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Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chiang CC, Lai JX, Chen YT, Chen HL, Lin SH. Investigation of Sm Addition on Microstructural and Optical Properties of CoFe Thin Films. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5380. [PMID: 37570084 PMCID: PMC10420287 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
CoFe-based alloys and rare earth (RE) elements are among the most studied materials in applying magnetic devices to improve soft magnetic characteristics. A series of Co40Fe40Sm20 films are deposited on a glass substrate via the sputtering technique, followed by an annealing process to investigate their effect on microstructural and optical properties of Co40Fe40Sm20 films. In this study, the increase in the thickness of Co40Fe40Sm20 films and annealing temperatures resulted in a smoother surface morphology. The 40 nm Co40Fe40Sm20 films annealed 300 °C are expected to have good wear resistance and adhesive properties due to their high values of H/E ratio and surface energy. Optical transparency also increased due to the smoother surface of the Co40Fe40Sm20 films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Industrial Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 80778, Taiwan;
| | - Jian-Xin Lai
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan; (J.-X.L.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan; (J.-X.L.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Hsiung-Liang Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan; (J.-X.L.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Shih-Hung Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan;
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Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chiang CC, Chen YT, Liu YC, Huang YJ, Chi PW. The Influence of Annealing and Film Thickness on the Specific Properties of Co 40Fe 40Y 20 Films. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2490. [PMID: 36984370 PMCID: PMC10056263 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt Iron Yttrium (CoFeY) magnetic film was made using the sputtering technique in order to investigate the connection between the thickness and annealing procedures. The sample was amorphous as a result of an insufficient thermal driving force according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination. The maximum low-frequency alternate-current magnetic susceptibility (χac) values were raised in correlation with the increased thickness and annealing temperatures because the thickness effect and Y addition improved the spin exchange coupling. The best value for a 50 nm film at annealing 300 °C for χac was 0.20. Because electron carriers are less constrained in their conduction at thick film thickness and higher annealing temperatures, the electric resistivity and sheet resistance are lower. At a thickness of 40 nm, the film's maximum surface energy during annealing at 300 °C was 28.7 mJ/mm2. This study demonstrated the passage of photon signals through the film due to the thickness effect, which reduced transmittance. The best condition was found to be 50 nm with annealing at 300 °C in this investigation due to high χac, strong adhesion, and low resistivity, which can be used in magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 840, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 80778, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Yu-Jie Huang
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Po-Wei Chi
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
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Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chiang CC, Fern CL, Chen YT, Chen YH, Liao HW, Wu TH, Lin SH, Lin KW, Chi PW. Effect of Annealing and Thickness of Co 40Fe 40Yb 20 Thin Films on Various Physical Properties on a Glass Substrate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8509. [PMID: 36500008 PMCID: PMC9740169 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of annealing and thickness on various physical properties in Co40Fe40Yb20 thin films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the amorphous structure of Co40Fe40Yb20 films. The maximum surface energy of 40 nm thin films at 300 °C is 34.54 mJ/mm2. The transmittance and resistivity decreased significantly as annealing temperatures and thickness increased. At all conditions, the 10 nm film had the highest hardness. The average hardness decreased as thickness increased, as predicted by the Hall-Petch effect. The highest low-frequency alternative-current magnetic susceptibility (χac) value was discovered when the film was annealed at 200 °C with 50 nm, and the optimal resonance frequency (ƒres) was in the low frequency range, indicating that the film has good applicability in the low frequency range. At annealed 200 °C and 50 nm, the maximum saturation magnetization (Ms) was discovered. Thermal disturbance caused the Ms to decrease when the temperature was raised to 300 °C. The optimum process conditions determined in this study are 200 °C and 50 nm, with the highest Ms, χac, strong adhesion, and low resistivity, which are suitable for magnetic applications, based on magnetic properties and surface energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Lon Fern
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wen Liao
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Te-Ho Wu
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Wei Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Chi
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Annealing Effect on the Contact Angle, Surface Energy, Electric Property, and Nanomechanical Characteristics of Co40Fe40W20 Thin Films. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11111268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated Co40Fe40W20 single-layer thin films according to their corresponding structure, grain size, contact angle, and surface energy characteristics. Co40Fe40W20 alloy thin films of different thicknesses, ranging from 10 to 50 nm, were sputtered on Si(100) substrates by DC magnetron sputtering. The thin films were annealed under three conditions: as-deposited, 250 °C, and 350 °C temperatures, respectively. The Scherrer equation was applied to calculate the grain size of Co40Fe40W20 thin films. The results show that the grain size of CoFe(110) increased simultaneously with the increase of post-annealing temperature, suggesting that the crystallinity of Co40Fe40W20 thin films increased with the post-annealing temperature. Moreover, the contact angles of all Co40Fe40W20 thin films were all less than 90°, suggesting that Co40Fe40W20 thin films show changes in the direction of higher hydrophilicity. However, we found that their contact angles decreased as the grain size of CoFe increased. Finally, the Young equation was applied to calculate the surface energy of Co40Fe40W20 thin films. After post-annealing, the surface energy of Co40Fe40W20 thin films increased with the rising post-annealing temperature. This is the highest value of surface energy observed for 350 °C. In addition, the surface energy increased as the contact angle of Co40Fe40W20 thin films decreased. The high surface energy means stronger adhesion, allowing the formation of multilayer thin films with magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJs). The sheet resistance of the as-deposited and thinner CoFeW films is larger than annealed and thicker CoFeW films. When the thickness is from 10 nm to 50 nm, the hardness and Young’s modulus of the CoFeW film also show a saturation trend.
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Impact of Annealing on Magnetic Properties and Structure of Co 40Fe 40W 20 Thin Films on Si(100) Substrate. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113017. [PMID: 34199377 PMCID: PMC8199629 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Co40Fe40W20 monolayers of different thicknesses were deposited on Si(100) substrates by DC magnetron sputtering, with Co40Fe40W20 thicknesses from 10 to 50 nm. Co40Fe40W20 thin films were annealed at three conditions (as-deposited, 250 °C, and 350 °C) for 1 h. The structural and magnetic properties were then examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), low-frequency alternative-current magnetic susceptibility (χac), and an alternating-gradient magnetometer (AGM). The XRD results showed that the CoFe (110) peak was located at 2θ = 44.6°, but the metal oxide peaks appeared at 2θ = 38.3, 47.6, 54.5, and 56.3°, corresponding to Fe2O3 (320), WO3 (002), Co2O3 (422), and Co2O3 (511), respectively. The saturation magnetization (Ms) was calculated from the slope of the magnetization (M) versus the CoFeW thickness. The Ms values calculated in this manner were 648, 876, 874, and 801 emu/cm3 at the as-deposited condition and post-annealing conditions at 250, 350, and 400 °C, respectively. The maximum MS was about 874 emu/cm3 at a thickness of 50 nm following annealing at 350 °C. It indicated that the MS and the χac values rose as the CoFeW thin films’ thickness increased. Owing to the thermal disturbance, the MS and χac values of CoFeW thin films after annealing at 350 °C were comparatively higher than at other annealing temperatures. More importantly, the Co40Fe40W20 films exhibited a good thermal stability. Therefore, replacing the magnetic layer with a CoFeW film improves thermal stability and is beneficial for electrode and strain gauge applications.
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