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Qi X, Zhuang Z, Ji X, Bian J, Peng Y. The Mechanism of Exogenous Salicylic Acid and 6-Benzylaminopurine Regulating the Elongation of Maize Mesocotyl. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6150. [PMID: 38892338 PMCID: PMC11172663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The elongation of the mesocotyl plays an important role in the emergence of maize deep-sowing seeds. This study was designed to explore the function of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) in the growth of the maize mesocotyl and to examine its regulatory network. The results showed that the addition of 0.25 mmol/L exogenous SA promoted the elongation of maize mesocotyls under both 3 cm and 15 cm deep-sowing conditions. Conversely, the addition of 10 mg/L exogenous 6-BA inhibited the elongation of maize mesocotyls. Interestingly, the combined treatment of exogenous SA-6-BA also inhibited the elongation of maize mesocotyls. The longitudinal elongation of mesocotyl cells was the main reason affecting the elongation of maize mesocotyls. Transcriptome analysis showed that exogenous SA and 6-BA may interact in the hormone signaling regulatory network of mesocotyl elongation. The differential expression of genes related to auxin (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroid (BR), cytokinin (CTK) and SA signaling pathways may be related to the regulation of exogenous SA and 6-BA on the growth of mesocotyls. In addition, five candidate genes that may regulate the length of mesocotyls were screened by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). These genes may be involved in the growth of maize mesocotyls through auxin-activated signaling pathways, transmembrane transport, methylation and redox processes. The results enhance our understanding of the plant hormone regulation of mesocotyl growth, which will help to further explore and identify the key genes affecting mesocotyl growth in plant hormone signaling regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qi
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zelong Zhuang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiangzhuo Ji
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jianwen Bian
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yunling Peng
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Yang J, Liu Z, Liu Y, Fan X, Gao L, Li Y, Hu Y, Hu K, Huang Y. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes Involved in Deep-Sowing Tolerance in Maize ( Zea mays L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1533. [PMID: 38891341 PMCID: PMC11175157 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Deep sowing is an efficient strategy for maize to ensure the seedling emergence rate under adverse conditions such as drought or low temperatures. However, the genetic basis of deep-sowing tolerance-related traits in maize remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study on traits related to deep-sowing tolerance, including mesocotyl length (ML), coleoptile length (CL), plumule length (PL), shoot length (SL), and primary root length (PRL), using 255 maize inbred lines grown in three different environments. We identified 23, 6, 4, and 4 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with ML, CL, PL, and SL, respectively. By analyzing candidate genes within these QTLs, we found a γ-tubulin-containing complex protein, ZmGCP2, which was significantly associated with ML, PL, and SL. Loss of function of ZmGCP2 resulted in decreased PL, possibly by affecting the cell elongation, thus affecting SL. Additionally, we identified superior haplotypes and allelic variations of ZmGCP2 with a longer PL and SL, which may be useful for breeding varieties with deep-sowing tolerance to improve maize cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Zhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xiujun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yangping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yufeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610091, China
| | - Yubi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
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Zhao X, Li J, Niu Y, Hossain Z, Gao X, Bai X, Mao T, Qi G, He F. Exogenous Serotonin (5-HT) Promotes Mesocotyl and Coleoptile Elongation in Maize Seedlings under Deep-Seeding Stress through Enhancing Auxin Accumulation and Inhibiting Lignin Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17061. [PMID: 38069387 PMCID: PMC10707020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT), an indoleamine compound, has been known to mediate many physiological responses of plants under environmental stress. The deep-seeding (≥20 cm) of maize seeds is an important cultivation strategy to ensure seedling emergence and survival under drought stress. However, the role of 5-HT in maize deep-seeding tolerance remains unexplored. Understanding the mechanisms and evaluating the optimal concentration of 5-HT in alleviating deep-seeding stress could benefit maize production. In this study, two maize inbred lines were treated with or without 5-HT at both sowing depths of 20 cm and 3 cm, respectively. The effects of different concentrations of 5-HT on the growth phenotypes, physiological metabolism, and gene expression of two maize inbred lines were examined at the sowing depths of 20 cm and 3 cm. Compared to the normal seedling depth of 3 cm, the elongation of the mesocotyl (average elongation 3.70 cm) and coleoptile (average elongation 0.58 cm), secretion of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; average increased 3.73 and 0.63 ng g-1 FW), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; average increased 1.95 and 0.63 μM g-1 FW) in the mesocotyl and coleoptile were increased under 20 cm stress, with a concomitant decrease in lignin synthesis (average decreased 0.48 and 0.53 A280 g-1). Under 20 cm deep-seeding stress, the addition of 5-HT activated the expression of multiple genes of IAA biosynthesis and signal transduction, including Zm00001d049601, Zm00001d039346, Zm00001d026530, and Zm00001d049659, and it also stimulated IAA production in both the mesocotyl and coleoptile of maize seedlings. On the contrary, 5-HT suppressed the expression of genes for lignin biosynthesis (Zm00001d016471, Zm00001d005998, Zm00001d032152, and Zm00001d053554) and retarded the accumulation of H2O2 and lignin, resulting in the elongation of the mesocotyl and coleoptile of maize seedlings. A comprehensive evaluation analysis showed that the optimum concentration of 5-HT in relieving deep-seeding stress was 2.5 mg/L for both inbred lines, and 5-HT therefore could improve the seedling emergence rate and alleviate deep-seeding stress in maize seedlings. These findings could provide a novel strategy for improving maize deep-seeding tolerance, thus enhancing yield potential under drought and water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
| | - Yining Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
| | - Zakir Hossain
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada;
| | - Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaodong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
| | - Taotao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
| | - Guoxiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
| | - Fuqiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.Z.); (J.L.); (X.B.); (T.M.); (G.Q.); (F.H.)
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Zhao X, Niu Y, Hossain Z, Shi J, Mao T, Bai X. Integrated QTL Mapping, Meta-Analysis, and RNA-Sequencing Reveal Candidate Genes for Maize Deep-Sowing Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076770. [PMID: 37047743 PMCID: PMC10094843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synergetic elongation of mesocotyl and coleoptile are crucial in governing maize seedlings emergence, especially for the maize sown in deep soil. Studying the genomic regions controlling maize deep-sowing tolerance would aid the development of new varieties that are resistant to harsh conditions, such as drought and low temperature during seed germination. Using 346 F2:3 maize population families from W64A × K12 cross at three sowing depths, we identified 33 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the emergence rate, mesocotyl, coleoptile, and seedling lengths via composite interval mapping (CIM). These loci explained 2.89% to 14.17% of phenotypic variation in a single environment, while 12 of 13 major QTLs were identified at two or more sowing environments. Among those, four major QTLs in Bin 1.09, Bin 4.08, Bin 6.01, and Bin 7.02 supported pleiotropy for multiple deep-sowing tolerant traits. Meta-analysis identified 17 meta-QTLs (MQTLs) based on 130 original QTLs from present and previous studies. RNA-Sequencing of mesocotyl and coleoptile in both parents (W64A and K12) at 3 cm and 20 cm sowing environments identified 50 candidate genes expressed differentially in all major QTLs and MQTLs regions: six involved in the circadian clock, 27 associated with phytohormones biosynthesis and signal transduction, seven controlled lignin biosynthesis, five regulated cell wall organization formation and stabilization, three were responsible for sucrose and starch metabolism, and two in the antioxidant enzyme system. These genes with highly interconnected networks may form a complex molecular mechanism of maize deep-sowing tolerance. Findings of this study will facilitate the construction of molecular modules for deep-sowing tolerance in maize. The major QTLs and MQTLs identified could be used in marker-assisted breeding to develop elite maize varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yining Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zakir Hossain
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Jing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Taotao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaodong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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