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Molina BG, Fuentes J, Alemán C, Sánchez S. Merging BioActuation and BioCapacitive properties: A 3D bioprinted devices to self-stimulate using self-stored energy. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116117. [PMID: 38350239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Biofabrication of three-dimensional (3D) cultures through the 3D Bioprinting technique opens new perspectives and applications of cell-laden hydrogels. However, to continue with the progress, new BioInks with specific properties must be carefully designed. In this study, we report the synthesis and 3D Bioprinting of an electroconductive BioInk made of gelatin/fibrinogen hydrogel, C2C12 mouse myoblast and 5% w/w of conductive poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticles (PEDOT NPs). The influence of PEDOT NPs, incorporated in the cell-laden BioInk, not only showed a positive effect in cells viability, differentiation and myotube functionalities, also allowed the printed constructs to behaved as BioCapacitors. Such devices were able to electrochemically store a significant amount of energy (0.5 mF/cm2), enough to self-stimulate as BioActuator, with typical contractions ranging from 27 to 38 μN, during nearly 50 min. The biofabrication of 3D constructs with the proposed electroconductive BioInk could lead to new devices for tissue engineering, biohybrid robotics or bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda G Molina
- Departament D'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Judith Fuentes
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament D'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Popescu D, Amza CG. 3D Printing onto Textiles: A Systematic Analysis of the Adhesion Studies. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2024; 11:e586-e606. [PMID: 38689919 PMCID: PMC11057686 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The article reviews the literature focused on investigating the adhesion strength between the 3D-printed polymers and the textile substrates, and its dependence on different factors related to materials, printing parameters, and fabrics type and structure. 3D printing (3DP) onto textiles is a domain in expansion as it allows developing products with new functionalities by gathering the advantages of design freedom, tailor-fit, comfort, variety, and mass customization provided by both the textiles and the additive manufacturing technology. In this context, it becomes important to document and understand how the adherence of different 3D-printed molten polymer to diverse textiles substrates can be improved for obtaining products more resistant to specific conditions, such as washing, wear, or ironing. Following a systematic search of electronic databases, 28 articles were selected for the full-text read and data extraction. The summarized information was grouped per 3DP material and analyzed factors, and then discussed in terms of variables influencing the adherence, including pretreatments and post-treatments applied to fabrics or 3D-printed onto fabrics specimens and objects. A case study of a customized polylactic acid-cotton-elastane wrist-hand orthosis is also presented to exemplify the modality in which the information synthetized in this review can be used in the development process of a new product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Popescu
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cătălin Gheorghe Amza
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Li X, Guo W, Hsu PC. Personal Thermoregulation by Moisture-Engineered Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2209825. [PMID: 36751106 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Personal thermal management can effectively manage the skin microenvironment, improve human comfort, and reduce energy consumption. In personal thermal-management technology, owing to the high latent heat of water evaporation in wet-response textiles, heat- and moisture-transfer coexist and interact with each other. In the last few years, with rapid advances in materials science and innovative polymers, humidity-sensitive textiles have been developed for personal thermal management. However, a large gap exists between the conceptual laboratory-scale design and actual textile. Here, moisture-responsive textiles based on flap opening and closing, those based on yarn/fiber deformation, and sweat-evaporation regulation based on textile design for personal thermoregulation are reviewed, and the corresponding mechanisms and research progress are discussed. Finally, the existing engineering and scientific limitations and future developments are considered to resolve the existing issues and accelerate the practical application of moisture-responsive textiles and related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Po-Chun Hsu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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4
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Becker P, Ciesielska-Wrόbel I. Performance of Fabrics with 3D-Printed Photosensitive Acrylic Resin on the Surface. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:486. [PMID: 38399864 PMCID: PMC10891750 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional printing (3DP), has been widely applied to various fields and industries, including automotive, healthcare, and rapid prototyping. This study evaluates the effects of 3DP on textile properties. The usability of a textile and its durability are determined by its strength, washability, colorfastness to light, and abrasion resistance, among other traits, which may be impacted by the application of 3DP on the fabric's surface. This study examines the application of photosensitive acrylic resin on two fabric substrates: 100% cotton and 100% polyester white woven fabrics made of yarns with staple fibers. A simple alphanumeric text was translated into braille and the braille dots were 3D printed onto both fabrics. The color of the printed photosensitive acrylic resin was black, and it was an equal mixture of VeroCyanV, VeroYellowV, and VeroMagentaV. The 3D-printed design was the same on both fabrics and was composed of braille dots with a domed top. Both of the 3DP fabrics passed the colorfastness to washing test with no transfer or color change, but 3D prints on both fabrics showed significant color change during the colorfastness to light test. The tensile strength tests indicated an overall reduction in strength and elongation when the fabrics had 3DP on their surface. An abrasion resistance test revealed that the resin had a stronger adhesion to the cotton than to the polyester, but both resins were removed from the fabric with the abrader. These findings suggest that while 3DP on textiles offers unique possibilities for customization and design, mechanical properties and color stability trade-offs need to be considered. Further evaluation of textiles and 3D prints of textiles and their performance in areas such as colorfastness and durability are warranted to harness the full potential of this technology in the fashion and textile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izabela Ciesielska-Wrόbel
- Department of Textiles, Fashion Merchandising and Design, College of Business, University of Rhode Island, 55 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
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Salimi S, Graham AM, Wu Y, Song P, Hart LR, Irvine DJ, Wildman RD, Siviour CR, Hayes W. An effective route to the additive manufacturing of a mechanically gradient supramolecular polymer nanocomposite structure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106358. [PMID: 38169206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
3D Printing techniques are additive methods of fabricating parts directly from computer-aided designs. Whilst the clearest benefit is the realisation of geometrical freedom, multi-material printing allows the introduction of compositional variation and highly tailored product functionality. The paper reports a proof-of-concept additive manufacturing study to deposit a supramolecular polymer and a complementary organic filler to form composites with gradient composition to enable spatial distribution of mechanical properties and functionality by tuning the number of supramolecular interactions. We use a dual-feed extrusion 3D printing process, with feed stocks based on the supramolecular polymer and its organic composite, delivered at ratios predetermined. This allows for production of a graded specimen with varying filler concentration that dictates the mechanical properties. The printed specimen was inspected under dynamic load in a tensile test using digital image correlation to produce full-field deformation maps, which showed clear differences in deformation in regions with varying compositions, corresponding to the designed-in variations. This approach affords a novel method for printing material with graded mechanical properties which are not currently commercially available or easily accessible, however, the method can potentially be directly translated to the generation of biomaterial-based composites featuring gradients of mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Aaron M Graham
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Yuyang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peihao Song
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Lewis R Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Derek J Irvine
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ricky D Wildman
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Clive R Siviour
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Wayne Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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Kozior T, Ehrmann A. First Proof-of-Principle of PolyJet 3D Printing on Textile Fabrics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3536. [PMID: 37688162 PMCID: PMC10489880 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Possibilities of direct 3D printing on textile fabrics have been investigated with increasing intensity during the last decade, leading to composites which can combine the positive properties of both parts, i.e., the fast production and lateral strength of textile fabrics with the flexural strength and point-wise definable properties of 3D printed parts. These experiments, however, were mostly performed using fused deposition modeling (FDM), which is an inexpensive and broadly available technique, but which suffers from the high viscosity of the molten polymers, often impeding a form-locking connection between polymer and textile fibers. One study reported stereolithography (SLA) to be usable for direct printing on textile fabrics, but this technique suffers from the problem that the textile material is completely soaked in resin during 3D printing. Combining the advantages of FDM (material application only at defined positions) and SLA (low-viscous resin which can easily flow into a textile fabric) is possible with PolyJet modeling (PJM) printing. Here, we report the first proof-of-principle of PolyJet printing on textile fabrics. We show that PJM printing with a common resin on different textile fabrics leads to adhesion forces according to DIN 53530 in the range of 30-35 N, which is comparable with the best adhesion forces yet reported for fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing with rigid polymers on textile fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kozior
- Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Andrea Ehrmann
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
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Abd El Salam HA, Abdel-Aziz MS, El-Sawy ER, Shaban E. Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Azo-Sulfa-Based Disperse Dyes and Their Application in Polyester Printing. FIBERS AND POLYMERS 2023; 24:2751-2760. [DOI: 10.1007/s12221-023-00255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFor conjugating sulfa drug moieties with Schiff’s bases scaffold in the same build through an azo linker to take advantage of the bioactive feature of both motifs, we designed and synthesized a series of bioactive disperse dyes. The target disperse dyes, methyl 2-(E-2-hydroxy-5-((E)-(4-sulfa-derivative) diazenyl)benzylidene) hydrazine-1-carbodithioates 4a–e have been synthesized via the acidic reaction of azo dyes 3a–e with methyl hydrazine carbodithioate. Structures of the synthesized dyes were clarified based on their spectral and elemental analyses. The effectiveness of the dyes was initially tested as an antibacterial toward Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P and Escherichia coli ATCC 25933. Dyes that were proven to be effective against bacteria have been used as disperse dyes to print polyester fabrics. The color properties of the dyes and their fastness properties counting washing, perspiration, light, rubbing, and sublimation fastness were also examined. The printed polyester fabrics were evaluated for their antibacterial activity via colony-forming unit (CFU) technique. Fabric samples treated with 4c, 4d, and 4b had promising anti-Gram-positive activities against S. aureus. Whereas 4c-, 4d-, and 4b-treated fabrics exhibited moderate anti-Gram-negative activities against the test bacterium E. coli.
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8
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Fernández-Colino A, Kiessling F, Slabu I, De Laporte L, Akhyari P, Nagel SK, Stingl J, Reese S, Jockenhoevel S. Lifelike Transformative Materials for Biohybrid Implants: Inspired by Nature, Driven by Technology. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300991. [PMID: 37290055 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Today's living world is enriched with a myriad of natural biological designs, shaped by billions of years of evolution. Unraveling the construction rules of living organisms offers the potential to create new materials and systems for biomedicine. From the close examination of living organisms, several concepts emerge: hierarchy, pattern repetition, adaptation, and irreducible complexity. All these aspects must be tackled to develop transformative materials with lifelike behavior. This perspective article highlights recent progress in the development of transformative biohybrid systems for applications in the fields of tissue regeneration and biomedicine. Advances in computational simulations and data-driven predictions are also discussed. These tools enable the virtual high-throughput screening of implant design and performance before committing to fabrication, thus reducing the development time and cost of biomimetic and biohybrid constructs. The ongoing progress of imaging methods also constitutes an essential part of this matter in order to validate the computation models and enable longitudinal monitoring. Finally, the current challenges of lifelike biohybrid materials, including reproducibility, ethical considerations, and translation, are discussed. Advances in the development of lifelike materials will open new biomedical horizons, where perhaps what is currently envisioned as science fiction will become a science-driven reality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fernández-Colino
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ioana Slabu
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia K Nagel
- Applied Ethics Group, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reese
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Iftekar SF, Aabid A, Amir A, Baig M. Advancements and Limitations in 3D Printing Materials and Technologies: A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112519. [PMID: 37299318 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing has revolutionized various industries by enabling the production of complex designs and shapes. Recently, the potential of new materials in 3D printing has led to an exponential increase in the technology's applications. However, despite these advancements, the technology still faces significant challenges, including high costs, low printing speeds, limited part sizes, and strength. This paper critically reviews the recent trends in 3D printing technology, with a particular focus on the materials and their applications in the manufacturing industry. The paper highlights the need for further development of 3D printing technology to overcome its limitations. It also summarizes the research conducted by experts in this field, including their focuses, techniques, and limitations. By providing a comprehensive overview of the recent trends in 3D printing, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the technology's prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Fouzan Iftekar
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, Kuala Lumpur 50725, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aabid
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adibah Amir
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, Kuala Lumpur 50725, Malaysia
| | - Muneer Baig
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Desai SM, Sonawane RY, More AP. Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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11
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Wu S, Zeng T, Liu Z, Ma G, Xiong Z, Zuo L, Zhou Z. 3D Printing Technology for Smart Clothing: A Topic Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207391. [PMID: 36295455 PMCID: PMC9609778 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clothing is considered to be an important element of human social activities. With the increasing maturity of 3D printing technology, functional 3D printing technology can realize the perfect combination of clothing and electronic devices while helping smart clothing to achieve specific functions. Furthermore, the application of functional 3D printing technology in clothing not only provides people with the most comfortable and convenient wearing experience, but also completely subverts consumers' perception of traditional clothing. This paper introduced the progress of the application of 3D printing from the aspect of traditional clothing and smart clothing through two mature 3D printing technologies normally used in the field of clothing, and summarized the challenges and prospects of 3D printing technology in the field of smart clothing. Finally, according to the analysis of the gap between 3D-printed clothing and traditionally made clothing due to the material limitations, this paper predicted that the rise in intelligent materials will provide a new prospect for the development of 3D-printed clothing. This paper will provide some references for the application research of 3D printing in the field of smart clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Wu
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Taotao Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Guozhi Ma
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhengyu Xiong
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Lin Zuo
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zeyan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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12
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Chen X, Lee S. Physical Property of 3D-Printed N-Pointed Star-Shaped Outsole Prepared by FDM 3D Printer Using the Lightweight TPU. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153189. [PMID: 35956702 PMCID: PMC9371032 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation has shown the feasibility of modulation in physical properties for multiple outsole designs with 3-, 4-, and 6-pointed star-shaped patterns and various thicknesses for 5, 7.5, and 10 mm, which were fabricated with a FDM 3D printer using lightweight TPU filament, where the physical and foot pressure distribution properties were evaluated to confirm the best quality and comfort outsole. Through varying the structural pattern designs in combination with optimal 3D-printing parameters, the physical properties of the TPU LW-3, 4, and 6-PS outsoles were confirmed with enhanced properties along with increased thicknesses. In this study, the morphology images revealed a lower foaming state, a better-fused interlayer, and fewer microvoids in the TPU LW-3, 4, and 6-PS outsole, as the thickness developed, indicating enhanced density and rigidity. The best physical property was confirmed at LW 3-PS-10 with 0.706 specific gravity, 68.3 g weight, 0.232 static coefficient and 0.199 dynamic coefficient, 236% NSB abrasion, 127 DIN abrasion, 30% ball drop and 28% pendulum resilience, verifying the most high-quality, safe, and durable prototype. Regarding comfort, the 3-PS-10 also was regarded as comfortable concerning the wearable parts by virtue of its excellent physical properties, as well as its having the largest pressure area and the lower pressure force; meanwhile, the 4PS and 6PS also exhibited similar conditions for different thicknesses. Since not much distinct difference in pressure distribution compared to others was exhibited, it is suggested to explore optimization solutions to update the comfort of the footwear in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokui Chen
- Department Fashion and Textiles, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department Fashion and Textiles, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Department of Fashion Design, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-200-7329
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13
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A Mini-Review on Preparation of Functional Composite Fibers and Their Based Devices. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Composite fibers are composed of two or more different components by functionating, coating or direct spinning, enabling unique characteristics, such as design ability, high strength, and high- and low-temperature resistance. Due to their ability to be directly woven into or stitched onto textiles to prepare flexible electronic devices, stretchable composite fibers have drawn great attention, enabling better wearability and integrality to wearable devices. Fiber or fiber-based electronic film or textiles represent a significant component in wearable technology, providing the possibility for portable and wearable electronics in the future. Herein, we introduce the composite fiber together with its preparation and devices. With the advancement of preparation technology, the as-prepared composite fibers exhibit good performance in various applications closely related to human life. Moreover, a simple discussion will be provided based on recent basic and advanced progress on composite fibers used in various devices.
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