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Wachholz Junior D, Kubota LT. CRISPR-based electrochemical biosensors: an alternative for point-of-care diagnostics? Talanta 2024; 278:126467. [PMID: 38968657 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The combination of CRISPR technology and electrochemical sensors has sparked a paradigm shift in the landscape of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. This review explores the dynamic convergence between CRISPR and electrochemical sensing, elucidating their roles in rapid and precise biosensing platforms. CRISPR, renowned for its remarkable precision in genome editing and programmability capability, has found a novel application in conjunction with electrochemical sensors, promising highly sensitive and specific detection of nucleic acids and biomarkers associated with diverse diseases. This article navigates through fundamental principles, research developments, and applications of CRISPR-based electrochemical sensors, highlighting their potential to revolutionize healthcare accessibility and patient outcomes. In addition, some key points and challenges regarding applying CRISPR-powered electrochemical sensors in real POC settings are presented. By discussing recent advancements and challenges in this interdisciplinary field, this review evaluates the potential of these innovative sensors as an alternative for decentralized, rapid, and accurate POC testing, offering some insights into their applications across clinical scenarios and their impact on the future of diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagwin Wachholz Junior
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytic (INCTBio), Brazil
| | - Lauro Tatsuo Kubota
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytic (INCTBio), Brazil.
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2
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Mojtaba Mousavi S, Alireza Hashemi S, Yari Kalashgrani M, Rahmanian V, Riazi M, Omidifar N, Hamed Althomali R, Rahman MM, Chiang WH, Gholami A. Recent Progress in Prompt Molecular Detection of Exosomes Using CRISPR/Cas and Microfluidic-Assisted Approaches Toward Smart Cancer Diagnosis and Analysis. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300359. [PMID: 37916531 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are essential indicators of molecular mechanisms involved in interacting with cancer cells and the tumor environment. As nanostructures based on lipids and nucleic acids, exosomes provide a communication pathway for information transfer by transporting biomolecules from the target cell to other cells. Importantly, these extracellular vesicles are released into the bloodstream by the most invasive cells, i. e., cancer cells; in this way, they could be considered a promising specific biomarker for cancer diagnosis. In this matter, CRISPR-Cas systems and microfluidic approaches could be considered practical tools for cancer diagnosis and understanding cancer biology. CRISPR-Cas systems, as a genome editing approach, provide a way to inactivate or even remove a target gene from the cell without affecting intracellular mechanisms. These practical systems provide vital information about the factors involved in cancer development that could lead to more effective cancer treatment. Meanwhile, microfluidic approaches can also significantly benefit cancer research due to their proper sensitivity, high throughput, low material consumption, low cost, and advanced spatial and temporal control. Thereby, employing CRISPR-Cas- and microfluidics-based approaches toward exosome monitoring could be considered a valuable source of information for cancer therapy and diagnosis. This review assesses the recent progress in these promising diagnosis approaches toward accurate cancer therapy and in-depth study of cancer cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Health Policy Research Center, Health Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Rahmanian
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90-363, Poland
| | - Mohsen Riazi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, 71468-64685, Iran
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3
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Khoshandam M, Soltaninejad H, Mousazadeh M, Hamidieh AA, Hosseinkhani S. Clinical applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system: Delivery options and challenges in precision medicine. Genes Dis 2024; 11:268-282. [PMID: 37588217 PMCID: PMC10425811 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective gene editing tool with broad applications for the prevention or treatment of numerous diseases. It depends on CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) as a bacterial immune system and plays as a gene editing tool. Due to the higher specificity and efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 compared to other editing approaches, it has been broadly investigated to treat numerous hereditary and acquired illnesses, including cancers, hemolytic diseases, immunodeficiency disorders, cardiovascular diseases, visual maladies, neurodegenerative conditions, and a few X-linked disorders. CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used to treat cancers through a variety of approaches, with stable gene editing techniques. Here, the applications and clinical trials of CRISPR/Cas9 in various illnesses are described. Due to its high precision and efficiency, CRISPR/Cas9 strategies may treat gene-related illnesses by deleting, inserting, modifying, or blocking the expression of specific genes. The most challenging barrier to the in vivo use of CRISPR/Cas9 like off-target effects will be discussed. The use of transfection vehicles for CRISPR/Cas9, including viral vectors (such as an Adeno-associated virus (AAV)), and the development of non-viral vectors is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Khoshandam
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom 3716986466, Iran
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 14155-6463, Iran
| | - Hossein Soltaninejad
- Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Mousazadeh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
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Escobar A, Diab-Liu A, Bosland K, Xu CQ. Microfluidic Device-Based Virus Detection and Quantification in Future Diagnostic Research: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:935. [PMID: 37887128 PMCID: PMC10605122 DOI: 10.3390/bios13100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The global economic and healthcare crises experienced over the past three years, as a result of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has significantly impacted the commonplace habits of humans around the world. SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) phenomenon, has contributed to the deaths of millions of people around the world. The potential diagnostic applications of microfluidic devices have previously been demonstrated to effectively detect and quasi-quantify several different well-known viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. As a result, microfluidics has been further explored as a potential alternative to our currently available rapid tests for highly virulent diseases to better combat and manage future potential outbreaks. The outbreak management during COVID-19 was initially hindered, in part, by the lack of available quantitative rapid tests capable of confirming a person's active infectiousness status. Therefore, this review will explore the use of microfluidic technology, and more specifically RNA-based virus detection methods, as an integral part of improved diagnostic capabilities and will present methods for carrying the lessons learned from COVID-19 forward, toward improved diagnostic outcomes for future pandemic-level threats. This review will first explore the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and how diagnostic technology was shown to have required even greater advancements to keep pace with the transmission of such a highly infectious virus. Secondly, the historical significance of integrating microfluidic technology in diagnostics and how the different types of genetic-based detection methods may vary in their potential practical applications. Lastly, the review will summarize the past, present, and future potential of RNA-based virus detection/diagnosis and how it might be used to better prepare for a future pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Escobar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Alex Diab-Liu
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kamaya Bosland
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Chang-Qing Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Trinh KTL, Do HDK, Lee NY. Recent Advances in Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Platform for Virus Detection: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040490. [PMID: 37185566 PMCID: PMC10137144 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and a rising demand for the development of accurate, timely, and cost-effective diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viral infections in general. Currently, traditional virus screening methods such as plate culturing and real-time PCR are considered the gold standard with accurate and sensitive results. However, these methods still require sophisticated equipment, trained personnel, and a long analysis time. Alternatively, with the integration of microfluidic and biosensor technologies, microfluidic-based biosensors offer the ability to perform sample preparation and simultaneous detection of many analyses in one platform. High sensitivity, accuracy, portability, low cost, high throughput, and real-time detection can be achieved using a single platform. This review presents recent advances in microfluidic-based biosensors from many works to demonstrate the advantages of merging the two technologies for sensing viruses. Different platforms for virus detection are classified into two main sections: immunoassays and molecular assays. Moreover, available commercial sensing tests are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieu The Loan Trinh
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoang Dang Khoa Do
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ward 13, District 04, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Avaro AS, Santiago JG. A critical review of microfluidic systems for CRISPR assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:938-963. [PMID: 36601854 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reviewed are nucleic acid detection assays that incorporate clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based diagnostics and microfluidic devices and techniques. The review serves as a reference for researchers who wish to use CRISPR-Cas systems for diagnostics in microfluidic devices. The review is organized in sections reflecting a basic five-step workflow common to most CRISPR-based assays. These steps are analyte extraction, pre-amplification, target recognition, transduction, and detection. The systems described include custom microfluidic chips and custom (benchtop) chip control devices for automated assays steps. Also included are partition formats for digital assays and lateral flow biosensors as a readout modality. CRISPR-based, microfluidics-driven assays offer highly specific detection and are compatible with parallel, combinatorial implementation. They are highly reconfigurable, and assays are compatible with isothermal and even room temperature operation. A major drawback of these assays is the fact that reports of kinetic rates of these enzymes have been highly inconsistent (many demonstrably erroneous), and the low kinetic rate activity of these enzymes limits achievable sensitivity without pre-amplification. Further, the current state-of-the-art of CRISPR assays is such that nearly all systems rely on off-chip assays steps, particularly off-chip sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre S Avaro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Shi J, Zhang Y, Yang M. Recent development of microfluidics-based platforms for respiratory virus detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:024104. [PMID: 37035101 PMCID: PMC10076069 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, the inadequacies of current detection technology for respiratory viruses have been recognized. Rapid, portable, accurate, and sensitive assays are needed to expedite diagnosis and early intervention. Conventional methods for detection of respiratory viruses include cell culture-based assays, serological tests, nucleic acid detection (e.g., RT-PCR), and direct immunoassays. However, these traditional methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and require laboratory facilities, which cannot meet the testing needs, especially during pandemics of respiratory diseases, such as COVID-19. Microfluidics-based techniques can overcome these demerits and provide simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective analysis of intact virus, viral antigen/antibody, and viral nucleic acids. This review aims to summarize the recent development of microfluidics-based techniques for detection of respiratory viruses. Recent advances in different types of microfluidic devices for respiratory virus diagnostics are highlighted, including paper-based microfluidics, continuous-flow microfluidics, and droplet-based microfluidics. Finally, the future development of microfluidic technologies for respiratory virus diagnostics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Liu Y, Fan Z, Qiao L, Liu B. Advances in microfluidic strategies for single-cell research. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mohammad N, Katkam SS, Wei Q. Recent Advances in Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-Based Biosensors for Point-of-Care Pathogen Detection. CRISPR J 2022; 5:500-516. [PMID: 35856644 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pathogens are pressing concerns due to their heavy toll on global health and socioeconomic infrastructure. Rapid, sensitive, and specific pathogen detection methods are needed more than ever to control disease spreading. The fast evolution of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based diagnostics (CRISPR-Dx) has opened a new horizon in the field of molecular diagnostics. This review highlights recent efforts in configuring CRISPR technology as an efficient diagnostic tool for pathogen detection. It starts with a brief introduction of different CRISPR-Cas effectors and their working principles for disease diagnosis. It then focuses on the evolution of laboratory-based CRISPR technology toward a potential point-of-care test, including the development of new signaling mechanisms, elimination of preamplification and sample pretreatment steps, and miniaturization of CRISPR reactions on digital assay chips and lateral flow devices. In addition, promising examples of CRISPR-Dx for pathogen detection in various real samples, such as blood, saliva, nasal swab, plant, and food samples, are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of future development of CRISPR-Dx for infectious disease monitoring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Mohammad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Azimzadeh M, Aghili Z, Jannat B, Jafari S, Rafizadeh Tafti S, Nasirizadeh N. Nanocomposite of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide and gold nanourchins for electrochemical DNA detection. IET Nanobiotechnol 2022; 16:190-198. [PMID: 35442560 PMCID: PMC9178657 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A nanocomposite of graphene oxide and gold nanourchins has been used here to modify the surface of a screen‐printed carbon electrode to enhance the sensitivity of the electrochemical DNA detection system. A specific single‐stranded DNA probe was designed based on the target DNA sequence and was thiolated to be self‐assembled on the surface of the gold nanourchins placed on the modified electrode. Doxorubicin was used as an electrochemical label to detect the DNA hybridisation using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The assembling process was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the EIS method. The high sensitivity of the proposed system led to a low detection limit of 0.16 fM and a wide linear range from 0.5 to 950.0 fM. The specificity of the DNA hybridisation and the signalling molecule (haematoxylin) caused very high selectivity towards the target DNA than other non‐specific sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, MOH, Tehran, Iran.,Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Aghili
- Food & Drug Control Reference Laboratories Center, FDA, MOH, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Jafari
- Department of Textile and Polymer Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saeed Rafizadeh Tafti
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Navid Nasirizadeh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, MOH, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Textile and Polymer Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
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