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Falade AS, Boulanger MC, Hsu K, Sarathy R, Fadden R, Reynolds KL, Traeger L, Temel JS, Greer JA, Petrillo LA. Learning About and Living With Toxicity: A Qualitative Study of Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors For Melanoma or Lung Cancer and Their Caregivers. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4576328. [PMID: 39011099 PMCID: PMC11247930 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4576328/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Background/Objective Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized treatment for melanoma and lung cancer and are in widespread use. This study aims to describe how patients and caregivers learn about ICI toxicities and their perceptions and experiences of toxicity. Methods We conducted a qualitative study of 42 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; n = 16) or melanoma (n = 26) who were initiating or discontinuing an ICI and their caregivers (n = 9). We conducted in-depth interviews to explore patients' and caregivers' experiences learning about and living with ICI side effects. We audio-recorded the first oncology visit after enrollment. We used a framework approach to code interview and visit transcripts and synthesized codes into themes. Results The median age of patients was 67; 68% were male. Themes of participant interviews and clinician-patient dialogue included: i) Patients initiating an ICI received extensive information about side effects, which some patients found overwhelming or scary and difficult to absorb; ii) Patients who were deterred by fear of toxicity ultimately proceeded with treatment because of oncologist encouragement or the sense of no alternative; iii) participants found hope in the association between toxicity and ICI efficacy; iv) caregivers helped patients navigate the deluge of information and uncertainty related to ICIs. Participants suggested ways to improve ICI side effect education, such as incorporating patient stories. Conclusion Patients perceived that ICI toxicity counseling was overwhelming yet were encouraged by oncologists' reassurance that serious side effects were manageable and by the framing of toxicity as a sign of efficacy. We identified opportunities to improve communication of ICI risks and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayo Samuel Falade
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Brigham Salem Hospital
| | - Mary C Boulanger
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Kelly Hsu
- Donald & Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
| | - Roshni Sarathy
- Division of Palliative Care and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Riley Fadden
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Kerry L Reynolds
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Lara Traeger
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Jennifer S Temel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | - Joseph A Greer
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Laura A Petrillo
- Division of Palliative Care and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
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2
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Patra P, Upadhyay TK, Alshammari N, Saeed M, Kesari KK. Alginate-Chitosan Biodegradable and Biocompatible Based Hydrogel for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3515-3534. [PMID: 38787337 PMCID: PMC11190989 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in females. There are many side effects due to chemotherapy and traditional surgery, like fatigue, loss of appetite, skin irritation, and drug resistance to cancer cells. Immunotherapy has become a hopeful approach toward cancer treatment, generating long-lasting immune responses in malignant tumor patients. Recently, hydrogel has received more attention toward cancer therapy due to its specific characteristics, such as decreased toxicity, fewer side effects, and better biocompatibility drug delivery to the particular tumor location. Researchers globally reported various investigations on hydrogel research for tumor diagnosis. The hydrogel-based multilayer platform with controlled nanostructure has received more attention for its antitumor effect. Chitosan and alginate play a leading role in the formation of the cross-link in a hydrogel. Also, they help in the stability of the hydrogel. This review discusses the properties, preparation, biocompatibility, and bioavailability of various research and clinical approaches of the multipolymer hydrogel made of alginate and chitosan for breast cancer treatment. With a focus on cases of breast cancer and the recovery rate, there is a need to find out the role of hydrogel in drug delivery for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratikshya Patra
- Department
of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell
Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department
of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell
Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Nawaf Alshammari
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Hail, Hail 53962, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Hail, Hail 53962, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
- Centre
of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara
University, Rajpura 140417, Punjab, India
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3
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Fu C, Tong W, Yu L, Miao Y, Wei Q, Yu Z, Chen B, Wei M. When will the immune-stimulating antibody conjugates (ISACs) be transferred from bench to bedside? Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107160. [PMID: 38547937 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory antibody conjugates (ISACs) as a promising new generation of targeted therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), that not only activate innate immunity but also stimulate adaptive immunity, providing a dual therapeutic effect to eliminate tumor cells. However, several ISACs are still in the early stages of clinical development or have already failed. Therefore, it is crucial to design ISACs more effectively to overcome their limitations, including high toxicity, strong immunogenicity, long development time, and poor pharmacokinetics. This review aims to summarize the composition and function of ISACs, incorporating current design considerations and ongoing clinical trials. Additionally, the review delves into the current issues with ISACs and potential solutions, such as adjusting the drug-antibody ratio (DAR) to improve the bioavailability of ISACs. By leveraging the affinity and bioavailability-enhancing properties of bispecific antibodies, the utility between antibodies and immunostimulatory agents can be balanced. Commonly used immunostimulatory agents may induce systemic immune reactions, and BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) inhibitors can regulate immunogenicity. Finally, the concept of grafting ADC's therapeutic principles is simple, but the combination of payload, linker, and targeted functional molecules is not a simple permutation and combination problem. The development of conjugate drugs faces more complex pharmacological and toxicological issues. Standing on the shoulders of ADC, the development and application scenarios of ISAC are endowed with broader space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Weiwei Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Lifeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yuxi Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Qian Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Zhaojin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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Mitra A, Kumar A, Amdare NP, Pathak R. Current Landscape of Cancer Immunotherapy: Harnessing the Immune Arsenal to Overcome Immune Evasion. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:307. [PMID: 38785789 PMCID: PMC11118874 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immune evasion represents a leading hallmark of cancer, posing a significant obstacle to the development of successful anticancer therapies. However, the landscape of cancer treatment has significantly evolved, transitioning into the era of immunotherapy from conventional methods such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapy. Immunotherapy has emerged as a pivotal component in cancer treatment, harnessing the body's immune system to combat cancer and offering improved prognostic outcomes for numerous patients. The remarkable success of immunotherapy has spurred significant efforts to enhance the clinical efficacy of existing agents and strategies. Several immunotherapeutic approaches have received approval for targeted cancer treatments, while others are currently in preclinical and clinical trials. This review explores recent progress in unraveling the mechanisms of cancer immune evasion and evaluates the clinical effectiveness of diverse immunotherapy strategies, including cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, and antibody-based treatments. It encompasses both established treatments and those currently under investigation, providing a comprehensive overview of efforts to combat cancer through immunological approaches. Additionally, the article emphasizes the current developments, limitations, and challenges in cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, by integrating analyses of cancer immunotherapy resistance mechanisms and exploring combination strategies and personalized approaches, it offers valuable insights crucial for the development of novel anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mitra
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida 201309, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nitin P. Amdare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rajiv Pathak
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
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Nilkhet S, Mongkolpobsin K, Sillapachaiyaporn C, Wongsirojkul N, Tencomnao T, Chuchawankul S. M1 macrophages polarized by crude polysaccharides isolated from Auricularia polytricha exhibit anti-tumor effect on human breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8179. [PMID: 38589471 PMCID: PMC11001921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has been reported to correlate with the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) or M2-like macrophages in tumor microenvironment (TME) that could promote breast cancer progression. In contrast, M1-like macrophages displayed anti-tumor activity toward cancer. This study was focused on Auricularia polytricha (AP), a cloud ear mushroom, which has been reported for anti-tumor activity and immunomodulation. AP extracts were screened on differentiated THP-1 macrophages (M0). Results demonstrated that water extract (APW) and crude polysaccharides (APW-CP) could upregulate M1-related genes and cytokines production (IL-6, IL-1 β and TNF-α) significantly. Moreover, APW and APW-CP showed a high expression of CD86 (M1 marker) compared to M0. The NF-κB signaling pathway is crucial for pro-inflammatory gene regulation. The APW and APW-CP treatment showed the induction of the NF-κB pathway in a dose-dependent manner, which related to the β-glucan content in the extracts. Furthermore, APW-CP polarized macrophages were investigated for anti-tumor activity on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Results showed that APW-CP could inhibit the invasion of breast cancer cells and induce apoptosis. Therefore, M1 macrophages polarized by APW-CP showed anti-tumor activity against the breast cancer cells and β-glucan may be the potential M1-phenotype inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Nilkhet
- Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kuljira Mongkolpobsin
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanin Sillapachaiyaporn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nichaporn Wongsirojkul
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Chuchawankul
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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6
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Qin Y, Huo M, Liu X, Li SC. Biomarkers and computational models for predicting efficacy to tumor ICI immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368749. [PMID: 38524135 PMCID: PMC10957591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy has great potential as a cancer treatment, leading to significant clinical improvements in numerous cases. However, it benefits a minority of patients, underscoring the importance of discovering reliable biomarkers that can be used to screen for potential beneficiaries and ultimately reduce the risk of overtreatment. Our comprehensive review focuses on the latest advancements in predictive biomarkers for ICI therapy, particularly emphasizing those that enhance the efficacy of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors immunotherapies. We explore biomarkers derived from various sources, including tumor cells, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), body fluids, gut microbes, and metabolites. Among them, tumor cells-derived biomarkers include tumor mutational burden (TMB) biomarker, tumor neoantigen burden (TNB) biomarker, microsatellite instability (MSI) biomarker, PD-L1 expression biomarker, mutated gene biomarkers in pathways, and epigenetic biomarkers. TIME-derived biomarkers include immune landscape of TIME biomarkers, inhibitory checkpoints biomarkers, and immune repertoire biomarkers. We also discuss various techniques used to detect and assess these biomarkers, detailing their respective datasets, strengths, weaknesses, and evaluative metrics. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive review of computer models for predicting the response to ICI therapy. The computer models include knowledge-based mechanistic models and data-based machine learning (ML) models. Among the knowledge-based mechanistic models are pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models, partial differential equation (PDE) models, signal networks-based models, quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models, and agent-based models (ABMs). ML models include linear regression models, logistic regression models, support vector machine (SVM)/random forest/extra trees/k-nearest neighbors (KNN) models, artificial neural network (ANN) and deep learning models. Additionally, there are hybrid models of systems biology and ML. We summarized the details of these models, outlining the datasets they utilize, their evaluation methods/metrics, and their respective strengths and limitations. By summarizing the major advances in the research on predictive biomarkers and computer models for the therapeutic effect and clinical utility of tumor ICI, we aim to assist researchers in choosing appropriate biomarkers or computer models for research exploration and help clinicians conduct precision medicine by selecting the best biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Qin
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaozhe Huo
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingwu Liu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuai Cheng Li
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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7
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Zarezadeh Mehrabadi A, Tat M, Ghorbani Alvanegh A, Roozbahani F, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H. Revolutionizing cancer treatment: the power of bi- and tri-specific T-cell engagers in oncolytic virotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343378. [PMID: 38464532 PMCID: PMC10921556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bi- or tri-specific T cell engagers (BiTE or TriTE) are recombinant bispecific proteins designed to stimulate T-cell immunity directly, bypassing antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, these molecules suffer from limitations such as short biological half-life and poor residence time in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Fortunately, these challenges can be overcome when combined with OVs. Various strategies have been developed, such as encoding secretory BiTEs within OV vectors, resulting in improved targeting and activation of T cells, secretion of key cytokines, and bystander killing of tumor cells. Additionally, oncolytic viruses armed with BiTEs have shown promising outcomes in enhancing major histocompatibility complex I antigen (MHC-I) presentation, T-cell proliferation, activation, and cytotoxicity against tumor cells. These combined approaches address tumor heterogeneity, drug delivery, and T-cell infiltration, offering a comprehensive and effective solution. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Bi- or TriTEs and OVs as promising therapeutic approaches in the field of cancer treatment. We summarize the cutting-edge advancements in oncolytic virotherapy immune-related genetic engineering, focusing on the innovative combination of BiTE or TriTE with OVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdi Tat
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Roozbahani
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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8
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Jin Z, Al Amili M, Guo S. Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Drug Delivery Based on Polymeric Micelles for Precision Cancer Therapy: Strategies and Prospects. Biomedicines 2024; 12:417. [PMID: 38398021 PMCID: PMC10886702 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, drug therapy for cancer is still limited by its inefficiency and high toxicity. For precision therapy, various drug delivery systems, including polymeric micelles self-assembled from amphiphilic polymeric materials, have been developed to achieve tumor-targeting drug delivery. Considering the characteristics of the pathophysiological environment at the drug target site, the design, synthesis, or modification of environmentally responsive polymeric materials has become a crucial strategy for drug-targeted delivery. In comparison to the normal physiological environment, tumors possess a unique microenvironment, characterized by a low pH, high reactive oxygen species concentration, hypoxia, and distinct enzyme systems, providing various stimuli for the environmentally responsive design of polymeric micelles. Polymeric micelles with tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive characteristics have shown significant improvement in precision therapy for cancer treatment. This review mainly outlines the most promising strategies available for exploiting the tumor microenvironment to construct internal stimulus-responsive drug delivery micelles that target tumors and achieve enhanced antitumor efficacy. In addition, the prospects of TME-responsive polymeric micelles for gene therapy and immunotherapy, the most popular current cancer treatments, are also discussed. TME-responsive drug delivery via polymeric micelles will be an efficient and robust approach for developing clinical cancer therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Jin
- Correspondence: (Z.J.); (S.G.)
| | | | - Shengrong Guo
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
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Yang K, Chen G, Yu F, Fang X, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Zhang L. Molecular mechanism of specific HLA-A mRNA recognition by the RNA-binding-protein hMEX3B to promote tumor immune escape. Commun Biol 2024; 7:158. [PMID: 38326406 PMCID: PMC10850505 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell transfer, has obtained great progress, but their efficiencies vary among patients due to the genetic and epigenetic differences. Human MEX3B (hMEX3B) protein is an RNA-binding protein that contains two KH domains at the N-terminus and a RING domain at its C-terminus, which has the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligase and is essential for RNA degradation. Current evidence suggests that hMEX3B is involved in many important biological processes, including tumor immune evasion and HLA-A regulation, but the sequence of substrate RNA recognized by hMEX3B and the functional molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we first screened the optimized hMEX3B binding sequence on the HLA-A mRNA and reported that the two tandem KH domains can bind with their substrate one hundred times more than the individual KH domains. We systematically investigated the binding characteristics between the two KH domains and their RNA substrates by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Based on this information and the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data, we used molecular dynamics simulations to obtain structural models of KH domains in complex with their corresponding RNAs. By analyzing the models, we noticed that on the KH domains' variable loops, there were two pairs of threonines and arginines that can disrupt the recognition of the RNA completely, and this influence had also been verified both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we presented a functional model of the hMEX3B protein, which indicated that hMEX3B regulated the degradation of its substrate mRNAs in many biological processes. Taken together, our research illustrated how the hMEX3B protein played a key role in translation inhibition during the immune response to tumor cells and provided an idea and a lead for the study of the molecular mechanism and function of other MEX3 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanglong Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Guanglin Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Fan Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xianyang Fang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiahai Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Yunyu Shi
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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10
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Alqurashi YE. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) as a promising immune checkpoint in cancer immunotherapy: From biology to the clinic. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155124. [PMID: 38295462 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been notable advancements in the field of cancer immunotherapy, namely in the area of immune checkpoint inhibition. The Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) has garnered attention as a potentially valuable focus of study in this particular field. The present study examines the biological aspects of LAG-3, its clinical consequences, and the potential therapeutic opportunities associated with its modulation. LAG-3, similar to CD4, has a regulatory role in modulating the immune system. The upregulation of this protein inside the neoplastic milieu hampers the immune system's ability to mount an effective response, hence enabling the evasion of cancer cells from immune surveillance. The LAG-3 protein interacts with ligands, inhibiting cytotoxic immune cells such as CD8+ T cells and NK cells. The potential of LAG-3 inhibitors presents intriguing prospects. Integrating these medicines with established treatments like PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 inhibitors can broaden the range of available therapy choices and address resistance issues. The advent of personalized therapy is imminent, as evidenced by the utilization of predictive biomarkers such as LAG-3 expression to inform individualized therapeutic approaches. Additionally, inhibitors of LAG-3 exhibit promise in addressing immunological depletion and resistance by revitalizing T cells and producing durable immune responses. The realization of LAG-3's promise necessitates global collaboration and equal access. Multinational trials are expected to ascertain the efficacy of the intervention in various patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser E Alqurashi
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Taheri M, Tehrani HA, Daliri F, Alibolandi M, Soleimani M, Shoari A, Arefian E, Ramezani M. Bioengineering strategies to enhance the interleukin-18 bioactivity in the modern toolbox of cancer immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 75:65-80. [PMID: 37813764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are the first modern immunotherapeutic agents used for activation immunotherapy. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has emerged as a potent anticancer immunostimulatory cytokine over the past three decades. IL-18, structurally is a stable protein with very low toxicity at biological doses. IL-18 promotes the process of antigen presentation and also enhances innate and acquired immune responses. It can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and increase tumor infiltration of effector immune cells to revert the immunosuppressive milieu of tumors. Furthermore, IL-18 can reduce tumorigenesis, suppress tumor angiogenesis, and induce tumor cell apoptosis. These characteristics present IL-18 as a promising option for cancer immunotherapy. Although several preclinical studies have reported the immunotherapeutic potential of IL-18, clinical trials using it as a monotherapy agent have reported disappointing results. These results may be due to some biological characteristics of IL-18. Several bioengineering approaches have been successfully used to correct its defects as a bioadjuvant. Currently, the challenge with this anticancer immunotherapeutic agent is mainly how to use its capabilities in a rational combinatorial therapy for clinical applications. The present study discussed the strengths and weaknesses of IL-18 as an immunotherapeutic agent, followed by comprehensive review of various promising bioengineering approaches that have been used to overcome its disadvantages. Finally, this study highlights the promising application of IL-18 in modern combinatorial therapies, such as chemotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade therapy, cell-based immunotherapy and cancer vaccines to guide future studies, circumventing the barriers to administration of IL-18 for clinical applications, and bring it to fruition as a potent immunotherapy agent in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Taheri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Abdul Tehrani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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12
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Hargrave A, Mustafa AS, Hanif A, Tunio JH, Hanif SNM. Recent Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy with a Focus on FDA-Approved Vaccines and Neoantigen-Based Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1633. [PMID: 38005965 PMCID: PMC10675687 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies refer to the concept of retraining the immune system to target malignant cells. Multiple immunotherapeutic options exist including immune modulating antibodies, immune stimulating cytokines, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, and vaccines. Overall, this field has advanced rapidly as knowledge of the tumor microenvironment, immunological pathways, and biotechnology expands. Specifically, advancements in neoantigen identification, characterization, and formulation into a vaccine show promise. This review is focused on previously United States Food and Drug Administration-approved cancer therapeutic vaccines and neoantigen-based vaccine developments along with the associated relevant clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hargrave
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Asma Hanif
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Javed H. Tunio
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
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13
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Kotsifaki A, Alevizopoulos N, Dimopoulou V, Armakolas A. Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment's Role in Breast Cancer: A Glimpse into Promising Frontiers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15332. [PMID: 37895012 PMCID: PMC10607694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC), one of the most widespread and devastating diseases affecting women worldwide, presents a significant public health challenge. This review explores the emerging frontiers of research focused on deciphering the intricate interplay between BC cells and the immune microenvironment. Understanding the role of the immune system in BC is critical as it holds promise for novel therapeutic approaches and precision medicine strategies. This review delves into the current literature regarding the immune microenvironment's contribution to BC initiation, progression, and metastasis. It examines the complex mechanisms by which BC cells interact with various immune cell populations, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Furthermore, this review highlights the impact of immune-related factors, such as cytokines and immune checkpoint molecules. Additionally, this comprehensive analysis sheds light on the potential biomarkers associated with the immune response in BC, enabling early diagnosis and prognostic assessment. The therapeutic implications of targeting the immune microenvironment are also explored, encompassing immunotherapeutic strategies and combination therapies to enhance treatment efficacy. The significance of this review lies in its potential to pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions, providing clinicians and researchers with essential knowledge to design targeted and personalized treatment regimens for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (N.A.); (V.D.)
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14
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Wang H, Zheng H, Cao X, Meng P, Liu J, Zheng C, Zuo H, Wang Z, Zhang T. β2-microglobulin and colorectal cancer among inpatients: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12222. [PMID: 37500738 PMCID: PMC10374627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Β2-microglobulin (β2-M) is associated with various malignancies. However, the relationship between β2-M and colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. We explored the association between β2-M and CRC among inpatients who underwent colonoscopy and explored factors that may modify the association. All consecutive inpatients who underwent colonoscopy were enrolled in a tertiary hospital between April 2015 and June 2022. Inpatients with initial CRC or normal colonoscopies were considered eligible as cases or controls, respectively. Baseline characteristics and laboratory indicators of the participants were collected from electronic medical records. Logistic regression analysis, smooth curve fitting, sensitivity analysis, and subgroup analysis were conducted in the present study. After adjusting for baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters, β2-M was positively associated with CRC (odds ratio [OR] 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-1.58) among inpatients. When the β2-M level was assigned as tertiles, participants in the highest tertile presented with a higher risk of CRC (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.57-3.48). A positive linear association was observed between β2-M and CRC with smooth curve fitting. In particular, it may be of great importance to monitor β2-M levels for predicting CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Wang
- Department of Endoscopy, Shijiazhuang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huanwei Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Endoscopy, Shijiazhuang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinli Liu
- Department of Endoscopy, Shijiazhuang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Caihua Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haiying Zuo
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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15
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Suliman IH, Kim K, Chen W, Kim Y, Moon JH, Son S, Nam J. Metal-Based Nanoparticles for Cancer Metalloimmunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2003. [PMID: 37514189 PMCID: PMC10385358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the promise of cancer immunotherapy has been partially fulfilled with the unprecedented clinical success of several immunotherapeutic interventions, some issues, such as limited response rate and immunotoxicity, still remain. Metalloimmunotherapy offers a new form of cancer immunotherapy that utilizes the inherent immunomodulatory features of metal ions to enhance anticancer immune responses. Their versatile functionalities for a multitude of direct and indirect anticancer activities together with their inherent biocompatibility suggest that metal ions can help overcome the current issues associated with cancer immunotherapy. However, metal ions exhibit poor drug-like properties due to their intrinsic physicochemical profiles that impede in vivo pharmacological performance, thus necessitating an effective pharmaceutical formulation strategy to improve their in vivo behavior. Metal-based nanoparticles provide a promising platform technology for reshaping metal ions into more drug-like formulations with nano-enabled engineering approaches. This review provides a general overview of cancer immunotherapy, the immune system and how it works against cancer cells, and the role of metal ions in the host response and immune modulation, as well as the impact of metal ions on the process via the regulation of immune cells. The preclinical studies that have demonstrated the potential of metal-based nanoparticles for cancer metalloimmunotherapy are presented for the representative nanoparticles constructed with manganese, zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and sodium ions. Lastly, the perspectives and future directions of metal-based nanoparticles are discussed, particularly with respect to their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kidong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Weihsuan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Industry-Academia Interactive R&E Center for Bioprocess Innovation, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Industry-Academia Interactive R&E Center for Bioprocess Innovation, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejin Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Industry-Academia Interactive R&E Center for Bioprocess Innovation, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jutaek Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Mishra AK, Malonia SK. Advancing cellular immunotherapy with macrophages. Life Sci 2023:121857. [PMID: 37307965 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapies have become an exciting avenue for cancer treatment, particularly CAR T cells, which have shown great success in treating hematological malignancies. However, the limited success of T cell-based approaches in treating solid tumors has sparked interest in alternative cell types that could be used for solid tumor immunotherapy. Recent research has pointed to macrophages as a potential solution, given their ability to infiltrate solid tumors, exhibit a strong anti-tumor response, and persist long-term in the tumor microenvironment. Although early attempts with ex-vivo activated macrophage-based therapies failed to translate into clinical success, the field has revolutionized with the recent development of chimeric antigen receptor-expressing macrophages (CAR-M). While CAR-M therapy has reached the clinical trial stage, several challenges still need to be overcome before the therapy can become a reality. Here we review the evolution of macrophage-based cell therapy and evaluate recent studies and developments, emphasizing the potential of macrophages as cellular therapeutics. Furthermore, we also discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with using macrophages as a basis for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K Mishra
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Sunil K Malonia
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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17
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Utilizing chemotherapy-induced tumor RNA nanoparticles to improve cancer chemoimmunotherapy. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:698-707. [PMID: 36563773 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has become a popular combination strategy to improve the response rate of immunotherapy since certain chemotherapeutic drugs kill tumor cells by an immunogenic cell death (ICD) pathway, which activates antitumor immune responses. Unfortunately, the synergistic effect of chemoimmunotherapy can be impaired due to the toxicities of chemotherapeutic agent-induced lymphatic depletion and immunosuppression. In this study, we present an approach to improve immunotherapy by using tumor RNA nanoparticles (RNA-NPs) where RNA is directly extracted from chemotherapy-treated cancer cells and then condensed by protamine via electrostatic interactions to form complexes. Such RNA-NPs can be effectively taken up by dendritic cells (DCs) in the draining lymph nodes after subcutaneous injection. Compared with noninduced tumor RNA nanoparticles (N-RNA-NPs), chemotherapy-induced tumor RNA nanoparticles (C-RNA-NPs) can significantly promote DC maturation and stimulate a stronger immune response against established CT-26 colon carcinoma. Besides, C-RNA-NPs can improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy by facilitating the infiltration of intratumoral T cells and increasing the ratio of CD8+ T cells to regulatory T cells (Tregs). More importantly, the synergistic effect of chemoimmunotherapy is also enhanced by treatment with C-RNA-NPs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Although immune checkpoint blockade therapy has been demonstrated to be effective in some advanced cancers, the low response rate has significantly limited its clinical application. To address this issue, a new strategy for improving cancer immunotherapy using chemotherapy-induced tumor RNA nanoparticles (C-RNA-NPs) is developed in this work. The proposed C-RNA-NPs could be captured by dendritic cells, which were then stimulated to the maturation status to initiate an anticancer immune response. Furthermore, the response rate to immunotherapy was significantly increased by promoting intratumoral T-cell infiltration and elevating the intratumoral ratio of CD8+ T cells to regulatory T cells after treatment with C-RNA-NPs. Therefore, C-RNA-NPs have the potential to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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18
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Macrophages as a Potential Immunotherapeutic Target in Solid Cancers. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010055. [PMID: 36679900 PMCID: PMC9863216 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolution in cancer immunotherapy over the last few decades has resulted in a paradigm shift in the clinical care of cancer. Most of the cancer immunotherapeutic regimens approved so far have relied on modulating the adaptive immune system. In recent years, strategies and approaches targeting the components of innate immunity have become widely recognized for their efficacy in targeting solid cancers. Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system, which can play a crucial role in the generation of anti-tumor immunity through their ability to phagocytose cancer cells and present tumor antigens to the cells of adaptive immunity. However, the macrophages that are recruited to the tumor microenvironment predominantly play pro-tumorigenic roles. Several strategies targeting pro-tumorigenic functions and harnessing the anti-tumorigenic properties of macrophages have shown promising results in preclinical studies, and a few of them have also advanced to clinical trials. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the pathobiology of TAMs and their role in the progression of solid malignancies. We discuss various mechanisms through which TAMs promote tumor progression, such as inflammation, genomic instability, tumor growth, cancer stem cell formation, angiogenesis, EMT and metastasis, tissue remodeling, and immunosuppression, etc. In addition, we also discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting TAMs and explore how macrophages can be used as a tool for next-generation immunotherapy for the treatment of solid malignancies.
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