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Fern CL, Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chiang CC, Chen YT, Lu PX, Su XM, Lin SH, Lin KW. Surface Roughness-Induced Changes in Important Physical Features of CoFeSm Thin Films on Glass Substrates during Annealing. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6989. [PMID: 37959587 PMCID: PMC10649230 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Co60Fe20Sm20 thin films were deposited onto glass substrates in a high vacuum setting. The films varied in thickness from 10 to 50 nm and underwent annealing processes at different temperatures: room temperature (RT), 100, 200, and 300 °C. Our analysis encompassed structural, magnetic, electrical, nanomechanical, adhesive, and optical properties in relation to film thickness and annealing temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis did not reveal characteristic peaks in Co60Fe20Sm20 thin films due to insufficient growth-driving forces. Electrical measurements indicated reduced resistivity and sheet resistance with increasing film thickness and higher annealing temperatures, owing to hindered current-carrier transport resulting from the amorphous structure. Atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis showed a decrease in surface roughness with increased thickness and annealing temperature. The low-frequency alternating current magnetic susceptibility (χac) values increased with film thickness and annealing temperature. Nanoindentation analysis demonstrated reduced film hardness and Young's modulus with thicker films. Contact angle measurements suggested a hydrophilic film. Surface energy increased with greater film thickness, particularly in annealed films, indicating a decrease in contact angle contributing to this increase. Transmittance measurements have revealed intensified absorption and reduced transmittance with thicker films. In summary, the surface roughness of CoFeSm films at different annealing temperatures significantly influenced their magnetic, electrical, adhesive, and optical properties. A smoother surface reduced the pinning effect on the domain walls, enhancing the χac value. Additionally, diminished surface roughness led to a lower contact angle and higher surface energy. Additionally, smoother surfaces exhibited higher carrier conductivity, resulting in reduced electrical resistance. The optical transparency decreased due to the smoother surface of Co60Fe20Sm20 films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lon Fern
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-L.F.); (K.-W.L.)
| | - Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Industrial Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (P.-X.L.); (X.-M.S.)
| | - Pei-Xin Lu
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (P.-X.L.); (X.-M.S.)
| | - Xuan-Ming Su
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (P.-X.L.); (X.-M.S.)
| | - Shih-Hung Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Ko-Wei Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-L.F.); (K.-W.L.)
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Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chiang CC, Chen YT, Wang YZ, Wu CL, Lin SH, Ou SL. Thickness, Annealing, and Surface Roughness Effect on Magnetic and Significant Properties of Co 40Fe 40B 10Dy 10 Thin Films. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5995. [PMID: 37687687 PMCID: PMC10488464 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Co40Fe40B10Dy10 thin films were deposited using a direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering technique. The films were deposited on glass substrates with thicknesses of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 nm, and heat-treated in a vacuum annealing furnace at 100, 200, and 300 °C. Various instruments were used to examine and analyze the effects of roughness on the magnetic, adhesive, and mechanical properties. From the low frequency alternating current magnetic susceptibility (χac) results, the optimum resonance frequency is 50 Hz, and the maximum χac value tends to increase with the increase in the thicknesses and annealing temperatures. The maximum χac value is 0.18 at a film thickness of 50 nm and an annealing temperature of 300 °C. From the four-point probe, it is found that the resistivity and sheet resistance values decrease with the increase in film deposition thicknesses and higher annealing temperatures. From the magnetic force microscopy (MFM), the stripe-like magnetic domain distribution is more obvious with the increase in annealing temperature. According to the contact angle data, at the same annealing temperature, the contact angle decreases as the thickness increases due to changes in surface morphology. The maximal surface energy value at 300 °C is 34.71 mJ/mm2. The transmittance decreases with increasing film thickness, while the absorption intensity is inversely proportional to the transmittance, implying that the thickness effect suppresses the photon signal. Smoother roughness has less domain pinning, more carrier conductivity, and less light scattering, resulting in superior magnetic, electrical, adhesive, and optical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Industrial Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-Z.W.); (C.-L.W.)
| | - Yu-Zhi Wang
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-Z.W.); (C.-L.W.)
| | - Chueh-Lin Wu
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-Z.W.); (C.-L.W.)
| | - Shih-Hung Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Sin-Liang Ou
- Bachelor Program for Design and Materials for Medical Equipment and Devices, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan;
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Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chiang CC, Lai JX, Chen YT, Chen HL, Lin SH. Investigation of Sm Addition on Microstructural and Optical Properties of CoFe Thin Films. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5380. [PMID: 37570084 PMCID: PMC10420287 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
CoFe-based alloys and rare earth (RE) elements are among the most studied materials in applying magnetic devices to improve soft magnetic characteristics. A series of Co40Fe40Sm20 films are deposited on a glass substrate via the sputtering technique, followed by an annealing process to investigate their effect on microstructural and optical properties of Co40Fe40Sm20 films. In this study, the increase in the thickness of Co40Fe40Sm20 films and annealing temperatures resulted in a smoother surface morphology. The 40 nm Co40Fe40Sm20 films annealed 300 °C are expected to have good wear resistance and adhesive properties due to their high values of H/E ratio and surface energy. Optical transparency also increased due to the smoother surface of the Co40Fe40Sm20 films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Industrial Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 80778, Taiwan;
| | - Jian-Xin Lai
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan; (J.-X.L.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan; (J.-X.L.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Hsiung-Liang Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan; (J.-X.L.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Shih-Hung Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan;
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