemical contamination, the adverse biological effects of these chemicals are gaining attention among the scientific communities, industry, governments, and the public. Among these chemicals, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are regarded as one of the major global issues that potentially affecting our health. There is an urgent need of understanding the potential hazards of such chemicals. Zebrafish have been widely used in the aquatic toxicology. In this review, we first discuss the strategy of transgenic lines that used in the toxicological studies, followed by summarizing the current omics approaches (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics) on toxicities of EDCs in this model. We will also discuss the possible transgenerational effects in zebrafish and future prospective of the integrated omics approaches with customized transgenic organism. To conclude, we summarize the current findings in the field, and provide our opinions on future environmental toxicity research in the zebrafish model.