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Khosravi Z, Kharaziha M, Goli R, Karimzadeh F. Antibacterial adhesive based on oxidized tannic acid-chitosan for rapid hemostasis. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121973. [PMID: 38494226 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Currently, bacterial infections and bleeding interfere with wound healing, and multifunctional hydrogels with appropriate blood homeostasis, skin adhesion, and antibacterial activity are desirable. In this study, chitosan-based hydrogels were synthesized using oxidized tannic acid (OTA) and Fe3+ as cross-linkers (CS-OTA-Fe) by forming covalent, non-covalent, and metal coordination bonds between Fe3+ and OTA. Our results demonstrated that CS-OTA-Fe hydrogels showed antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus)and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), low hemolysis rate (< 2 %), rapid blood clotting ability, in vitro (< 2 min), and in vivo (90 s) in mouse liver bleeding. Additionally, increasing the chitosan concentration from 3 wt% to 4.5 wt% enhanced cross-linking in the network, leading to a significant improvement in the strength (from 106 ± 8 kPa to 168 ± 12 kPa) and compressive modulus (from 50 ± 9 kPa to 102 ± 14 kPa) of hydrogels. Moreover, CS-OTA-Fe hydrogels revealed significant adhesive strength (87 ± 8 kPa) to the cow's skin tissue and cytocompatibility against L929 fibroblasts. Overall, multifunctional CS-OTA-Fe hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties, excellent tissue adhesive, self-healing ability, good cytocompatibility, and fast hemostasis and antibacterial properties could be promising candidates for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Khosravi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Kharaziha
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - R Goli
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - F Karimzadeh
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Mahboubi Kancha M, Mehrabi M, Aghaie F, Bitaraf FS, Dehghani F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Preparation and characterization of PVA/chitosan nanofibers loaded with Dragon's blood or poly helixan as wound dressings. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132844. [PMID: 38834119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Nanofibers have been investigated in regenerative medicine. Dragon's blood (DB)- and poly helixan PF (PHPF) are natural materials used in cosmetics. Herein, we generated DB- and PHPF-loaded polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CS/DB and PVA/CS/PHPF, respectively) nanofibers. PVA/CS/DB and PVA/CS/PHPF nanofibers had an average diameter of 547.5 ± 17.13 and 521 ± 24.67 nm, respectively as assessed by SEM, and a degradation rate of 43.1 and 47.6 % after 14 days, respectively. PVA/CS/DB and PVA/CS/PHPF nanofibers had a hemolysis rate of 0.10 and 0.39 %, respectively, and a water vapor transmission rate of ∼2200 g.m-2.day-1. These nanofibers exhibited favorable antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis in vitro. PVA/CS/DB and PVA/CS/PHPF nanofibers demonstrated a sustained release of 77.91 and 76.55 % over 72 h. PVA/CS/DB and PVA/CS/PHPF nanofibers had a high rate of cytocompatibility and significantly improved the viability of NIH/3T3 cells as compared with free drugs or unloaded nanofibers. Histological inspection via H&E and Verhoeff's staining demonstrated PVA/CS/DB and PVA/CS/PHPF nanofibers enhanced the wound healing and damaged tissue recovery of unsplinted wound models by promoting epithelial layer formation, collagen deposition, and enhancing the presence of fibroblasts. Conclusively, PVA/CS/DB and PVA/CS/PHPF can be introduced as potential wound dressing candidates with favorable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Mahboubi Kancha
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehrabi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Faeze Aghaie
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Bitaraf
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Dehghani
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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3
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Morganti P, Coltelli MB, Gagliardini A, Lazzeri A, Morganti G, Simonetti G, Fritsch T, Calabrese V, Fusco A, Donnarumma G. Biopolymer- and Natural Fiber-Based Biomimetic Tissues to Realize Smart Cosmeceuticals and Nutraceuticals Using an Innovative Approach. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2525. [PMID: 38004505 PMCID: PMC10674939 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
More sustainable and smart cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals are necessary due to the ecological transition. In this study, a pullulan-based water solution containing chitin nanofibril-nano-lignin (CN-LG) complexes that encapsulate fish collagen polypeptide, allantoin and nicotinamide was electrospun onto a nonwoven substrate made of bamboo fibers to obtain a smart nanostructured bilayer system for releasing active molecules onto the skin or other body tissues. Infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the composition of the bilayer system before and after rapid washing of the sample with distilled water and liquids mimicking physiological fluids. The viability of keratinocytes was studied as well as the antioxidant activity, protective activity towards UV light, metalloproteinase release of aged fibroblasts and the inhibitor activity against collagen degradation. Immunomodulatory tests were performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the bilayer system as well as its indirect antimicrobial activity. The results indicate that the bilayer system can be used in the production of innovative sustainable cosmeceuticals. In general, the adopted strategy can be extended to several smart treatments for fast release that can be commercialized as solid products, thus avoiding the use of preservatives and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfrancesco Morganti
- R&D Unit, Academy of History of Healthcare Art, 00193 Rome, Italy;
- Dermatology Department, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- R&D Unit, Academy of History of Healthcare Art, 00193 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Environmental Department Biology, La Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, Catania University, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Campania University Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Campania University Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (G.D.)
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Dresvyanina EN, Tagandurdyyeva NA, Kodolova-Chukhontseva VV, Dobrovol'skaya IP, Kamalov AM, Nashchekina YA, Nashchekin AV, Ivanov AG, Yukina GY, Yudin VE. Structure and Properties of Composite Fibers Based on Chitosan and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2860. [PMID: 37447506 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on a potential application of electrically conductive, biocompatible, bioresorbable fibers for tubular conduits aimed at the regeneration of peripheral nerves. The conducting, mechanical, and biological properties of composite fibers based on chitosan and single-walled carbon nanotubes were investigated in this paper. It was shown that introducing 0.5 wt.% of SWCNT into the composite fibers facilitated the formation of a denser fiber structure, resulting in improved strength (σ = 260 MPa) and elastic (E = 14 GPa) characteristics. Additionally, the composite fibers were found to be biocompatible and did not cause significant inflammation or deformation during in vivo studies. A thin layer of connective tissue formed around the fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Dresvyanina
- Institute of Textile and Fashion, Saint Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, B. Morskaya Str., 18, Saint Petersburg 191186, Russia
| | - Nurjemal A Tagandurdyyeva
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytekhnicheskaya Str., 29, Saint Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Vera V Kodolova-Chukhontseva
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytekhnicheskaya Str., 29, Saint Petersburg 195251, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, VO Bolshoy pr., 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Irina P Dobrovol'skaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, VO Bolshoy pr., 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Almaz M Kamalov
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytekhnicheskaya Str., 29, Saint Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Yulia A Nashchekina
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Alexey V Nashchekin
- Ioffe Institute, Polytekhnicheskaya Str., 26, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Alexey G Ivanov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, VO Bolshoy pr., 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Galina Yu Yukina
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, L'va Tolstogo Str. 6-8, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Yudin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, VO Bolshoy pr., 31, Saint Petersburg 199004, Russia
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5
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Kazemi Asl S, Rahimzadegan M, Ostadrahimi R. The recent advancement in the chitosan hybrid-based scaffolds for cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 300:120266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kodolova-Chukhontseva VV, Dresvyanina EN, Nashchekina YA, Dobrovol’skaya IP, Bystrov SG, Ivan’kova EM, Yudin VE, Morganti P. Application of the Composite Fibers Based on Chitosan and Chitin Nanofibrils in Cosmetology. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040198. [PMID: 36278667 PMCID: PMC9590027 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan and composite fibers containing chitin nanofibrils have been developed for use in cosmetology. The tensile strength of the chitosan multifilaments is 160.6 ± 19.0 MPa, and of the composite multifilaments containing chitin, nanofibrils are 198.0 ± 18.4 MPa. Chitin nanofibrils introduced into the chitosan solution contribute to the creation of a new spatial arrangement of chitosan chains and their denser packing. The studies carried out by optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopy has shown that the serum, consisting of a mixture of lactic acid and sodium lactate, contains extended oriented structures—“liquid filaments”. It has been also shown that a mixture of serum and composite fibers based on chitosan and chitin nanofibrils has mucoadhesive, film-forming properties. The introduction of composite fibers containing chitin nanofibrils into the serum promotes the reinforcing effect of liquid filaments, the lifting effect of the film. The obtained composition can be used in cosmetology as a skin care product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V. Kodolova-Chukhontseva
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena N. Dresvyanina
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Textile and Fashion, Saint Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, Bolshaya Morskaya Street 18, 191186 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yulia A. Nashchekina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina P. Dobrovol’skaya
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei G. Bystrov
- Udmurt Federal Research Center UB RAS, Tatiana Baramzina Street 34, 426067 Izhevsk, Russia
| | - Elena M. Ivan’kova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir E. Yudin
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Cheng H, Pan X, Shi Z, Huang X, Zhong Q, Liu H, Chen Y, Lian Q, Wang J, Shi Z. Chitin/corn stalk pith sponge stimulated hemostasis with erythrocyte absorption, platelet activation, and Ca 2+-binding capabilities. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:118953. [PMID: 35287883 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitin (CT) is widely used as a hemostatic material in surgical sponges, although its efficacy needs improvement to promote the clotting process. In this study, another green biomass, corn stalk pith (CSP), was incorporated into CT through ball milling to fabricate CT-CSP composite hemostatic sponges to enhance erythrocyte absorption, platelet activation, and clotting factor accumulation (Ca2+). In vitro hemostatic analysis indicated that CSP incorporation greatly promoted the coagulation process, with a much lower blood clot index and higher blood clot stability. In addition, the composite sponge promoted more platelet adhesion and activation, and the composite sponge demonstrated a greater ability to bind clotting factors (Ca2+). Consistently, it achieved complete hemostasis with less blood loss and a shorter hemostatic time in a rat liver injury-model. This composite hemostatic sponge is sustainable, cost-efficient, and biocompatible, which highlight the excellent translational potential in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou N Ave, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou N Ave, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou N Ave, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Qiang Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou N Ave, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haibing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou N Ave, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital of Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Yanfeng District, Hengyang 421000, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou N Ave, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qiang Lian
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou N Ave, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou N Ave, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Zhanjun Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou N Ave, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Abstract
The surgical face mask (SFM) is a sheet medical device covering the mouth, nose and chin to protect the medical staff from the spread of respiratory droplets produced by the infective coughing or sneezing of hospitalized patients. On the other hand the beauty face mask (BFM) has been made by the same sheet but with a different aim—to protect the skin from pollution, acting as a hydrating and rejuvenation agent. Currently, both masks are made principally by non-biodegradable tissues, utilized to avoid the increasing great pollution invading our planet. Due to the diffusion of the current COVID-19 infection rate and the increasing consumption of skin care and beauty products, the waste of these masks, made principally by petrol-derived polymers, is creating further intolerable waste-invaded land and oceans. After an introduction to the aims, differences and market of the various masks, their productive means and ingredients are reported. These news are believed necessary to give the reader the working knowledge of these products, in the context of the bioeconomy, to better understand the innovative tissues proposed and realized by the biobased and biodegradable polymers. Thus, the possibility of producing biodegradable SFMs and BFMs, characterized for their effective antimicrobial and skin repairing activities or hydrating and antiaging activity, respectively. These innovative smart and biodegradable masks are requested from the majority of consumers oriented towards a future green environment. Giving this new sense of direction to their production and consumption, it will be possible to reduce the current waste, ranging worldwide at about 2 billion tons per year.
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Maevskaia EN, Shabunin AS, Dresvyanina EN, Dobrovol’skaya IP, Yudin VE, Paneyah MB, Fediuk AM, Sushchinskii PL, Smirnov GP, Zinoviev EV, Morganti P. Influence of the Introduced Chitin Nanofibrils on Biomedical Properties of Chitosan-Based Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050945. [PMID: 32429114 PMCID: PMC7279343 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhage occurring during and after surgery still remains one of the biggest problems in medicine. Although a large number of hemostatic products have been created, there is no universal preparation; thus, the development of new materials is an urgent task. The aim of this research is to increase hemostatic properties of chitosan by introducing chitin nanofibrils (ChNF). The blood absorbance by ChNF-containing chitosan sponges and time-until-arrest of bleeding were studied. Non-woven materials containing 0.5% of ChNF and materials without chitin were obtained. The studies of ζ-potential showed that the material containing 0.5% ChNF had relatively a high positive charge, but efficiencies of both materials for hemorrhage arrest were comparable to those of commercial hemostatic products (Surgicel and TachoComb). To investigate the interaction between the materials and living organism, histological studies and optical microscopy studies were conducted after implantation of fibers. Despite bioinertness of fibers, implantation of non-woven materials led to formation of significant granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina N. Maevskaia
- Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.N.D.); (I.P.D.); (V.E.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anton S. Shabunin
- Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.N.D.); (I.P.D.); (V.E.Y.)
- H.Turner National Medical Research Center for Children’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Parkovaya Street 64-68, 196603 Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena N. Dresvyanina
- Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.N.D.); (I.P.D.); (V.E.Y.)
- Institute of Textile and Fashion, Saint Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, Bolshaya Morskaya Street 18, 191186 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Irina P. Dobrovol’skaya
- Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.N.D.); (I.P.D.); (V.E.Y.)
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Polymers and Composites, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Bolshoy pr. V.O. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir E. Yudin
- Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya Street 29, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.N.D.); (I.P.D.); (V.E.Y.)
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Polymers and Composites, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Bolshoy pr. V.O. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Moisey B. Paneyah
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery of Scientific Research Center, Saint Petersburg State Pediatrical Medical University, Litovskaya Street 2, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.B.P.); (A.M.F.); (P.L.S.); (E.V.Z.)
| | - Andrey M. Fediuk
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery of Scientific Research Center, Saint Petersburg State Pediatrical Medical University, Litovskaya Street 2, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.B.P.); (A.M.F.); (P.L.S.); (E.V.Z.)
| | - Petr L. Sushchinskii
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery of Scientific Research Center, Saint Petersburg State Pediatrical Medical University, Litovskaya Street 2, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.B.P.); (A.M.F.); (P.L.S.); (E.V.Z.)
| | - Gerald P. Smirnov
- Institute of Textile and Fashion, Saint Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, Bolshaya Morskaya Street 18, 191186 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Evgeniy V. Zinoviev
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery of Scientific Research Center, Saint Petersburg State Pediatrical Medical University, Litovskaya Street 2, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.B.P.); (A.M.F.); (P.L.S.); (E.V.Z.)
- Saint-Petersburg I. I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Budapeshtskaya Street 3, 192242 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pierfrancesco Morganti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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